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Journal of Cellular and Molecular... May 2024T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity to regulate proper immune response and immune homeostasis. T cell development occurs in the thymus and mainly differentiates... (Review)
Review
T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity to regulate proper immune response and immune homeostasis. T cell development occurs in the thymus and mainly differentiates into CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets. Upon stimulation, naive T cells differentiate into distinct CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic T cells, which mediate immunity homeostasis and defend against pathogens or tumours. Trace elements are minimal yet essential components of human body that cannot be overlooked, and they participate in enzyme activation, DNA synthesis, antioxidant defence, hormone production, etc. Moreover, trace elements are particularly involved in immune regulations. Here, we have summarized the roles of eight essential trace elements (iron, zinc, selenium, copper, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt) in T cell development, activation and differentiation, and immune response, which provides significant insights into developing novel approaches to modulate immunoregulation and immunotherapy.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Animals; T-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Selenium; Lymphocyte Activation
PubMed: 38801402
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18390 -
RSC Advances Jan 2024Zero-dimensional (0D)-two-dimensional (2D) hybrid photodetectors have received widespread attention due to their outstanding photoelectric performances. However, these...
Zero-dimensional (0D)-two-dimensional (2D) hybrid photodetectors have received widespread attention due to their outstanding photoelectric performances. However, these devices with high performances mainly employ quantum dots that contain toxic elements as sensitizing layers, which restricts their practical applications. In this work, we used eco-friendly AgInGaS quantum dots (AIGS-QDs) as a highly light-absorbing layer and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe) as a charge transfer layer to construct a 0D-2D hybrid photodetector. Notably, we observed that MoSe strongly quenches the photoluminescence (PL) of AIGS-QDs and decreases the decay time of PL in the MoSe/AIGS-QDs heterojunction. The MoSe/AIGS-QDs hybrid photodetector demonstrates a responsivity of 14.3 A W and a high detectivity of 6.4 × 10 Jones. Moreover, the detectivity of the hybrid phototransistor is significantly enhanced by more than three times compared with that of the MoSe photodetector. Our work suggests that 0D-2D hybrid photodetectors with multiplex I-III-VI QDs provide promising potential for future high-sensitivity photodetectors.
PubMed: 38196903
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07240a -
Nature Communications Dec 2023Ionic and electronic transport in electrodes is crucial for electrochemical energy storage technology. To optimize the transport pathway of ions and electrons, electrode...
Ionic and electronic transport in electrodes is crucial for electrochemical energy storage technology. To optimize the transport pathway of ions and electrons, electrode materials are minimized to nanometer-sized dimensions, leading to problems of volumetric performance, stability, cost, and pollution. Here we find that a bulk hexagonal molybdenum oxide with unconventional ion channels can store large amounts of protons at a high rate even if its particle size is tens of micrometers. The diffusion-free proton transport kinetics based on hydrogen bonding topochemistry is demonstrated in hexagonal molybdenum oxide whose proton conductivity is several orders of magnitude higher than traditional orthorhombic molybdenum oxide. In situ X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculation reveal that the structural self-optimization in the first discharge effectively promotes the reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of subsequent protons. The open crystal structure, suitable proton channels, and negligible volume strain enable rapid and stable proton transport and storage, resulting in extremely high volumetric capacitance (~1750 F cm), excellent rate performance, and ultralong cycle life (>10,000 cycles). The discovery of unconventional materials and mechanisms that enable proton storage of micrometer-sized particles in seconds boosts the development of fast-charging energy storage systems and high-power practical applications.
PubMed: 38102111
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43603-6 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Aug 2023Neuromorphic computing can efficiently handle data-intensive tasks and address the redundant interaction required by von Neumann architectures. Synaptic devices are...
Neuromorphic computing can efficiently handle data-intensive tasks and address the redundant interaction required by von Neumann architectures. Synaptic devices are essential components for neuromorphic computation. 2D phosphorene, such as violet phosphorene, show great potential in optoelectronics due to their strong light-matter interactions, while current research is mainly focused on synthesis and characterization, its application in photoelectric devices is vacant. Here, the authors combined violet phosphorene and molybdenum disulfide to demonstrate an optoelectronic synapse with a light-to-dark ratio of 10 , benefiting from a significant threshold shift due to charge transfer and trapping in the heterostructure. Remarkable synaptic properties are demonstrated, including a dynamic range (DR) of > 60 dB, 128 (7-bit) distinguishable conductance states, electro-optical dependent plasticity, short-term paired-pulse facilitation, and long-term potentiation/depression. Thanks to the excellent DR and multi-states, high-precision image classification with accuracies of 95.23% and 79.65% is achieved for the MNIST and complex Fashion-MNIST datasets, which is close to the ideal device (95.47%, 79.95%). This work opens the way for the use of emerging phosphorene in optoelectronics and provides a new strategy for building synaptic devices for high-precision neuromorphic computing.
