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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023In today's world, merging sensor-based security systems with contemporary principles has become crucial. As we witness the ever-growing number of interconnected devices...
In today's world, merging sensor-based security systems with contemporary principles has become crucial. As we witness the ever-growing number of interconnected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT), it is imperative to have robust and trustworthy security measures in place. In this paper, we examine the idea of virtualizing the communication infrastructure for smart farming in the context of IoT. Our approach utilizes a metaverse-based framework that mimics natural processes such as mycelium network growth communication with a security-concept-based srtificial immune system (AIS) and transaction models of a multi-agent system (MAS). The mycelium, a bridge that transfers nutrients from one plant to another, is an underground network (IoT below ground) that can interconnect multiple plants. Our objective is to study and simulate the mycelium's behavior, which serves as an underground IoT, and we anticipate that the simulation results, supported by diverse aspects, can be a reference for future IoT network development. A proof of concept is presented, demonstrating the capabilities of such a virtualized network for dedicated sensor communication and easy reconfiguration for various needs.
PubMed: 37960389
DOI: 10.3390/s23218689 -
MSphere Aug 2023Germination of inhaled conidia is a necessary sequitur for infection. Germination of conidia starts with the breaking of dormancy, which is initiated by an increase of...
Germination of inhaled conidia is a necessary sequitur for infection. Germination of conidia starts with the breaking of dormancy, which is initiated by an increase of the cellular perimeter in a process termed isotropic growth. This swelling phase is followed by polarized growth, resulting in the formation of a germ tube. The multinucleate tubular cells exhibit tip growth from the hyphae, after which lateral branches emerge to form the mycelial network. The regulatory mechanisms governing conidial germination are not well defined. In this study, we identified a novel role for the transcription factor SltA in the orchestration of germination and hyphal development. Conidia lacking fail to appropriately regulate isotropic growth and begin to swell earlier and subsequently switch to polarized growth faster. Additionally, hyphal development is distorted in a ∆ isolate as hyphae are hyper-branching and wider, and show branching at the apical tip. ∆ conidia are more tolerant to cell wall stressors on minimal medium compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. A transcriptome analysis of different stages of early growth was carried out to assess the regulatory role of SltA. Null mutants generated for three of the most dysregulated genes showed rapid germ tube emergence. Distinct from the phenotype observed for ∆, conidia from these strains lacked defects in isotropic growth, but switched to polarized growth faster. Here, we characterize and describe several genes in the regulon of SltA, highlighting the complex nature of germination.IMPORTANCE is the main human fungal pathogen causing aspergillosis. For this fungus, azoles are the most commonly used antifungal drugs for treatment of aspergillosis. However, the prevalence of azole resistance is alarmingly increasing and linked with elevated mortality. Germination of conidia is crucial within its asexual life cycle and plays a critical role during the infection in the human host. Precluding germination could be a promising strategy considering the role of germination in spp. pathogenicity. Here, we identify a novel role for SltA in appropriate maintenance of dormancy, germination, and hyphal development. Three genes in the regulon of SltA were also essential for appropriate germination of conidia. With an expanding knowledge of germination and its different morphotypes, more advances can be made toward potential anti-germination targets for therapy.
Topics: Humans; Aspergillus fumigatus; Transcription Factors; Hyphae; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus
PubMed: 37260230
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00076-23 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023The application of natural products for pest control is important in modern farming. In the present study, L. and Weber essential oil and exudate profiles were...
The application of natural products for pest control is important in modern farming. In the present study, L. and Weber essential oil and exudate profiles were determined, and their potential as inhibitors of seed germination, acetylcholinesterase, and phytopathogenic mycelium growth were evaluated. Essential oils (EO) were obtained via hydrodistillation and exudates (AE) by washing aerial parts of the species with acetone. EO and AE's composition was identified using GC/MS. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) and camphor were found to be the main components of EO, while β-pinene, -pinocarveol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, and spathulenol were established as major compounds of EO. Strong inhibition on seed germination was found at 2 µL/mL and 5 mg/mL using aqueous solutions of EO and AE, respectively. An inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase was established, with an IC value of 64.42 and 14.60 μg/mL for EO and 0.961, >1 mg/mL for the AE of and , respectively. The low inhibition on the mycelium growth of studied phytopathogenic fungi was established by applying 2 µL of EO and 15 µL of 100 mg/mL of AE, with the exception of AE against . These results show that the studied EO and AE exhibited strong phytotoxic and AChE inhibitory activities, providing new data for these species.
PubMed: 37836231
DOI: 10.3390/plants12193491 -
Plant Disease Oct 2023The state of Puebla is the main producer of cabbage ( var. ) in Mexico, with an area of approximately 1,858 ha (SIAP 2023). In April 2023, a field sampling was conducted...
The state of Puebla is the main producer of cabbage ( var. ) in Mexico, with an area of approximately 1,858 ha (SIAP 2023). In April 2023, a field sampling was conducted in the San Luis Ajajalpan, Tecali de Herrera (18°55.57'N, 97°55.607'W), Puebla, Mexico. The average temperature was 24°C and the relative humidity was 95% for five consecutive days. Cabbage plants cv. 'American Taki San Juan' close to harvest, with head rot symptoms were found in a commercial area of approximately 3 ha, at an estimated incidence of 35 to 45%. More than 70% of the leaves were symptomatic on severely affected plants. Typical symptoms included chlorosis of older foliage, soft rot with abundant white to gray mycelium, and abundant production of large and irregularly-shaped sclerotia. The fungus was isolated from 30 symptomatic plants. Sclerotia were collected from symptomatic heads, surface sterilized in 3% NaOCl, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, and plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) with sterile forceps. Subsequently, a dissecting needle was used to place fragments of mycelium directly on PDA. Plates were placed in an incubator at 25°C in the dark. A total of 30 representative isolates were obtained by the hyphal-tip method, one from each diseased plant (15 isolates from sclerotia and 15 from mycelial fragments). After 8 days, colonies had fast-growing, dense, cottony-white aerial mycelium forming irregular sclerotia of 3.75 ± 0.8 mm (mean ± standard deviation, n=100). Each Petri dish produced 14-25 sclerotia (mean = 18, n = 50), after 10 days. The sclerotia were initially white and gradually turned black. The isolates were identified as based on morphological characteristics (Saharan and Mehta 2008). Two representative isolates were chosen for molecular identification, and genomic DNA was extracted by a CTAB protocol. The ITS region and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) gene were sequenced for two isolates (White et al. 1990; Staats et al. 2005). The ITS and G3PDH sequences of a representative isolate (SsC.1) were deposited in the GenBank (ITS- OR286628; G3PDH- OR333495). BLAST analysis of the partial sequences ITS (509 bp) and G3PDH (915 bp) showed 100% similarity to S. sclerotiorum isolates (GenBank: MT436756.1 and OQ790148). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating 10 detached cabbage heads of 'American Taki San Juan', using the SsC.1 isolate, according to Sanogo et al. (2015). Heads were placed on the rim of a plastic container and inserted in a moisture box with 2 cm of water on its bottom. The box was covered with a plastic sheet to maintain humidity. The control plants were inoculated with a plug of noncolonized PDA. The inoculated cabbages were covered with white to gray mycelia and abundant sclerotia within 10 days, whereas no symptoms were observed on non-inoculated controls. The fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated cabbages as described above, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. White mold caused by on Brussels sprouts was recently reported in Mexico (Ayvar-Serna et al. 2023). In 2015, . was reported on cabbage in New Mexico, causing head rot (Sanogo et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of . causing white mold on cabbage in Mexico. This research is essential for designing management strategies and preventing spread to other production areas.
PubMed: 37884482
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-08-23-1534-PDN -
Plant Disease Aug 2023Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the important economic forest crops widely cultivated in Jiangsu Provinces, China. From August to September in both 2021 and 2022,...
