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Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of... Aug 2023To provide analysis and commentary on Australian state/territory child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) expenditure, inpatient and ambulatory structure and...
OBJECTIVE
To provide analysis and commentary on Australian state/territory child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) expenditure, inpatient and ambulatory structure and key performance indicators.
METHOD
Data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australian Bureau of Statistics were descriptively analysed.
RESULTS
Between 2015-16 and 2019-20, overall CAMHS expenditure increased by an average annual rate of 3.6%. Per capita expenditure increased at a higher rate than for other subspeciality services. CAMHS admissions had a higher cost per patient day, shorter length of stay, higher readmission rate and lower rates of significant improvement. Adolescents aged 12-17 had high community CAMHS utilisation, based on proportion of population coverage and number of service contacts. CAMHS outpatient outcomes were similar to other age-groups. There were high rates of 'Mental disorder not otherwise specified', depression and adjustment/stress-related disorders as principal diagnoses in community CAMHS episodes.
CONCLUSIONS
CAMHS inpatient admissions had lower rates of significant improvement and higher 14-day readmission rates than other ages. Australia's young population had a high outpatient CAMHS contact rate. Evidence-based modelling of CAMHS providers and outcomes may inform future service improvement.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Australia; Mental Health Services; Community Mental Health Services; Mental Disorders; Health Expenditures; Outpatients; Adolescent Health Services
PubMed: 37026180
DOI: 10.1177/10398562231165845 -
Brain and Behavior Nov 2023There is a growing interest in the role of immune and inflammatory responses in mental disorders (MDs). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an extensively utilized hemogram... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is a growing interest in the role of immune and inflammatory responses in mental disorders (MDs). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an extensively utilized hemogram parameter that reflects systemic inflammation and immune function. Our research sought to determine whether a connection exists between MPV and various types of MDs.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science for eligible studies from inception to 15 February 2023, supplemented by manual searching the references from relevant articles. We applied standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the differences in MPV values in patients with MDs compared to controls.
RESULTS
We analyzed data from 24 surveys with 4843 participants (2450 patients with MDs and 2393 healthy controls). Two-step meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the SMD in MPV value between individuals with and without MDs. Higher MPV values were substantially linked to MDs (i.e., depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). Moderator and stratified analyses revealed that the aggregate effects were more robust in specific populations, such as younger patients and those who had not taken antipsychotic medication within the previous month.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings corroborate the role of inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of MDs and the pharmacological treatment of these conditions. Regarding the considerable heterogeneity among studies, the level of evidence was very low to moderate.
Topics: Humans; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Schizophrenia; Mean Platelet Volume; Mental Disorders; Anxiety
PubMed: 37644555
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3240 -
Translational Psychiatry Jul 2023Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) are the nucleic acids secreted or released from all types of cells by endogenous or exogenous stimuli through varying mechanisms... (Review)
Review
Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) are the nucleic acids secreted or released from all types of cells by endogenous or exogenous stimuli through varying mechanisms into the extracellular region and inevitably to all biological fluids. EGMs could be found as free, protein-bound, and/ or with vesicles. EGMs can potentially have immunophenotypic and/or genotypic characteristics of a cell of origin, travel to distant organs, and interact with the new microenvironment. To achieve all, EGMs might bi-directionally transit through varying membranes, including the blood-brain barrier. Such ability provides the transfer of any information related to the pathophysiological changes in psychiatric disorders in the brain to the other distant organ systems or vice versa. In this article, many aspects of EGMs have been elegantly reviewed, including their potential in diagnosis as biomarkers, application in treatment modalities, and functional effects in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The psychiatric disorders were studied under subgroups of Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and an autism spectrum disorders. EGMs provide a robust and promising tool in clinics for prognosis and diagnosis. The successful application of EGMs into treatment modalities might further provide encouraging outcomes for researchers and clinicians in psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Bipolar Disorder; Schizophrenia; Genomics; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37464177
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02549-5 -
Psychiatry Research Aug 2023Childhood obesity and mental disorders often co-exist. To date, most of the studies are cross-sectional, involve the assessment of a specific disorder, and rely on...
Childhood obesity and mental disorders often co-exist. To date, most of the studies are cross-sectional, involve the assessment of a specific disorder, and rely on self-report questionnaires. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive psychological assessment to examine the concurrent and prospective association between childhood obesity and mental health problems. We compared 34 children with obesity with 37 children with normal weight at baseline, and at a five-year follow-up, to examine the development of mental health disorders from childhood (8-12 years) to adolescence (13-18 years). Both assessments included a clinical interview and self-reported measures of psychosocial and family markers. Findings showed that the obesity group had a higher prevalence of mental disorders, and psychological comorbidity increased in five years. Prospectively, childhood obesity was associated with a psychological diagnosis in adolescence. Moreover, the obesity group displayed higher severity of symptoms at both times. Finally, body esteem contributed to predicting mental health disorders in adolescence regardless of weight status, while eating symptomatology was a specific marker for the obesity group. Therefore, in the management of childhood obesity is suggested to address also psychosocial variables such as weight-related teasing and body esteem, to prevent the onset or development of mental health problems.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Pediatric Obesity; Prospective Studies; Mental Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 37331070
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115296 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2023Mental health problems, broadly understood, are highly prevalent [...].
Mental health problems, broadly understood, are highly prevalent [...].