PubMed: 37229772
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301851 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023Soybean is a leguminous crop known for its efficient nitrogen utilization and ease of cultivation. However, its intercropping with maize may lead to severe reduction in...
Soybean is a leguminous crop known for its efficient nitrogen utilization and ease of cultivation. However, its intercropping with maize may lead to severe reduction in its growth and yield due to shading effect of maize. This issue can be resolved by the appropriate application of essential plant nutrient such as molybdenum (Mo). Aim of this study was to assess the effect of Mo application on the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean intercropped with maize. A two-year field experiment was conducted for this purpose, and Mo was applied in the form of sodium molybdate (NaMoO), and four different levels were maintained i.e., 0, 60, 120 and 180 g ha. Soybean exhibited varying responses to different levels of molybdenum (Mo) application. Notably, in both sole and intercropped cropping systems, the application of Mo at a rate of 120 g ha demonstrated the highest level of promise compared to other application levels. However, most significant outcomes were pragmatic in soybean-maize intercropping, as application of Mo @ 120 g ha significantly improved soybean growth and yield attributes, including leaf area index (LAI; 434 and 441%), total plant biomass (430 and 461%), transpiration rate (15 and 18%), stomatal conductance (9 and 11%), and yield (15 and 20%) during year 2020 and 2021 respectively, as compared to control treatment. Similarly, Mo @ 120 g ha application resulted in highest total grain yield (626.0 and 725.3 kg ha) during 2020 and 2021 respectively, which exceeded the grain yields of other Mo levels under intercropping. Moreover, under Mo application level (120 g ha), grain NPK and Mo contents during years 2020 and 2021 were found to be 1.15, 0.22, 0.83 and 68.94 mg kg, and 1.27, 0.25, 0.90 and 72.18 mg kg under intercropping system increased the value as compared to control treatment. Findings of current study highlighted the significance of Mo in enhancing soybean growth, yield, and nutrient uptake efficiency in maize-soybean intercropping systems.
PubMed: 37841600
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240146 -
Environmental Research Aug 2023Dyslipidemia, an imbalance of lipids and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has been associated with elevated blood and urine levels of several heavy...
Dyslipidemia, an imbalance of lipids and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has been associated with elevated blood and urine levels of several heavy metals. Using data from a Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), we tested associations between blood levels of cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc, and the lipids triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and apolipoproteins A1 (APO A1), and B (APO B). All adjusted associations between single metals and lipids were positive and significant, except for APO A1 and HDL. The joint effect of an interquartile range increase in heavy metals was positively associated with percentage increases of TC, LDL and APO B of 8.82% (95%CI: 7.06, 10.57), 7.01% (95%CI: 2.51, 11.51) and 7.15% (95%CI: 0.51, 13.78), respectively. Future studies are warranted to determine if reducing environmental exposure to heavy metals favorably influences lipid profiles and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Humans; Lipoproteins; Lipids; Apolipoprotein A-I; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Canada; Apolipoproteins B; Triglycerides; Cholesterol, HDL
PubMed: 37187310
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116107 -
Heliyon Feb 2024The molybdenum and nitrogen content of super austenitic stainless steel in Cl solution is shown to influence pitting resistance using immersion, electrochemical testing,...
The molybdenum and nitrogen content of super austenitic stainless steel in Cl solution is shown to influence pitting resistance using immersion, electrochemical testing, and simulation. Variations in Mo and N content affect the defect density, resistance, and densification of the passive film, thereby reducing the number of pitting. A higher local pH associated with the pitting pits and an increase in NH(NH) are the results of increased N content, which also slows the rate of pitting expansion. The combined effects of fewer actively reactive spots within the passive film retarded pitting, and decreased corrosion rates due to NH(NH) mitigation of local acidity which serves to reduce the corrosion rate. The work function is improved to a greater extent when Mo and N are co-doped compared with individual Mo and N doping, and the adsorption energy is significantly increased when Mo and N are co-doped, indicating a synergistic role for Mo and N in the prevention of corrosion by Cl.