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the important economic forest crops widely cultivated in Jiangsu Provinces, China. From August to September in both 2021 and 2022, a foliar blight was observed in 7-ha and 6-ha pecan orchards in Changzhou (31°58'9.6″ N, 119°48'33.84″ E), and Jurong (31°52'15.46″ N, 119°9'24.62″ E), Jiangsu Province. The disease severity was about 32% with 8% incidence on 120 surveyed trees of the two orchards. Typical symptoms were lesions with a dark-brown color, which later became brown. We collected eighteen pecan leaves with typical symptoms in the surveyed pecan orchards and took them back to the laboratory for identification. Small fragments (approximately 9 mm2) from the necrotic borders of infected leaves were surfaced sterilized, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and then incubated in darkness at 25°C. Pure cultures were obtained by single-spore culture. Thirty-three isolates with similar characteristics were obtained from the infected leaves (isolation frequency 85%), and the colonies surface on PDA was ochreous with patchs of olivaceous-yellow and sparse aerial mycelium. Observing from the back of the plate, the colonies were cream-yellow. Two types of single-cell conidia were produced on PDA. Alpha-conidia were 7.4 (range, 5.9 to 8.8) × 2.1 (range, 1.6 to 2.8) μm (n = 100), aseptate, smooth, fusiform, straight and tapering towards both ends. Beta-conidia were 25.1 (range, 19.1 to 36.2) × 1.3 (range, 1.0 to 2) µm (n = 100), filiform, hyaline, aseptate and curved at one end. The morphological features of these isolates agreed with those of Diaporthe sp. (Gomes et al. 2013; Gao et al. 2017). To further identify the isolates, the regions of internal transcribed spacer (ITS, OR214967 to OR214969), calmodulin (CAL, OR228558 to OR228560), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1a, OR228561 to OR228563), histone H3 (HIS, OR228564 to OR228566), and beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2, OR228567 to OR228569) were amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA for the three representative isolates (LSM1, LSM2 and LSM3), respectively (Gomes et al. 2013). Multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three isolates and D. pseudophoenicicola were clustered in the same clade. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analysis, these isolates were identified as D. pseudophoenicicola. The pathogenicity of three isolates were tested on leaves of pecan seedlings. The conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of each isolate was sprayed evenly on the surface of leaves of three healthy seedlings. Sterilized distilled water was used for negative controls. Finally, all inoculated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 28°C under 100% relative humidity. Two weeks after inoculation, the inoculated plants developed symptoms similar to those of the original diseased plants, while controls remained asymptomatic. D. pseudophoenicicola were re-isolated from from inoculated plants. The pathogenicity experiment was repeated three times. Previously, D. pseudophoenicicola has been reported to cause stem-end browning disease in ripe mango (Takushi et al. 2016; Xu et al 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pseudophoenicicola causing leaf blight on pecan . This study provides important information for developing effective pecan disease management practices.
PubMed: 37642550
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-23-1379-PDN -
Plant Disease Jul 2023Black foot disease is one of the Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) that occurs in many grape growing regions and causes vine decline. Black foot disease has been reported...
Black foot disease is one of the Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) that occurs in many grape growing regions and causes vine decline. Black foot disease has been reported in China in 2021 (Ye et al. 2021). In May 2022, serious root rot and nearly half brown necrosis in cross section were observed in several grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) in Xianyang County, Shaanxi Province, China, with the incidence of 2% in 0.267 hectares. Samples (12-year-old vines) of symptomatic root were collected and taken back to the laboratory. Small fragments from the margin between healthy and diseased tissue were cut into 5 mm × 5 mm pieces. The surface was sterilized using 2% NaOCl for 2 min, followed by 75% ethanol for 30 s and rinsed three times with sterilized water. After the small pieces were dried on sterilized filter paper, they were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates with lactic acid at 25°C for 2-3 days. The pure culture was obtained by single spore isolation. In this study, two strains were associated with black foot disease. Colony characteristics were observed in 7-day PDA plates, with cotton wool mycelium and light yellow to brown colony in reverse. Conidia were cylindrical to peanut shaped, 0-1 septa and blunt round at both ends. Size of the conidia was 7.12 to 13.89 × 2.55 to 5.16 µm (average 9.82 × 3.41 µm, n=50). For molecular phylogenetic analysis, genomic DNA of the two strains (JZB3320008 and JZB3320009) was extracted. PCR amplification was performed using four phylogenetic regions (ITS, tub2, tef1 and his3) amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), T1/Bt2b (O'Donnell and Cigelnik 1997; Glass and Dnoaldson 1995), EF-688F/EF-1251R (Alves et al. 2008) and CYLH3F/CYLH3R (Crous et al. 2004), respectively. Maximum likelihood (ML) inference phylogenetic tree was constructed to confirm the identity of the two strains. ML tree reveals that the two strains clustered with Cylindrocladiella peruviana with 100% bootstrap support value. The sequences of four regions were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers OQ202205-OQ202206 for ITS, OQ225938-OQ225939 for tub2, OQ225936-OQ225937 for tef1 and OQ225934-OQ225935 for his3). Based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis, the two strains were identified as C. peruviana. To confirm the pathogenicity, the rooted cuttings (cv. Marselan) in the greenhouse were inoculated by immersing the roots in the conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL; volume, 300 mL) for 30 min, while the control was immersed in sterilized water (volume, 300 mL) for the same time. Nine plants were inoculated with C. peruviana and the same number was used as the control. These grapevines were kept in the greenhouse at 25°C. After 14 days of inoculation, the aboveground of inoculated plants showed symptoms with red leaves, while the control showed no symptoms. After 34 days of inoculation, the inoculated plants showed the reduction of the number of foliage and reduced vigor. They died with brown stem base and vascular discoloration in longitudinal section, while the control showed no symptoms. Cylindrocladiella peruviana was re-isolated by the discoloration regions and the Koch's rule was verified. To our knowledge, the pathogen has been reported in Spain and California (Agustí-Brisach et al. 2012; Koike et al. 2016). This is the first report of Cylindrocladiella peruviana causing grapevine black foot disease in China. We will better diagnose and prevent the disease in the future.
