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Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2024Motor Speech Disorders is an umbrella term for a set of separate dysfunctions of speech outcome associated with neurological disorders. Motor speech disorders (MSD) are... (Review)
Review
Motor Speech Disorders is an umbrella term for a set of separate dysfunctions of speech outcome associated with neurological disorders. Motor speech disorders (MSD) are classified as Speech Motor delay (SMD), Childhood dysarthria (CD), Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), and Concurrent CD and CAS. The incidence and prevalence of MSD in population is uncertain. A research gap exists, making evidence-based practice questionable as regards intervention for MSD and is an area of research. Hence, current narrative review was conducted to review and highlight treatment of MSD since evidence-based treatment approach may benefit patient even years after a brain lesion. To achieve this objective literature search was conducted using search engines and data bases including google, google scholar, web of science & PubMed from 1998 to 2023 with keywords "motor speech disorder, dysarthria, apraxia, speech motor delay and combinations of these words with English language and no other limitations. Our search revealed 170 articles, news, publications of which 34 were used for review (Fig.1).
PubMed: 38356848
DOI: 10.12669/pjms.40.3.8096 -
Pediatrics and Neonatology Sep 2023Deviations occur in the neuropsychomotor development of premature infants; early interventions minimize delay motor. This study aimed to determine the effect of an...
BACKGROUND
Deviations occur in the neuropsychomotor development of premature infants; early interventions minimize delay motor. This study aimed to determine the effect of an interdisciplinary hospital-home intervention addressing motor development adaptation in premature infants in Colombia in comparison with traditional interventions.
METHODS
This study was based on a parallel design, with two groups, namely, experimental and control. The experimental group, hospital-home intervention (HHI) performed in two settings (i.e., hospital neonatal care units and homes), and the control group, traditional intervention, (TI) performed in institutions for premature infants. The sample will be composed of 130 randomly-allocated infants, 65 in the experimental group (HHI) and 65 in the control group (TI) of moderate to late preterm infants (gestational age between 34 and 37 weeks), weighing more than or equal to 1.800 g, who are hemodynamically stable and reside in the cities of Tunja and Bogotá-Colombia recruited between 2021 and 2022. For the pre- and post-intervention assessments, the TIMPSI and the CapDMP are the instruments used to assess motor development and the degree of parents' or caregivers' knowledge about motor development. The HHI is composed of 10 intervention strategies based on stimulation of motor development, performed twice a day for 10 min for two months, in combination with calls to a mobile device, using software (Baby Motor Skills) and an instant messaging system (WhatsApp).
RESULTS
This hospital-home intervention program proposes an approach focused on the motor development of premature infants, based on sensory and motor stimulation strategies, in addition to follow-up performed at home with the use of a mobile application that improves the motor development of premature infants. Register Clinical Trial: NCT04563364.
CONCLUSION
The HHI provides the opportunity to determine whether the individualized four-week from admission to follow up at home with parent training will improve the motor skills of premature infants.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant, Premature; Gestational Age; Parents; Motor Skills; Hospitals
PubMed: 37002053
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.12.015 -
Anales de Pediatria Feb 2024The current neurodevelopmental status of patients with neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in Spain is unknown. Recent European studies highlight a shift of... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
The current neurodevelopmental status of patients with neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in Spain is unknown. Recent European studies highlight a shift of severe pathology towards mild motor disorders and emotional problems. The aim of this study was to analyse neurodevelopmental outcomes in a cohort of neonates with HIE at age 3 years.
PATIENTS AND METHOD
Multicentre observational study of neonates born at 35 or more weeks of gestation with moderate to severe HIE in 2011-2013 in 12 hospitals in a large Spanish region (91 217 m), with the recruitment extended through 2017 in the coordinating hospital. We analysed the findings of neonatal neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental test scores at 3 years (Bayley-III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Child Behavior Checklist). The sample included 79 controls with no history of perinatal asphyxia.
RESULTS
Sixty-three patients were recruited, of whom 5 (7.9%) were excluded due to other pathology and 14 (24%) died. Of the 44 survivors, 42 (95.5%) were evaluated. Of these 42, 10 (24%) had adverse outcomes (visual or hearing impairment, epilepsy, cerebral palsy or developmental delay). Other detected problems were minor neurological signs in 6 of the 42 (14%) and a higher incidence of emotional problems compared to controls: introversion (10.5% vs. 1.3%), anxiety (34.2% vs. 11.7%) and depression (28.9% vs. 7.8%) (P < .05). The severity of the lesions on neuroimaging was significantly higher in patients with motor impairment (P = .004) or who died or had an adverse outcome (P = .027).
