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Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Apr 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major public health problem that has undergone significant changes in recent years. First of all, it has become easier to diagnose... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major public health problem that has undergone significant changes in recent years. First of all, it has become easier to diagnose with highly reliable and rapidly available confirmatory tests. This has led to a better understanding of its epidemiology and RSV has gone from being a disease of the pediatric age group, severe only in infants and immunosuppressed children, to being a common disease in people of all ages, particularly important in patients of advanced age or with immunosuppressive diseases. Recent therapeutic and prophylactic advances, both with long-lasting monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, are another reason for satisfaction. For these reasons, the COVID and Emerging Pathogens Committee of the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) has considered it pertinent to review this subject in the light of new knowledge and new resources for dealing with this infection. We have formulated a series of questions that we believe will be of interest not only to members of the College but also to any non-expert in this subject, with a particular focus on the situation of RSV infection in Spain.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Child; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Spain
PubMed: 38205560
DOI: 10.37201/req/147.2023 -
Viruses Sep 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
Topics: Infant; Child; Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Reinfection; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Immunity; Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 37896776
DOI: 10.3390/v15101999 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV is) a common respiratory virus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among infants, elderly with comorbidity, and...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV is) a common respiratory virus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among infants, elderly with comorbidity, and immunocompromised adults. Two vaccines, Abrysvo and Arexvy, have been approved for prevention of severe RSV infection in adults ≥ 60 years of age. In addition, Abrysvo is approved for use during pregnancy to protect infants from RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection. Currently, there is no national recommendation for the use of the vaccines, but vaccination of elderly at highest risk of severe RSV infection should be considered in a shared clinical decision making.
Topics: Infant; Adult; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 38533866
DOI: 10.61409/V12230800 -
Virulence Dec 2023Paramyxoviruses are a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are responsible for a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in humans... (Review)
Review
Paramyxoviruses are a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are responsible for a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals. Among the most notable are the henipaviruses, which include the deadly Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses, the causative agents of outbreaks of severe disease and high case fatality rates in humans and animals. NiV and HeV are maintained in fruit bat reservoirs primarily in the family and spillover into humans directly or by an intermediate amplifying host such as swine or horses. Recently, non-chiropteran associated Langya (LayV), Gamak (GAKV), and Mojiang (MojV) viruses have been discovered with confirmed or suspected ability to cause disease in humans or animals. These viruses are less genetically related to HeV and NiV yet share many features with their better-known counterparts. Recent advances in surveillance of wild animal reservoir viruses have revealed a high number of henipaviral genome sequences distributed across most continents, and mammalian orders previously unknown to harbour henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the range of pathogenesis observed for the henipaviruses as well as their replication cycle, epidemiology, genomics, and host responses. We focus on the most pathogenic viruses, including NiV, HeV, LayV, and GAKV, as well as the experimentally non-pathogenic CedV. We also highlight the emerging threats posed by these and potentially other closely related viruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Swine; Horses; Virulence; Henipavirus Infections; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus; Disease Outbreaks; Chiroptera
PubMed: 37948320
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2273684 -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Jan 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading global cause of respiratory infections and is responsible for about 3 million hospitalizations and more than 100,000... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading global cause of respiratory infections and is responsible for about 3 million hospitalizations and more than 100,000 deaths annually in children younger than 5 years, representing a major global healthcare burden. There is a great unmet need for new agents and universal strategies to prevent RSV infections in early life. A multidisciplinary consensus development group comprising experts in epidemiology, infectious diseases, respiratory medicine, and methodology aims to develop the current consensus to address clinical issues of RSV infections in children.
DATA SOURCES
The evidence searches and reviews were conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, using variations in terms for "respiratory syncytial virus", "RSV", "lower respiratory tract infection", "bronchiolitis", "acute", "viral pneumonia", "neonatal", "infant" "children", and "pediatric".
RESULTS
Evidence-based recommendations regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prevention were proposed with a high degree of consensus. Although supportive care remains the cornerstone for the management of RSV infections, new monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, drug therapies, and viral surveillance techniques are being rolled out.
CONCLUSIONS
This consensus, based on international and national scientific evidence, reinforces the current recommendations and integrates the recent advances for optimal care and prevention of RSV infections. Further improvements in the management of RSV infections will require generating the highest quality of evidence through rigorously designed studies that possess little bias and sufficient capacity to identify clinically meaningful end points.
Topics: Child; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Consensus; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Bronchiolitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Hospitalization
PubMed: 38064012
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00777-9 -
Viruses Sep 2023Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to... (Review)
Review
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals characterized by a high mortality rate. Despite the grave threat HNVs pose to public health and global biosecurity, no approved medical countermeasures for human use currently exist against HeV or NiV. To develop candidate vaccines and therapeutics and advance the field's understanding of HNV pathogenesis, animal models of HeV and NiV have been instrumental and remain indispensable. Various species, including rodents, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), have been employed for HNV investigations. Among these, NHPs have demonstrated the closest resemblance to human HNV disease, although other animal models replicate some key disease features. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available animal models (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, horses, and swine) to support HNV research. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of each model for conducting pathogenesis and transmission studies on HeV and NiV and for the evaluation of medical countermeasures.
