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Stem Cell Research & Therapy May 2024In the past decade, intestinal organoid technology has paved the way for reproducing tissue or organ morphogenesis during intestinal physiological processes in vitro and... (Review)
Review
In the past decade, intestinal organoid technology has paved the way for reproducing tissue or organ morphogenesis during intestinal physiological processes in vitro and studying the pathogenesis of various intestinal diseases. Intestinal organoids are favored in drug screening due to their ability for high-throughput in vitro cultivation and their closer resemblance to patient genetic characteristics. Furthermore, as disease models, intestinal organoids find wide applications in screening diagnostic markers, identifying therapeutic targets, and exploring epigenetic mechanisms of diseases. Additionally, as a transplantable cellular system, organoids have played a significant role in the reconstruction of damaged epithelium in conditions such as ulcerative colitis and short bowel syndrome, as well as in intestinal material exchange and metabolic function restoration. The rise of interdisciplinary approaches, including organoid-on-chip technology, genome editing techniques, and microfluidics, has greatly accelerated the development of organoids. In this review, VOSviewer software is used to visualize hot co-cited journal and keywords trends of intestinal organoid firstly. Subsequently, we have summarized the current applications of intestinal organoid technology in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. This will deepen our understanding of intestinal organoids and further explore the physiological mechanisms of the intestine and drug development for intestinal diseases.
Topics: Organoids; Humans; Intestines; Animals; Regenerative Medicine; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 38816841
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03768-3 -
Molecular Neurobiology Aug 2023The study of psychiatric and neurological diseases requires the substrate in which the disorders occur, that is, the nervous tissue. Currently, several types of human...
The study of psychiatric and neurological diseases requires the substrate in which the disorders occur, that is, the nervous tissue. Currently, several types of human bio-specimens are being used for research, including postmortem brains, cerebrospinal fluid, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and induced neuronal (iN) cells. However, these samples are far from providing a useful predictive, diagnostic, or prognostic biomarker. The olfactory epithelium is a region close to the brain that has received increased interest as a research tool for the study of brain mechanisms in complex neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. The olfactory sensory neurons are replaced by neurogenesis throughout adult life from stem cells on the basement membrane. These stem cells are multipotent and can be propagated in neurospheres, proliferated in vitro and differentiated into multiple cell types including neurons and glia. For all these reasons, olfactory epithelium provides a unique resource for investigating neuronal molecular markers of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. Here, we describe the isolation and culture of human differentiated neurons and glial cells from olfactory epithelium of living subjects by an easy and non-invasive exfoliation method that may serve as a useful tool for the research in brain diseases.
Topics: Humans; Basement Membrane; Biomarkers; Cell Adhesion; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Separation; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Flow Cytometry; Immunohistochemistry; Magnetics; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis; Neuroglia; Neurons; Olfactory Mucosa; Organ Specificity
PubMed: 37118325
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03363-2 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal tumors. As the king of herbs, ginseng has exerted a wide range of pharmacological effects in various diseases. Especially, it has been shown that ginseng and ginsenosides have strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory abilities in intestinal system. In this review, we summarized how ginseng and various extracts influence intestinal inflammation and immune function, including regulating the immune balance, modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, promoting intestinal mucosal wound healing, preventing colitis-associated colorectal cancer, recovering gut microbiota and metabolism imbalance, alleviating antibiotic-induced diarrhea, and relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, the specific experimental methods and key control mechanisms are also briefly described.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Panax; Humans; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestinal Mucosa; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Immune System; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 38698858
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353614 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024As an important barrier between the cytoplasm and the microenvironment of the cell, the cell membrane is essential for the maintenance of normal cellular physiological... (Review)
Review
As an important barrier between the cytoplasm and the microenvironment of the cell, the cell membrane is essential for the maintenance of normal cellular physiological activities. An abnormal cell membrane is a crucial symbol of body dysfunction and the occurrence of variant diseases; therefore, the visualization and monitoring of biomolecules associated with cell membranes and disease markers are of utmost importance in revealing the biological functions of cell membranes. Due to their biocompatibility, programmability, and modifiability, DNA nanomaterials have become increasingly popular in cell fluorescence imaging in recent years. In addition, DNA nanomaterials can be combined with the cell membrane in a specific manner to enable the real-time imaging of signal molecules on the cell membrane, allowing for the real-time monitoring of disease occurrence and progression. This article examines the recent application of DNA nanomaterials for fluorescence imaging on cell membranes. First, we present the conditions for imaging DNA nanomaterials in the cell membrane microenvironment, such as the ATP, pH, etc. Second, we summarize the imaging applications of cell membrane receptors and other molecules. Finally, some difficulties and challenges associated with DNA nanomaterials in the imaging of cell membranes are presented.
Topics: Humans; Cell Membrane; Membranes; Cytoplasm; Optical Imaging; Coloring Agents; DNA; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38202850
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010267 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Sep 2023Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate lymphocytes that do not express antigen-specific receptors and largely reside and self-renew in mucosal tissues. ILCs can be... (Review)
Review
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate lymphocytes that do not express antigen-specific receptors and largely reside and self-renew in mucosal tissues. ILCs can be categorized into three groups (ILC1-3) based on the transcription factors that direct their functions and the cytokines they produce. Their signature transcription factors and cytokines closely mirror those of their Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell counterparts. Accumulating studies show that ILCs are involved in not only the pathogenesis of mucosal tissue diseases, especially respiratory diseases, and colitis, but also the resolution of such diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances regarding our understanding of the biology of ILCs in mucosal tissue health and disease. In addition, we describe the current research on the immune checkpoints by which other cells regulate ILC activities: for example, checkpoint molecules are potential new targets for therapies that aim to control ILCs in mucosal diseases. In addition, we review approved and clinically- trialed drugs and drugs in clinical trials that can target ILCs and therefore have therapeutic potential in ILC-mediated diseases. Finally, since ILCs also play important roles in mucosal tissue homeostasis, we explore the hitherto sparse research on cell therapy with regulatory ILCs. This review highlights various therapeutic approaches that could be used to treat ILC-mediated mucosal diseases and areas of research that could benefit from further investigation.