CONCLUSION
In addition to classical sequelae, the followup of patients with neonatal HIE should include the diagnosis and treatment of minor motor disorders and social and emotional problems.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; Parturition
PubMed: 38331678
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.01.009 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2023Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and cognitive impairments. The progressive depletion of dopamine (DA) is the pathological... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and cognitive impairments. The progressive depletion of dopamine (DA) is the pathological basis of dysfunctional goal-directed and habitual control circuits in the basal ganglia. Exercise-induced neuroplasticity could delay disease progression by improving motor and cognitive performance in patients with PD. This paper reviews the research progress on the motor-cognitive basal ganglia circuit and summarizes the current hypotheses for explaining exercise intervention on rehabilitation in PD. Studies on exercise mediated mechanisms will contribute to the understanding of networks that regulate goal-directed and habitual behaviors and deficits in PD, facilitating the development of strategies for treatment of PD.
PubMed: 37881310
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1254447 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2023Despite the early onset of clinical signs suggestive of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a diagnosis is often not made until four years of age or older, with a... (Review)
Review
Despite the early onset of clinical signs suggestive of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a diagnosis is often not made until four years of age or older, with a diagnostic delay of up to two years from the appearance of the first symptoms. As disease-modifying therapies for DMD become available that are ideally started early before irreversible muscle damage occurs, the importance of avoiding diagnostic delay increases. Shortening the time to a definite diagnosis in DMD allows timely genetic counseling and assessment of carrier status, initiation of multidisciplinary standard care, timely initiation of appropriate treatments, and precise genetic mutation characterization to assess suitability for access to drugs targeted at specific mutations while reducing the emotional and psychological family burden of the disease. This comprehensive literature review describes the early signs of impairment in DMD and highlights the bottlenecks related to the different diagnostic steps. In summary, the evidence suggests that the best mitigation strategy for improving the age at diagnosis is to increase awareness of the early symptoms of DMD and encourage early clinical screening with an inexpensive and sensitive serum creatine kinase test in all boys who present signs of developmental delay and specific motor test abnormality at routine pediatrician visits.
PubMed: 38027286
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1276144 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2024Motor skills dynamically evolve during practice and after training. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the neural dynamics underpinning motor learning and its...
Motor skills dynamically evolve during practice and after training. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the neural dynamics underpinning motor learning and its consolidation in relation to sleep during resting-state periods after the end of learning (boost window, within 30 min) and at delayed time scales (silent 4 h and next day 24 h windows) with intermediate daytime sleep or wakefulness. Resting-state neural dynamics were investigated at fast (sub-second) and slower (supra-second) timescales using Hidden Markov modelling (HMM) and functional connectivity (FC), respectively, and their relationship to motor performance. HMM results show that fast dynamic activities in a Temporal/Sensorimotor state network predict individual motor performance, suggesting a trait-like association between rapidly recurrent neural patterns and motor behaviour. Short, post-training task re-exposure modulated neural network characteristics during the boost but not the silent window. Re-exposure-related induction effects were observed on the next day, to a lesser extent than during the boost window. Daytime naps did not modulate memory consolidation at the behavioural and neural levels. These results emphasise the critical role of the transient boost window in motor learning and memory consolidation and provide further insights into the relationship between the multiscale neural dynamics of brain networks, motor learning, and consolidation.
Topics: Sleep; Learning; Brain; Memory Consolidation; Motor Skills
PubMed: 38553500
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58123-6 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023Undernutrition has severe and lasting consequences on child development. Evidently, the interventions based on the biomedical model with food and direct supplementation...
BACKGROUND
Undernutrition has severe and lasting consequences on child development. Evidently, the interventions based on the biomedical model with food and direct supplementation have failed to produce the desired outcomes for decades. In light of the established positive effects of psychosocial stimulation on developmental outcomes, we propose that the observed failures relate to not including psychosocial stimulation within the interventions. Here we test whether psychosocial stimulation mediates the association between nutritional status and motor and mental development in a large cohort from Madhya Pradesh, India.
METHOD
Using a correlational design in children below 3 years of age ( = 275; Males = 148, Females = 127) nutritional status was measured through mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), psychosocial stimulation was assessed with the HOME-inventory, and motor and mental development were assessed with the Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII). We assessed the effectiveness of 25-week intervention model incorporating psychosocial stimulation on 95 undernourished children in experimental group and 77 in control group.
RESULTS
The study found that psychosocial stimulation fully mediated the relationship between nutritional status and the motor development [Effect = 1.03, 95% C.I. (0.19, 2.04), = 0.05] and mental development [Effect = 0.49, 95% C.I. (0.09, 1.03), = 0.05] in children under 3 years of age. Nutritional status significantly predicted the psychosocial stimulation to the child ( = 0.77). Analyzing the effectiveness of the intervention program revealed significant reduction in the developmental delays in both the motor [(81) = 2.568, 0.012] and mental development [(81) = 4.506, 0.001] of the undernourished children.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that nutrition translates into positive developmental outcomes in a child only with the scaffolding effects of psychosocial stimulation primarily received from home. Integrating psychosocial stimulation activities like storytelling, play, art and crafts, puppets, travel etc. in the intervention programs designed to address undernutrition may yield rich dividends in bridging the developmental delays among undernourished children.
