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Differentiation; Research in Biological... 2024Fibroblast Growth Factor 6 (FGF6), also referred to as HST2 or HBGF6, is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), the Heparin Binding Growth Factor (HBGF) and the... (Review)
Review
Fibroblast Growth Factor 6 (FGF6), also referred to as HST2 or HBGF6, is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), the Heparin Binding Growth Factor (HBGF) and the Heparin Binding Secretory Transforming Gene (HST) families. The genomic and protein structure of FGF6 is highly conserved among varied species, as is its expression in muscle and muscle progenitor cells. Like other members of the FGF family, FGF6 regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Specifically, it plays key roles in myogenesis and muscular regeneration, angiogenesis, along with iron transport and lipid metabolism. Similar to others from the FGF family, FGF6 also possesses oncogenic transforming activity, and as such is implicated in a variety of cancers.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Fibroblast Growth Factor 6; Muscle Development; Cell Proliferation; Neoplasms; Cell Movement
PubMed: 38626632
DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100780 -
The Journal of International Medical... Aug 2023Sclerostin, a protein encoded by the sclerostin () gene, is mostly expressed in osteocytes. First described in the pathogenesis of three disorders, sclerosteosis, van... (Review)
Review
Sclerostin, a protein encoded by the sclerostin () gene, is mostly expressed in osteocytes. First described in the pathogenesis of three disorders, sclerosteosis, van Buchem's disease, and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, sclerostin has been identified as an important regulator of bone homeostasis, controlling bone formation by osteoblasts through inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Recent studies have highlighted a hypothetical role of sclerostin in myogenesis, thus modulating the interaction between bone and muscle. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical implications of sclerostin modulation on skeletal muscle mass and function, and bone metabolism. Improving knowledge about muscle-bone crosstalk may represent a turning point in the development of therapeutic strategies for musculoskeletal disorders, particularly osteosarcopenia.
Topics: Humans; Hyperostosis; Knowledge; Muscles; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 37632438
DOI: 10.1177/03000605231193293 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jan 2024Investigating the genetic markers and genomic signatures related to chicken meat production by combing multi-omics methods could provide new insights into modern chicken...
INTRODUCTION
Investigating the genetic markers and genomic signatures related to chicken meat production by combing multi-omics methods could provide new insights into modern chicken breeding technology systems.
OBJECT
Chicken is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly livestock, especially the fast-growing white-feathered chicken (broiler), which is well known for high meat yield, but the underlying genetic basis is poorly understood.
METHOD
We generated whole-genome resequencing of three purebred broilers (n = 748) and six local breeds/lines (n = 114), and sequencing data of twelve chicken breeds (n = 199) were obtained from the NCBI database. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing of six tissues from two chicken breeds (n = 129) at two developmental stages was performed. A genome-wide association study combined with cis-eQTL mapping and the Mendelian randomization was applied.
RESULT
We identified > 17 million high-quality SNPs, of which 21.74% were newly identified, based on 21 chicken breeds/lines. A total of 163 protein-coding genes underwent positive selection in purebred broilers, and 83 genes were differentially expressed between purebred broilers and local chickens. Notably, muscle development was proven to be the major difference between purebred broilers and local chickens, or ancestors, based on genomic and transcriptomic evidence from multiple tissues and stages. The MYH1 gene family showed the top selection signatures and muscle-specific expression in purebred broilers. Furthermore, we found that the causal gene SOX6 influenced breast muscle yield and also related to myopathy occurrences. A refined haplotype was provided, which had a significant effect on SOX6 expression and phenotypic changes.