PubMed: 37480248
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-23-0673-PDN -
ELife Aug 2023Communication is crucial for organismic interactions, from bacteria, to fungi, to humans. Humans may use the visual sense to monitor the environment before starting...
Communication is crucial for organismic interactions, from bacteria, to fungi, to humans. Humans may use the visual sense to monitor the environment before starting acoustic interactions. In comparison, fungi, lacking a visual system, rely on a cell-to-cell dialogue based on secreted signaling molecules to coordinate cell fusion and establish hyphal networks. Within this dialogue, hyphae alternate between sending and receiving signals. This pattern can be visualized via the putative signaling protein Soft (SofT), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAK-2 (MakB) which are recruited in an alternating oscillatory manner to the respective cytoplasmic membrane or nuclei of interacting hyphae. Here, we show that signal oscillations already occur in single hyphae of in the absence of potential fusion partners (cell monologue). They were in the same phase as growth oscillations. In contrast to the anti-phasic oscillations observed during the cell dialogue, SofT and MakB displayed synchronized oscillations in phase during the monologue. Once two fusion partners came into each other's vicinity, their oscillation frequencies slowed down (entrainment phase) and transit into anti-phasic synchronization of the two cells' oscillations with frequencies of 104±28 s and 117±19 s, respectively. Single-cell oscillations, transient entrainment, and anti-phasic oscillations were reproduced by a mathematical model where nearby hyphae can absorb and secrete a limited molecular signaling component into a shared extracellular space. We show that intracellular Ca concentrations oscillate in two approaching hyphae, and depletion of Ca from the medium affected vesicle-driven extension of the hyphal tip, abolished the cell monologue and the anti-phasic synchronization of two hyphae. Our results suggest that single hyphae engage in a 'monologue' that may be used for exploration of the environment and can dynamically shift their extracellular signaling systems into a 'dialogue' to initiate hyphal fusion.
Topics: Humans; Hyphae; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus
PubMed: 37602797
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83310 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat...
MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat stress response and growth and development of remains unclear. To investigate the function of , , and TFs in , mutant strains of , , and were generated using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression (OE) techniques. The results indicated that the mycelia of OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains exhibited positive effects under heat stress at 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C. Compared to wild-type strains, the OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains promoted the growth and development of . These mutant strains also facilitated the recovery of growth and development of after 24 h of 36 °C heat stress. In conclusion, the expression of and supports the mycelium's response to heat stress and enhances the growth and development of , whereas produces the opposite effect.
Topics: Pleurotus; Heat-Shock Response; Mycelium; RNA Interference; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 37686365
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713559 -
First report of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora causing leaf blight on Aegiceras corniculatum in China.Plant Disease Jul 2023Aegiceras corniculatum is an important mangrove plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical regions....
Aegiceras corniculatum is an important mangrove plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical regions. It has important ecological, economic and social benefits (Bandaranayake 1998). In April 2021, a leaf disease on A. corniculatum was observed in Zhanjiang (21.21° N, 110.41° E), Guangdong province, China. Disease incidence and severity were 15% and 20% (n = 100 investigated plants), respectively. The disease symptoms on leaves primarily appeared as small brown spots, then enlarged and coalesced into regular or irregular gray necrotic lesions with dark margins. At the late stage of symptom development, black acervuli appeared on the necrotic lesions. Ten symptomatic leaves from 10 plants were collected. Small pieces of tissue (4 × 4 mm) were cut from lesion borders and were surfaced disinfected in 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1 min in 1% NaClO, rinsed three times with sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28°C. After 7 days, a total of 10 fungal isolates with 100% isolation frequency were obtained and three representative strains (THS-1, THS-2, and THS-3) were used for morphological and molecular characterization. Colonies were white with cottony aerial mycelium and irregular margins. Black viscous acervuli were scattered on the colony surface 10 days after incubation. Conidia were spindle shaped, five cells, four septa, 18.77-28.70 × 4.53-6.80 μm (mean 23.13 × 5.14 μm) in size (n = 50). Basal and apical cells were colorless while the three medium cells were dark brown and lightly versicolor. All conidia had one basal appendage of 3.51-7.27 μm (mean 5.49 μm; n = 50) and two to three apical appendages of 15.80-33.64 μm (mean 25.87 μm; n = 50). These morphological characteristics are consistent with those of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2012). The ITS (OM698813-15), tub2 (OM810165-67) and tef1α (OM810186-88) sequences were 99.38%, 99.09%, and 99.17% identical to the type N. clavispora strain MFLUCC12-0281 (accession nos. JX398979, JX399014, and JX399045) through BLAST analysis, respectively. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the concatenated sequences of ITS, tub2, and tef1α. The result showed that these three isolates were clustered with N. clavispora strains including the type MFLUCC12-0281. To perform pathogenicity tests, 20 healthy potted seedlings of A. corniculatum (2-year-old) were selected. Ten surface-sterilized leaves of 10 seedlings were wounded and inoculated by spraying conidial suspension ( 105 conidia/ml). The same number wounded leaves of the other 10 plants treated with sterile water served as controls. All plants were wrapped in polyethylene bags for 24 h and incubated at 28°C in a growth chamber (at 90% relative humidity). After 10 days, all the inoculated leaves showed similar symptoms to those observed in the field, whereas control leaves were asymptomatic. N. clavispora was reisolated from the lesions in terms of morphology and molecular characterization, whereas no fungus was isolated from the control leaves. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times under the same conditions. Thus, Koch's postulates were fulfilled. This pathogen has been reported on a wide host range worldwide, such as leaf spot on strawberry in China (Zhao et al. 2016) and twig blight on blueberry in Spain (Borrero et al. 2018). This is the first report of N. clavispora causing leaf blight on A. corniculatum in China. This study provides valuable information for the identification and control of the disease.
PubMed: 37408122
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-23-0916-PDN -
Plant Disease Sep 2023Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, native to the south of China, is currently planted as an important landscaping tree species in more than 100 countries around the world. Since...
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, native to the south of China, is currently planted as an important landscaping tree species in more than 100 countries around the world. Since 2012, an unknown stem rot disease of H. rosa-sinensis has occurred sporadically in a few green belts of Nanning, Guangxi, China. In February 2023, the incidence rate of the disease in the southern part of the city (108°38'E, 22°77'N) reached 5-8%. The pathogen mainly infected the stems near the soil line and aboveground stems. Initially, brown spots appeared and developed into long strips of large spots around the stem, slightly sunken. Later, the diseased tissue cortex presented longitudinal cracks and the vascular bundle tissue was exposed like silk hemp. White mycelium appeared on the diseased stem surfaces under high humidity conditions, eventually maturing into hard black sclerotia (1.5 to 11.0 mm in length). The leaves turned yellow and the whole plant finally died. For fungal isolation, seven diseased plants distributed within 800 square meters were collected, and 35 symptomatic stem sections were surface disinfect with alcohol for 30s, 0.08% NaClO for 1 min, triple rinsed with sterile distilled water, and cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28℃. Sclerotinia-like colonies were consistently isolated from all diseased tissues and four isolates (Z1-Z4) were purified (Bolton et al. 2006). Irregular white immature sclerotia were produced after 5 to 7 days on the edges of the plates and turned black after 7 to 14 days, with a size of 1.8 to 4.6 × 1.2 to 3.4 mm (avg. 3.3 × 2.4 mm, n = 20). For molecular characterization, three gene regions (ITS, CaM and Mcm7) were amplified (White et al. 1990; Carbone et al. 1999; Schmitt et al. 2009) and sequenced (GenBank accession nos.: ITS: OR016764 to OR016767; CaM: OR257811 to OR257814; Mcm7: OR345318 to OR345321). The sequences of three analyzed DNA fragments shared 100% identity with sequences of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strains (accession nos. JN013184, AF341304, KF545468). To fullfill Koch's postulates, healthy H. rosa-sinensis nursery stocks at the six months stage were individually planted in plastic pots at 25±3℃. The base of the stem and upper three branches of each plant were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with 5-mm discs of mycelium grown on PDA, then the inoculation sites of stem bases were covered with one layer nursery substrate and those of branches were wrapped with transparent tape to maintain the humidity. Three plants were inoculated with each isolate. As a control, three plants were inoculated with PDA discs. All the inoculated plants with mycelial discs developed characteristic symptoms 5 to 8 days after inoculation. The inoculation sites appeared white mycelium and the leaves sagged and wilted. Later, black sclerotia appeared on the diseased stem and the whole plant withered, while the control plants remained symptomless. Fungal cultures reisolated from symptomatic plants were morphologically identical with the cultures used as inoculum. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has only been reported from H. rosa-sinensis in Taiwan (Tai 1979). The pathogen is a widely distributed fungus, causing many economically important diseases on various plants (Hossain et al. 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing H. rosa-sinensis stem rot in Chinese Mainland, laying the foundation for monitoring its occurrence and spread.
PubMed: 37669180
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-23-1466-PDN