Topics: Cricetinae; Animals; Humans; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Mice; Dogs; Ferrets; Henipavirus Infections; Hendra Virus; Nipah Virus; Disease Models, Animal; Primates
PubMed: 37896758
DOI: 10.3390/v15101980 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Dec 2023In October and November 2023, hospitals in the major cities of Beijing and Liaoning in northern China reported a surge in cases of pneumonia in children, with some...
In October and November 2023, hospitals in the major cities of Beijing and Liaoning in northern China reported a surge in cases of pneumonia in children, with some hospitals being overwhelmed by pediatric emergency admissions. Similar outbreaks of childhood pneumonia had been reported in the autumn of 2022 in Europe and North America. Therefore, increased reports of childhood pneumonia could be driven by post-pandemic changes in the pathogenesis of endemic respiratory infections other than COVID-19, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza, rather than emerging novel pathogens. However, the recent reports of increased hospitalizations for children with pneumonia warrant continued infection surveillance and monitoring to exclude new respiratory pathogens or more virulent variants of known pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This editorial aims to present what is known about the re-emergence of endemic respiratory infections, which may be the cause of the recently reported outbreaks of childhood pneumonia.
Topics: Humans; Child; Pandemics; Respiratory Tract Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Influenza, Human
PubMed: 38037346
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.943312 -
Viruses Jan 2024Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt... (Review)
Review
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt accounts for the vast majority of human outbreaks, reporting regular viral emergency events. The natural reservoir of NiV is the Pteropus bat species, which covers a wide geographical distribution extending over Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Occasionally, human outbreaks have required the presence of an intermediate amplification mammal host between bat and humans. However, in Bangladesh, the viral transmission occurs directly from bat to human mainly by ingestion of contaminated fresh date palm sap. Human infection manifests as a rapidly progressive encephalitis accounting for extremely high mortality rates. Despite that, no therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use. An updated review of the main NiV infection determinants and current potential therapeutic and preventive strategies is exposed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nipah Virus; Chiroptera; Disease Outbreaks; Asia; Bangladesh; Henipavirus Infections
PubMed: 38399954
DOI: 10.3390/v16020179 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2023No overall estimate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalizations in children aged under 5 years has been published for the European Union (EU). We...
BACKGROUND
No overall estimate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalizations in children aged under 5 years has been published for the European Union (EU). We aimed to estimate the RSV hospitalization burden in children aged under 5 years in EU countries and Norway, by age group.
METHODS
We collated national RSV-associated hospitalization estimates calculated using linear regression models via the RESCEU project for Denmark, England, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, and Scotland, 2006-2018. Additional estimates were obtained from a systematic review. Using multiple imputation and nearest neighbor matching methods, we estimated overall RSV-associated hospitalizations and rates in the EU.
RESULTS
Additional estimates for 2 countries (France and Spain) were found in the literature. In the EU, an average of 245 244 (95% confidence interval [CI], 224 688-265 799) yearly hospital admissions with a respiratory infection per year were associated with RSV in children aged under 5 years, with most cases occurring among children aged under 1 year (75%). Infants aged under 2 months represented the most affected group (71.6 per 1000 children; 95% CI, 66.6-76.6).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings will help support decisions regarding prevention efforts and represent an important benchmark to understand changes in the RSV burden following the introduction of RSV immunization programs in Europe.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; European Union; Hospitalization; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 37246724
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad188 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults that can result in hospitalizations. Estimating RSV-associated...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults that can result in hospitalizations. Estimating RSV-associated hospitalization is critical for planning RSV-related healthcare across Europe.
METHODS
We gathered RSV-associated hospitalization estimates from the RSV Consortium in Europe (RESCEU) for adults in Denmark, England, Finland, Norway, Netherlands, and Scotland from 2006 to 2017. We extrapolated these estimates to 28 European Union (EU) countries using nearest-neighbor matching, multiple imputations, and 2 sets of 10 indicators.
RESULTS
On average, 158 229 (95% confidence interval [CI], 140 865-175 592) RSV-associated hospitalizations occur annually among adults in the EU (≥18 years); 92% of these hospitalizations occur in adults ≥65 years. Among 75-84 years, the annual average is estimated at 74 519 (95% CI, 69 923-79 115) at a rate of 2.24 (95% CI, 2.10-2.38) per 1000. Among ≥85 years, the annual average is estimated at 37 904 (95% CI, 32 444-43 363) at a rate of 2.99 (95% CI, 2.56-3.42).
CONCLUSIONS
Our estimates of RSV-associated hospitalizations in adults are the first analysis integrating available data to provide the disease burden across the EU. Importantly, for a condition considered in the past to be primarily a disease of young children, the average annual hospitalization estimate in adults was lower but of a similar magnitude to the estimate in young children (0-4 years): 158 229 (95% CI, 140 865-175 592) versus 245 244 (95% CI, 224 688-265 799).
Topics: Child; Humans; Adult; Infant; Child, Preschool; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; European Union; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Hospitalization
PubMed: 37246742
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad189