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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Fatty acid analysis is an essential step in evaluating the potential of macroalgae for biodiesel production. An extraction method was developed to simultaneously analyze...
Fatty acid analysis is an essential step in evaluating the potential of macroalgae for biodiesel production. An extraction method was developed to simultaneously analyze up to five types of biodiesel-fuel-related fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid, -palmitvaccenic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid) in macroalgae using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Lypophilization and solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques were applied to improve the extraction efficiency and effectively purify samples. The optimal conditions for SPE were set by comparing the recoveries according to the various solvent conditions for each step (loading, washing, and elution). In addition, the introduction of trimethylaminoethyl (TMAE) derivatives to the hydroxyl group of the target analyte increased the ionization efficiency and sensitivity. The derivatized samples were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS method with electrospray ionization in the positive and multiple-reaction monitoring modes. The target analytes were separated and detected within 13.5 min using a CAPCELL PAK C18 MGII S3 column. Gradient elution was performed using distilled water and acetonitrile containing 5 mM ammonium acetate. This method offers a reliable and sensitive tool for the analysis of macroalgae samples for their potential use in biodiesel production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the simultaneous determination of fatty acids in macroalgae using LC-MS/MS with TMAE derivatization.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Biofuels; Chromatography, Liquid; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Lomustine
PubMed: 38257343
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020430 -
Heliyon Jan 2024Malnutrition has emerged as a noticeable obstruction to the socio-economic advancement of rural areas along the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Small indigenous fish...
Malnutrition has emerged as a noticeable obstruction to the socio-economic advancement of rural areas along the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Small indigenous fish species (SIS) have the potential to alleviate the malnutrition issue because of having higher nutritional compositions. However, prior research has overlooked the detailed nutritional value of SIS originating from coastal regions. Consequently, the current investigation sought to analyze the mineral and fatty acid composition of twelve SIS obtained from coastal homestead ponds. The findings indicated that the mineral composition in SIS exhibited the following descending order: calcium (Ca) > phosphorus (P) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn). Furthermore, when considering the overall mineral content in SIS, it ranked in the following decreasing order: , , , , , , , , , , , and . The analysis of the fatty acid profile further revealed that SIS is a rich source of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The saturated fatty acid content of the SIS varied between 42.66 % and 63.37 %, and the highest content was found in whereas the lowest was in . On the other hand, the total monounsaturated fatty acid content of the SIS ranged from 26.49 % () to 46.12 % (), and the total PUFAs contents among the fish species ranged from 5.7 % (A. mola) to 16.54 % (). Therefore, SIS could be a key source of minerals and essential fatty acids for human well-being. This can help fulfill nutrient requirements and reduce malnutrition among coastal populations. It can be said that, if these fishes are introduced in the culture systems, it will be used for consumption as well as support the livelihood of coastal people.
PubMed: 38288022
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24445 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023This study aims to investigate the effect of synbiotic-glyconutrients (SB-GLN) additive on growth performance, fatty acid profile, sensory characteristics, and texture...
Synbiotic-Glyconutrient Additive Reveals a Conducive Effect on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, Sensory Characteristics, and Texture Profile Analysis in Finishing Pig.
This study aims to investigate the effect of synbiotic-glyconutrients (SB-GLN) additive on growth performance, fatty acid profile, sensory characteristics, and texture profile analysis in finishing pig. Landrace × Yorkshire ♀ × (Duroc ♂) ( = 60) pigs with average body weight of 54.88 ± 1 kg were allocated into one of three dietary treatment groups in a complete randomized block design with four replicates of five pigs (two barrows and three gilts) per pen. The test treatments (TRT) were CON-corn-soybean meal basal diet; TRT 1-CON+ 0.25% SB-GLN; and TRT 2-CON + 0.5% SB-GLN. SB-GLN contains 1 × 10 CFU/g each of: , , and , and 5% yeast cell wall β-Glucans (from S. Cerevisiae), and 14% of glyconutrients (N-acetylglucosamine, D-xylose, and Fucose). Pigs fed SB-GLN supplement showed linearly increased ( < 0.05) body weight, daily gain, and daily feed at the end of week 5, 10, and the overall experimental period. In addition, G:F showed a tendency to decrease ( < 0.1) at the end of week 10 and the overall experimental period. In addition, pigs that received a graded level of SB-GLN showed a tendency to increase ( < 0.1) their longiness muscle area and decreased ( < 0.05) cooking loss. The sensory results of pork belly (tenderness and juiciness) and loin (flavor) meat, and the texture profile analysis parameters of hardness 1, cohesiveness, and gumminess (belly), and hardness 2, chewiness, and springiness (loin) meat were linearly higher ( < 0.05) in the SB-GLN group. The values of fatty acid like butyric acid, caproic acid, undecylic acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecyclic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and lignoceric acid were higher in pork belly fat of the SB-GLN-treated group compared to CON. Moreover, pigs that received SB-GLN exhibited higher crude fat and lauric acid, myristic acid, pentacyclic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, Octadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid FA profiles in belly-lean meat. Also, the FA profile of the SB-GLN-treated group loin-lean meat showed increased lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The SB-GLN-treated group pork belly fat, belly lean meat, and loin-lean meat showed linearly increased docosahexaenoic acid, nervonic acid, omega 3, omega 6, ω-6: ω-3, Σ saturated FA, Σ un-SFA, Σ mono-USFA, Σ poly-USFA, MUFA/SFA, and PUFA/SFA. Therefore, we infer that the inclusion of 0.5% SB-GLN additive to finishing pig diet would be more beneficial to enhance their performance, and to increase the essential FA profile of pork meat for human consumption.
PubMed: 38201133
DOI: 10.3390/foods13010105 -
Aquaculture Nutrition 2023The current experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of different aquafeeds (farm-made versus commercial) on growth, body composition, oxidative capacity, and fatty...
Effects of Different Aquafeed Sources on Growth Performance, Oxidative Capacity, and Fatty Acid Profile of Three Carps Reared in the Semi-Intensive Composite Culture System.
The current experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of different aquafeeds (farm-made versus commercial) on growth, body composition, oxidative capacity, and fatty acid profile in the semi-intensive composite culture system. For this, 1,100 fingerlings/acre having initial body weight and length, (61.34 g, 171 mm), (71.45 g, 181 mm), and (30.80 g, 91 mm) were randomly distributed to 16 ponds and randomly fed on eight different diets ( = 2 pond/diet) in a completely randomized research design. Aquafeed were farm-based diets (D1-D2) and commercial aquafeed (D3-D8). The farm-made diets contained various crude protein levels of maize gluten (24.9%) and rice polish (7.3%), whereas commercial diets were procured from commercial feed plants (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro, and Punjab feed). The growth performance of carps ( and ) was significantly improved ( < 0.05) by feeding D3 as compared to other diets. Similarly, white blood cell concentration was greater ( < 0.05) in all species fed by D3 than in those fed on D7, D8, D5, D6, D1, and D2 fed groups, respectively. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine phosphatase activities were significantly lower ( < 0.05) in the D3-fed , , and compared with those fed on the rest of the treatments. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also higher ( < 0.05) for the D3 fed , , and than those fed on the rest diets. The groups fed on D3 and D4 had greater ( < 0.05) concentrations of myristic (14), palmitic acid (16), and stearic (18) acids than those fed on the rest of the commercial diets. However, meat chemical composition was similar ( > 0.05) across the treatments. These results also prove that the increase in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body's crude protein and fat levels. Feeding D3 improved the production performance, oxidative status, and fatty acid profile in composite major carps culture systems. Thus, based on growth, survival, and body composition, it is concluded that D3 and D4 may be recommended for a commercial culture of major carps. Dietary treatments had no significant impact ( > 0.05) on water's physical-chemical properties. Calcium content and alkalinity varied ( < 0.05), with D5 showing the lowest calcium and the highest alkalinity.
PubMed: 38152155
DOI: 10.1155/2023/3436607 -
Translational Animal Science 2024There are limited investigations on the role of feed additives in easing transition of pullets to egg production phase. We investigated the effects of supplementation of...
There are limited investigations on the role of feed additives in easing transition of pullets to egg production phase. We investigated the effects of supplementation of bacitracin methylene disalicylate () and select feed additives (myristic acid [], benzoic acid [], and probiotic []) in feeding program for pullets from the onset of lay through to 31 weeks of age (). Parameters measured included hen-day egg production (), feed intake (), feed conversion ratio (), egg quality characteristics, ceca microbial activity, apparent retention of components, and plasma metabolites. A total of 1,200 Lohmann LSL Lite pullets were procured at 18 woa and placed in enriched cages (30 birds/cage) based on body weight () and allocated to five diets. The diets were a basal diet formulated to meet specifications or basal mixed with either BMD, MA, BA, or PRO. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the experiment. Between 18 and 20 woa, birds fed BMD ate a similar ( > 0.05) amount of feed to BA birds, but more ( = 0.0003) than birds fed basal, MA, or PRO diets. Basal birds had lower HDEP ( = 0.001) and lighter eggs ( < 0.0001) than birds fed any of the feed additives between 21 and 31 woa. The basal hens had a higher ( = 0.009) abundance of than birds fed BMD, BA, and PRO diets. Consequently, BMD, BA, and PRO birds had a higher ( = 0.011) : ratio () than hens fed the basal diet. Specifically, relative to basal-fed hens, the LER of the BMD, MA, BA, and PRO hens was higher by 37%, 21%, 26%, and 45%, respectively. Moreover, birds fed PRO tended to have a higher concentration of ceca digesta acetic acid ( = 0.072) and a lower concentration of isobutyric acid ( = 0.096). In conclusion, supplementing pullet diets with broad-spectrum antibiotics or feed additives (MA, BA, and PRO) had a positive impact on FI, and egg production linked to modulation of indices of gut health. The results suggested supplementing feed additives in feeding programs for pullets at the onset of lay can bolster productivity outcomes.
PubMed: 38371424
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae013 -
Plant & Cell Physiology May 2024Cyanobacteria inhabit areas with a broad range of light, temperature and nutrient conditions. The robustness of cyanobacterial cells, which can survive under different...
Cyanobacteria inhabit areas with a broad range of light, temperature and nutrient conditions. The robustness of cyanobacterial cells, which can survive under different conditions, may depend on the resilience of photosynthetic activity. Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 (Cyanothece), a freshwater cyanobacterium isolated from a Taiwanese rice field, had a higher repair activity of photodamaged photosystem II (PSII) under intense light than Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis), another freshwater cyanobacterium. Cyanothece contains myristic acid (14:0) as the major fatty acid at the sn-2 position of the glycerolipids. To investigate the role of 14:0 in the repair of photodamaged PSII, we used a Synechocystis transformant expressing a T-1274 encoding a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) from Cyanothece. The wild-type and transformant cells contained 0.2 and 20.1 mol% of 14:0 in glycerolipids, respectively. The higher content of 14:0 in the transformants increased the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane. In the transformants, PSII repair was accelerated due to an enhancement in the de novo synthesis of D1 protein, and the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which inhibited protein synthesis, was suppressed. The high content of 14:0 increased transfer of light energy received by phycobilisomes to PSI and CP47 in PSII and the content of carotenoids. These results indicated that an increase in 14:0 reduced 1O2 formation and enhanced PSII repair. The higher content of 14:0 in the glycerolipids may be required as a survival strategy for Cyanothece inhabiting a rice field under direct sunlight.