CONCLUSION
Our study provides a comprehensive atlas comprising the typical genomic variants and transcriptional characteristics for muscle development and suggests a new regulatory target (SOX6-MYH1s axis) for breast muscle yield and myopathy, which could aid in the development of genome-scale selective breeding aimed at high meat yield in broiler chickens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genomics; Gene Expression Profiling; Meat; Muscular Diseases
PubMed: 36871617
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.016 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2024Regeneration and repair are prerequisites for maintaining effective function of skeletal muscle under high energy demands, and myogenic differentiation is one of the key... (Review)
Review
Regeneration and repair are prerequisites for maintaining effective function of skeletal muscle under high energy demands, and myogenic differentiation is one of the key steps in the regeneration and repair process. A striking feature of the process of myogenic differentiation is the alteration of mitochondria in number and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction can activate a number of transcriptional, translational and post-translational programmes and pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis under different types and degrees of stress, either through its own signaling or through constant signaling interactions with the nucleus and cytoplasm, a process known as the mitochondrial stress responses (MSRs). It is now believed that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with a variety of muscle diseases caused by reduced levels of myogenic differentiation, suggesting the possibility that MSRs are involved in messaging during myogenic differentiation. Also, MSRs may be involved in myogenesis by promoting bioenergetic remodeling and assisting myoblast survival during myogenic differentiation. In this review, we will take MSRs as an entry point to explore its concrete regulatory mechanisms during myogenic differentiation, with a perspective to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and repair of related muscle diseases.
PubMed: 38681520
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1381417 -
Inflammation and Regeneration Nov 2023The regenerative ability of skeletal muscle (SM) in response to damage, injury, or disease is a highly intricate process that involves the coordinated activities of... (Review)
Review
The regenerative ability of skeletal muscle (SM) in response to damage, injury, or disease is a highly intricate process that involves the coordinated activities of multiple cell types and biomolecular factors. Of these, extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered a fundamental component of SM regenerative ability. This review briefly discusses SM myogenesis and regeneration, the roles played by muscle satellite cells (MSCs), other cells, and ECM components, and the effects of their dysregulations on these processes. In addition, we review the various types of ECM scaffolds and biomaterials used for SM regeneration, their applications, recent advances in ECM scaffold research, and their impacts on tissue engineering and SM regeneration, especially in the context of severe muscle injury, which frequently results in substantial muscle loss and impaired regenerative capacity. This review was undertaken to provide a comprehensive overview of SM myogenesis and regeneration, the stem cells used for muscle regeneration, the significance of ECM in SM regeneration, and to enhance understanding of the essential role of the ECM scaffold during SM regeneration.
PubMed: 38008778
DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00308-z -
Cells Oct 2023Maintenance of skeletal muscle quantity and quality is essential to ensure various vital functions of the body. Muscle homeostasis is regulated by multiple cytoskeletal... (Review)
Review
Maintenance of skeletal muscle quantity and quality is essential to ensure various vital functions of the body. Muscle homeostasis is regulated by multiple cytoskeletal proteins and myogenic transcriptional programs responding to endogenous and exogenous signals influencing cell structure and function. Since actin is an essential component in cytoskeleton dynamics, actin-binding proteins (ABPs) have been recognized as crucial players in skeletal muscle health and diseases. Hence, dysregulation of ABPs leads to muscle atrophy characterized by loss of mass, strength, quality, and capacity for regeneration. This comprehensive review summarizes the recent studies that have unveiled the role of ABPs in actin cytoskeletal dynamics, with a particular focus on skeletal myogenesis and diseases. This provides insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal myogenesis via ABPs as well as research avenues to identify potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, this review explores the implications of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) targeting ABPs in skeletal myogenesis and disorders based on recent achievements in ncRNA research. The studies presented here will enhance our understanding of the functional significance of ABPs and mechanotransduction-derived myogenic regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, revealing how ncRNAs regulate ABPs will allow diverse therapeutic approaches for skeletal muscle disorders to be developed.
Topics: Microfilament Proteins; Actins; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Muscle, Skeletal; RNA, Untranslated; Muscle Development
PubMed: 37947600
DOI: 10.3390/cells12212523 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Age-related skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness not only reduce the quality of life of those afflicted, but also worsen the prognosis of underlying diseases. We...