Topics: Humans; Lymphocytes; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Cytokines; Mucous Membrane; Th17 Cells; Transcription Factors; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37696896
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01022-z -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Virulence; Membranes; Bacteria
PubMed: 37743868
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282672 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Sep 2023Lipid composition determines organelle identity; however, whether the lipid composition of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) domain of the ER contributes to its identity...
Lipid composition determines organelle identity; however, whether the lipid composition of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) domain of the ER contributes to its identity is not known. Here, we show that the INM lipid environment of animal cells is under local control by CTDNEP1, the master regulator of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin 1. Loss of CTDNEP1 reduces association of an INM-specific diacylglycerol (DAG) biosensor and results in a decreased percentage of polyunsaturated containing DAG species. Alterations in DAG metabolism impact the levels of the resident INM protein Sun2, which is under local proteasomal regulation. We identify a lipid-binding amphipathic helix (AH) in the nucleoplasmic domain of Sun2 that prefers membrane packing defects. INM dissociation of the Sun2 AH is linked to its proteasomal degradation. We suggest that direct lipid-protein interactions contribute to sculpting the INM proteome and that INM identity is adaptable to lipid metabolism, which has broad implications on disease mechanisms associated with the nuclear envelope.
Topics: Animals; Lipid Metabolism; Membrane Proteins; Membranes; Nuclear Envelope; Proteolysis; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
PubMed: 37382667
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304026 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023Gastric cancer remains one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and peritoneal metastasis is responsible for approximately 60% of death in advanced gastric cancer...
Gastric cancer remains one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and peritoneal metastasis is responsible for approximately 60% of death in advanced gastric cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanism of peritoneal metastasis is poorly understood. We have established organoids derived from malignant ascites (MA) of gastric cancer patients and noticed that MA supernatant could strongly increase the colony formation of organoids. Thus, we realized the interaction between exfoliated cancer cells (ECCs) and liquid tumor microenvironment contributes to peritoneal metastasis. Further, we designed a medium component control test which proved that exosomes derived from MA could not enhance the growth of organoids. Using Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging as well as dual-luciferase reporter assay, our data showed WNT signaling pathway was upregulated by high concentrations of WNT ligands (wnt3a and wnt5a), which was verified by ELISA. Besides, suppressing WNT signaling pathway diminished the growth promoting function of MA supernatant. This result implicated WNT signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
Topics: Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Tumor Microenvironment; Peritoneum
PubMed: 37429893
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38373-6 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Oct 2023To determine the structural and gene expression features of different intra-oral soft tissue donor sites (i.e., anterior palate, posterior palate, maxillary tuberosity...
AIM
To determine the structural and gene expression features of different intra-oral soft tissue donor sites (i.e., anterior palate, posterior palate, maxillary tuberosity and retromolar pad).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Standardized mucosal tissue punch biopsies were collected from at least one donor site per subject. Histological processing was performed to determine tissue morphometry and quantify collagen composition. Site-specific gene distribution was mapped using targeted gene expression analysis and validated using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
RESULTS
A total of 50 samples from 37 subjects were harvested. Epithelial thickness did not differ between sites. However, lamina propria was thicker in the maxillary tuberosity (2.55 ± 0.92 mm) and retromolar pad (1.98 ± 0.71 mm) than in the lateral palate. Type I collagen was the predominant structural protein in the lamina propria (75.06%-80.21%). Genes involving collagen maturation and extracellular matrix regulation were highly expressed in the maxillary tuberosity and retromolar pad, while lipogenesis-associated genes were markedly expressed in the lateral palate. The retromolar pad showed the most distinct gene expression profile, and the anterior and posterior palate displayed similar transcription profiles.
CONCLUSIONS
Tissue samples harvested from the anterior and posterior palate differed morphologically from those from the maxillary tuberosity and retromolar pad. Each intra-oral site showed a unique gene expression profile, which might impact their biological behaviour and outcomes of soft tissue augmentation procedures.
Topics: Humans; Connective Tissue; Palate; Collagen; Mucous Membrane; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37424138
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13843 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Apr 2024Amniotic membrane (AM) holds significant promise in various medical fields due to its unique properties and minimal ethical concerns. This study aims to explore the... (Review)
Review
Amniotic membrane (AM) holds significant promise in various medical fields due to its unique properties and minimal ethical concerns. This study aims to explore the diverse applications of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) in maxillofacial surgery. A comprehensive search was conducted on databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, from January 1985 to March 2024. Articles in English, Polish, and Spanish were included, focusing on keywords related to amniotic membrane and oral surgery. Various preservation methods for HAM were identified, namely fresh, decellularized, cryopreserved, lyophilized, and air-dried formats. Clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of HAM in repairing oral mucosal defects, vestibuloplasty, oronasal fistula closure, cleft palate treatment, bone defect repair, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Surgeon evaluations highlighted the ease of handling but noted challenges in suturing and stability during application. Amniotic membranes offer a versatile and effective option in maxillofacial surgery, promoting wound healing, reducing inflammation, and providing a scaffold for tissue regeneration. Further research, including randomized trials and comparative studies, is warranted to validate the efficacy and optimize the utilization of HAM in clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Amnion; Oral Surgical Procedures; Surgery, Oral; Wound Healing
PubMed: 38674309
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040663