PubMed: 38375291
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25964 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024A batch of ZnO thin films, pure and doped with molybdenum (up to 2 mol %), were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique on glass and silicon substrates. The effect...
A batch of ZnO thin films, pure and doped with molybdenum (up to 2 mol %), were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique on glass and silicon substrates. The effect of molybdenum concentration on the morphology, structure and optical properties of the films was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show a wurtzite polycrystalline crystal structure. The average crystallite size increases from 30 to 80 nm with increasing molybdenum content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrate a smooth and homogeneous surface with densely spaced nanocrystalline grains. The number of nuclei increases, growing over the entire surface of the substrate with uniform grains, when the molybdenum concentration is increased to 2 mol %. The estimated root mean square (RMS) roughness values for the undoped and doped with 1 mol % and 2 mol % of ZnO thin films, defined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), are 6.12, 23.54 and 23.83 nm, respectively. The increase in Mo concentration contributes to the increase in film transmittance.
PubMed: 38730970
DOI: 10.3390/ma17092164 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Aug 2023This study assessed the effect of soaking on the retention and removal of arsenic (As) along with other toxic elements and nutrients in three types of soaked rice or...
This study assessed the effect of soaking on the retention and removal of arsenic (As) along with other toxic elements and nutrients in three types of soaked rice or overnight steeped rice (pantavat), as this food dish was highlighted on the Australian MasterChef program in 2021 as a popular recipe. Results showed that brown rice contained twice as much As as basmati and kalijira rice. Cooking with As-free tap water using a rice cooker removed up to 30% of As from basmati rice. Around 21-29% removal of total As was observed in soaked basmati, brown, and kalijira rice. However, while 13% of inorganic As was removed from basmati and brown rice, no changes were noted in the kalijira rice. Regarding nutrient elements, both cooking and soaking rice caused significant enrichment of calcium (Ca) whereas potassium (K), molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se) were reduced substantially for the tested rice varieties. The nutrients like magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) did not significantly change. The results indicated that soaking can minimize up to 30% As and soaked rice reduced few nutrients like K, Mo and Se. Data in this study highlights the retention and/or loss of toxic and beneficial nutrient elements in pantavat when As-free water is used to prepare this food.
Topics: Arsenic; Oryza; Australia; Selenium; Nutrients; Water; Cooking; Food Contamination
PubMed: 37244529
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121901 -
Poultry Science May 2024Cadmium (Cd) and high molybdenum (Mo) are injurious to the body. Previous research has substantiated that Cd and Mo exposure caused testicular injury of ducks, but...
Cadmium (Cd) and high molybdenum (Mo) are injurious to the body. Previous research has substantiated that Cd and Mo exposure caused testicular injury of ducks, but concrete mechanism is not fully clarified. To further survey the toxicity of co-exposure to Cd and Mo in testis, 40 healthy 8-day-old Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhyncha) were stochasticly distributed to 4 groups and raised with basic diet embracing Cd (4 mg/kg Cd) or Mo (100 mg/kg Mo) or both. At the 16th wk, testis tissues were gathered. The characteristic ultrastructural changes related to apoptosis and ferroptosis were observed in Mo or Cd or both groups. Besides, Mo or Cd or both repressed nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway via decreasing Nrf2, Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) mRNA expression of and Nrf2 protein expression, then stimulated apoptosis by elevating Bcl-2 antagonist/killer-1 (Bak-1), Bcl-2-associated X-protein (Bax), Cytochrome complex (Cyt-C), caspase-3 mRNA expression, cleaved-caspase-3 protein expression and apoptosis rate, as well as reducing B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) mRNA expression and ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, and triggered ferroptosis by upregulating Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4), transferrin receptor (TFR1) and Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression levels, and downregulating ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferritin light chain 1 (FTL1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SCL7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression levels. The most obvious changes of these indexes were observed in co-treated group. Altogether, the results announced that Mo or Cd or both evoked apoptosis and ferroptosis by inhibiting Nrf2 pathway in the testis of ducks, and co-exposure to Mo and Cd exacerbated these variations.
Topics: Animals; Male; Ducks; Cadmium; Testis; Apoptosis; Ferroptosis; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Signal Transduction; Molybdenum; Avian Proteins
PubMed: 38537407
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103653