Age-related skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness not only reduce the quality of life of those afflicted, but also worsen the prognosis of underlying diseases. We evaluated the effect of RGX365, a protopanaxatriol-type rare ginsenoside mixture, on improving skeletal muscle atrophy. We investigated the myogenic effect of RGX365 on mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) and dexamethasone (10 µM)-induced atrophy of differentiated C2C12. RGX365-treated myotube diameters and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression levels were analyzed using immunofluorescence. We evaluated the myogenic effects of RGX365 in aging sarcopenic mice. RGX365 increased myoblast differentiation and MyHC expression, and attenuated the muscle atrophy-inducing F-box (Atrogin-1) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) expression. Notably, one month of oral administration of RGX365 to 23-month-old sarcopenic mice improved muscle fiber size and the expression of skeletal muscle regeneration-associated molecules. In conclusion, rare ginsenosides, agonists of steroid receptors, can ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy during long-term administration.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Sarcopenia; Quality of Life; Cell Line; Muscular Atrophy; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle Development
PubMed: 37836590
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194307 -
ELife Nov 2023In vitro culture systems that structurally model human myogenesis and promote PAX7 myogenic progenitor maturation have not been established. Here we report that human...
In vitro culture systems that structurally model human myogenesis and promote PAX7 myogenic progenitor maturation have not been established. Here we report that human skeletal muscle organoids can be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cell lines to contain paraxial mesoderm and neuromesodermal progenitors and develop into organized structures reassembling neural plate border and dermomyotome. Culture conditions instigate neural lineage arrest and promote fetal hypaxial myogenesis toward limb axial anatomical identity, with generation of sustainable uncommitted PAX7 myogenic progenitors and fibroadipogenic (PDGFRa+) progenitor populations equivalent to those from the second trimester of human gestation. Single-cell comparison to human fetal and adult myogenic progenitor /satellite cells reveals distinct molecular signatures for non-dividing myogenic progenitors in activated (//) and dormant (//) states. Our approach provides a robust 3D in vitro developmental system for investigating muscle tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis.
Topics: Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Cell Differentiation; Fetus; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Muscle Development; PAX7 Transcription Factor
PubMed: 37963071
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.87081 -
Trends in Neurosciences Dec 2023Proprioception, the sense of body position in space, has a critical role in the control of posture and movement. Aside from skin and joint receptors, the main sources of... (Review)
Review
Proprioception, the sense of body position in space, has a critical role in the control of posture and movement. Aside from skin and joint receptors, the main sources of proprioceptive information in tetrapods are mechanoreceptive end organs in skeletal muscle: muscle spindles (MSs) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). The sensory neurons that innervate these receptors are divided into subtypes that detect discrete aspects of sensory information from muscles with different biomechanical functions. Despite the importance of proprioceptive neurons in motor control, the developmental mechanisms that control the acquisition of their distinct functional properties and positional identity are not yet clear. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the development of mouse proprioceptor subtypes and challenges in defining them at the molecular and functional level.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Sensory Receptor Cells; Mechanoreceptors; Muscle Spindles; Muscle, Skeletal; Proprioception
PubMed: 37858440
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.008 -
Cell Reports Nov 2023Development is regulated by various factors, including protein methylation status. While PRMT5 is well known for its roles in oncogenesis by mediating symmetric...
Development is regulated by various factors, including protein methylation status. While PRMT5 is well known for its roles in oncogenesis by mediating symmetric di-methylation of arginine, its role in normal development remains elusive. Using Myod1 to drive Prmt5 knockout in embryonic myoblasts (Prmt5), we dissected the role of PRMT5 in myogenesis. The Prmt5 mice are born normally but exhibit progressive muscle atrophy and premature death. Prmt5 inhibits proliferation and promotes premature differentiation of embryonic myoblasts, reducing the number and regenerative function of satellite cells in postnatal mice. Mechanistically, PRMT5 methylates and destabilizes FoxO1. Prmt5 increases the total FoxO1 level and promotes its cytoplasmic accumulation, leading to activation of autophagy and depletion of lipid droplets (LDs). Systemic inhibition of autophagy in Prmt5 mice restores LDs in myoblasts and moderately improves muscle regeneration. Together, PRMT5 is essential for muscle development and regeneration at least partially through mediating FoxO1 methylation and LD turnover.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Autophagy; Cell Differentiation; Methylation; Myoblasts; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases
PubMed: 37883229
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113329