PubMed: 38078238
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1273591 -
Nature May 2024Working memory, the process through which information is transiently maintained and manipulated over a brief period, is essential for most cognitive functions. However,...
Working memory, the process through which information is transiently maintained and manipulated over a brief period, is essential for most cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the generation and evolution of working-memory neuronal representations at the population level over long timescales remain unclear. Here, to identify these mechanisms, we trained head-fixed mice to perform an olfactory delayed-association task in which the mice made decisions depending on the sequential identity of two odours separated by a 5 s delay. Optogenetic inhibition of secondary motor neurons during the late-delay and choice epochs strongly impaired the task performance of the mice. Mesoscopic calcium imaging of large neuronal populations of the secondary motor cortex (M2), retrosplenial cortex (RSA) and primary motor cortex (M1) showed that many late-delay-epoch-selective neurons emerged in M2 as the mice learned the task. Working-memory late-delay decoding accuracy substantially improved in the M2, but not in the M1 or RSA, as the mice became experts. During the early expert phase, working-memory representations during the late-delay epoch drifted across days, while the stimulus and choice representations stabilized. In contrast to single-plane layer 2/3 (L2/3) imaging, simultaneous volumetric calcium imaging of up to 73,307 M2 neurons, which included superficial L5 neurons, also revealed stabilization of late-delay working-memory representations with continued practice. Thus, delay- and choice-related activities that are essential for working-memory performance drift during learning and stabilize only after several days of expert performance.
Topics: Animals; Female; Male; Mice; Calcium; Choice Behavior; Memory Consolidation; Memory, Short-Term; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Cortex; Motor Neurons; Odorants; Optogenetics; Practice, Psychological; Psychomotor Performance; Smell; Time Factors
PubMed: 38750359
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07425-w -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Feb 2024Tai Chi has shown beneficial effects on the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but no study has reported the effect of long-term Tai Chi training.
BACKGROUND
Tai Chi has shown beneficial effects on the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but no study has reported the effect of long-term Tai Chi training.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether long-term Tai Chi training can maintain improvement in patients with PD.
METHODS
Cohorts of patients with PD with Tai Chi training (n=143) and patients with PD without exercise as a control group (n=187) were built from January 2016. All subjects were assessed at baseline and in November 2019, October 2020 and June 2021. A logarithmic linear model was used to analyse rating scales for motor and non-motor symptoms. The need to increase antiparkinsonian therapies was presented as a Kaplan-Meier plot and as a box plot. The bootstrap method was used to resample for statistical estimation.
RESULTS
Tai Chi training reduced the annual changes in the deterioration of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and delayed the need for increasing antiparkinsonian therapies. The annual increase in the levodopa equivalent daily dosage was significantly lower in the Tai Chi group. Moreover, patients benefited from Tai Chi training in motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms and complications.
CONCLUSION
Tai Chi training has a long-term beneficial effect on PD, with an improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms and reduced complications.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT05447975.
Topics: Humans; Tai Ji; Follow-Up Studies; Parkinson Disease; Exercise Therapy; Antiparkinson Agents; Quality of Life
PubMed: 37875337
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330967 -
Medicine Dec 2023Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) increases with the survival of late preterm infants, but its relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants remains... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) increases with the survival of late preterm infants, but its relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants remains controversial. To investigate the relationship between ROP and its severity and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.
METHODS
We conducted a meta-analysis. All relevant literature before November 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, Wan fang Data, and VIP Database. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, eligible literature were included to conduct clinical trial quality assessment, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3. Data extraction, quality assessment, and meta-analysis were performed independently by 2 people. Mean difference or standardized mean difference of motor, language and cognitive scores (Bayley III or Bayley II) were used as effect sizes for continuous data analysis, all of which were represented by 95% CI. For heterogeneity (I2 ≥ 50% or P < .10), a random effects model was used, otherwise a fixed effects model was used.
RESULTS
A total of 6 literature were included. The results of the ROP group for motor (comprehensive motor, proportional motor, and fine motor), language and cognitive scores were -5.57 (95%CI, -1.43 to 0.04), -0.95 (95%CI, 1.4-0.50), -1.34 (95% CI, 1.77-0.92), -1.75 (95% CI, 2.26-1.24) and -5.56 (95% CI, 9.56-1.57). Additionally, the results of severe ROP group for motor (comprehensive motor, proportional motor, fine motor), language and cognitive scores were -8.32 (95%CI, -8.91 to 7.74), -1.10 (95%CI, -1.83 to -0.36), -1.08 (95%CI, -1.75 to -0.41), -7.03 (95%CI, -7.71 to 6.35), and -7.96 (95%CI, -8.5 to -7.42).
CONCLUSIONS
The Bayley Scale scores of the ROP group were lower than those of the not ROP group, and the scores of the severe ROP were significantly lower than those of the not severe ROP group. These findings suggest that ROP can indeed delay motor, language and cognitive, especially in severe cases.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant, Premature; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
PubMed: 38115287
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036557