Topics: Humans; Mental Health; Social Stigma; Behavior, Addictive; Causality; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 37887653
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206915 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2023To describe the contexts of care transition for individuals with mental disorders in the Brazilian setting. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To describe the contexts of care transition for individuals with mental disorders in the Brazilian setting.
METHODS
A contextual analysis was conducted through a scoping review. The search for studies was conducted in databases and thesis and dissertation portals, and the analysis was based on immediate, specific, general, and meta-contexts.
RESULTS
The sample, consisting of eight studies, indicated that the following factors are present in the contexts where care transition occurs: Peculiarities of care transition for individuals with mental disorders; Perspectives that can strengthen or weaken this transition; Approaches proposed in the past for the development of care transition; and Elements related to Brazilian legislation.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
It is observed that the transition of care for individuals with mental disorders in Brazil takes place in various contexts of care levels. These variations present significant potentials and barriers in the care scenarios.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Patient Transfer; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 38055491
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0063 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Jun 2024Prevention and early intervention in the field of mental health are recognized as key elements in minimizing the impact of any potentially serious mental health... (Review)
Review
Prevention and early intervention in the field of mental health are recognized as key elements in minimizing the impact of any potentially serious mental health condition. However, early intervention in the field of young people's health is an objective that is underdeveloped. There are several possible avenues of prevention: selective preventive interventions for individuals whose risk of developing a mental disorder is significantly higher than the rest of the population, interventions for individuals who are no longer asymptomatic, secondary prevention strategies aimed at mitigating the onset of negative prognostic factors, and tertiary prevention strategies aimed at remedying resistance to treatment and psychosocial dysfunction. Epigenetics will undoubtedly be a promising area for the prevention of mental disorders in the future. Epigenetic processes, which can be modified by preventive measures such as physical activity, could lead to resilience to mental disorders. Finally, lifestyle factors (physical exercise, diet, smoking, lack of sleep) could also play a role in the emergence or prevention of mental illness.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Life Style; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38869119
DOI: No ID Found -
Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Apr 2024Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In cases of vertical infection, and in immunosuppressed people by the human...
BACKGROUND
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In cases of vertical infection, and in immunosuppressed people by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serious clinical conditions may appear, while immunocompetent people do not present symptoms. However, T. gondii infection has been linked to several mental disorders for decades.
OBJECTIVE
To substantiate the possible relationship between T. gondii and mental disorders and suggest control and prevention strategies.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic review has been carried out to analyze the relationship between T. gondii exposure (presence of IgG) and the onset of mental disorders in minors and adults. The etiopathogenic mechanisms described by the authors have also been included and the systems of surveillance, prevention and control of infection have been evaluated.
RESULTS
Several processes linked to the presence of cysts and the reactivation of the parasite in certain situations produce an immune and inflammatory response. Also, direct and indirect actions on different neurotransmitters. These mechanisms, together with other environmental and genetic factors, would predispose to different psychiatric pathologies.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to the limits of the study, no conclusions can be drawn in childhood and adolescence. However, the results of this systematic review show a possible association of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and compulsive disorder with T. gondii infection in adults. There is a need to improve control, integrated surveillance and extend prevention measures to the entire population.
Topics: Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Toxoplasmosis; Mental Disorders; Toxoplasma; Bipolar Disorder; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 38622004
DOI: 10.62641/aep.v52i2.1658 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Nov 2023In the last few years, vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in... (Review)
Review
In the last few years, vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures, like the hippocampus, led to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency could be responsible for treatment resistance in psychiatric diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the current knowledge in the literature regarding vitamin D deficiency among individuals afflicted with psychiatric disorders and assess the potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D supplementation. A systematic search was conducted on the PubMed database for articles published in the last five years (2016-2022) in English, focusing on human subjects. Results show that vitamin D deficiency has implications for numerous psychiatric disorders, affecting mood and behavior through its influence on neurotransmitter release, neurotrophic factors, and neuroprotection. It also plays a role in modulating inflammation, which is often elevated in psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent and has far-reaching implications for mental health. This review underscores the importance of exploring the therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with psychiatric disorders and highlights the need for further research in this complex field.
Topics: Humans; Affect; Brain; Mental Disorders; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 38138159
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122056 -
Research on Child and Adolescent... Dec 2023Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including child maltreatment and other adversities in the home context and beyond (e.g., witnessing domestic violence; parental... (Review)
Review
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including child maltreatment and other adversities in the home context and beyond (e.g., witnessing domestic violence; parental mental illness; parental separation; living in a disadvantaged neighborhood) are prevalent in the population and often covary together. Research based on the construct of ACEs has transformed the field of adult mental health, yet child and adolescent mental health has often been overlooked in this work. This special issue of Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology focuses on the developmental science of ACEs and child psychopathology. The research presented here draws on the extensive evidence base that now exists regarding the co-occurrence of common childhood adversities, while informing the integration of theory and research on ACEs with that of developmental psychopathology at large. This Introduction provides an overview of ACEs and child mental health from a developmental psychopathology perspective, with an emphasis on key concepts and recent progress spanning the prenatal period through to adolescence and intergenerational pathways. Models of ACEs that emphasize the multi-dimensional nature of adversity and the importance of developmental timing to risk and protective pathways, have played a driving role in this progress. Methodological innovations in this work are highlighted, along with implications for prevention and intervention.
Topics: Child; Adult; Female; Pregnancy; Adolescent; Humans; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Mental Disorders; Domestic Violence; Child Abuse; Psychopathology
PubMed: 37421507
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01100-w