Topics: Photosystem II Protein Complex; Light; Synechocystis; Myristic Acid; Thylakoids; Photosynthesis; Acyltransferases; Singlet Oxygen
PubMed: 38441322
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae021 -
Metabolites Jul 2023Aged chickens are often a secondary dietary choice, owing to the poor organoleptic qualities of their meat. With regard to the meat quality of chickens, the metabolic...
Aged chickens are often a secondary dietary choice, owing to the poor organoleptic qualities of their meat. With regard to the meat quality of chickens, the metabolic profiles of pectoral muscle in Guangyuan grey chickens (group G) and Hy-Line grey hens (group H) aged 55 weeks were compared via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total of 74 metabolites were identified with differential changes in the ion model. Lipids and lipid-like molecules comprised the largest proportion among the different metabolites. The content of myristic acid and palmitic acid were found to be higher in the pectoral muscle of group G, while group H showed significantly higher levels of glycerophospholipid molecules, such as LPC(18:2/0:0), Pi(38:5), Pc(16:0/16:0), and Pe(16:1e/14-hdohe). KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the abundant metabolites in group G were mainly involved in energy metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, whereas those of group H were mainly attributed to the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids. Overall, the differences in lipid and amino acid metabolism in pectoral muscle appear to be responsible for the difference in meat quality between indigenous chickens and commercial laying hens.
PubMed: 37512547
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070840 -
Food Chemistry Jan 2024Microbially enriched food in conjugated linoleic (CLA) and conjugated linolenic (CLNA) acids is intensively studied nowadays. The conversion of linoleic (LA) and...
Short-communication: Study of fatty acid metabolites in microbial conjugated fatty acids-enrichment of milk and discovery of additional undescribed conjugated linolenic acid isomers.
Microbially enriched food in conjugated linoleic (CLA) and conjugated linolenic (CLNA) acids is intensively studied nowadays. The conversion of linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acids (α-LNA) into these compounds may involve different fatty acid (FA) intermediates. This research aimed to investigate potential FA byproducts in milk during microbial CLA/CLNA-enrichment using Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20091. Milk fermented with pure α-LNA showed a decrease in free myristic acid, while pure LA led to an increase in free stearic acid. No additional FA compounds were found alongside CLA/CLNA isomers. The strain produced several CLA isomers from LA, but only when administered alone. Nonetheless, when α-LNA was assayed, additional CLNA isomers, never reported before for bifidobacteria, were observed. In conclusion, except for stearic acid in the presence of LA, no side-FA metabolites were released during milk microbial CLA/CLNA-enrichment. Results suggest either CLA/CLNA production occurs in one single-step or intermediates biotransformation is very fast.
Topics: Animals; Fatty Acids; Milk; Stearic Acids; Communication; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 37659326
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137276 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023This study aimed to analyze the composition of grape seed oil (GSO) derived from an alternative source after traditional fermentation processes and its potential...
Exploring Phytochemical Composition and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Grape Seed Oil from an Alternative Source after Traditional Fermentation Processes: Implications for Phytotherapy.
This study aimed to analyze the composition of grape seed oil (GSO) derived from an alternative source after traditional fermentation processes and its potential anti-inflammatory effects using an in vivo model of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Gas chromatography high-resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-HR-EIMS) analysis identified eight main components in the GSO extract, including myristic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, methyl isoheptadecanoate, cis-linoleic acid, oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid stereoisomer, linoleic acid ethyl ester, and methyl (6, 9, 12, 15)-docose-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate. No significant differences were observed in the main fatty acids between commercially available grape seed oil and GSO extract obtained from fermented grape seeds. In the carrageenan-induced inflammation model, treatment with GSO resulted in a significant reduction in paw edema at 180 min, as in the reduction observed with diclofenac treatment. Combined treatment with GSO and diclofenac showed enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, GSO exhibited antioxidative effects by decreasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum. Chronic treatment with GSO for ten days did not provide a protective effect on inflammation. These findings suggest that GSO could be used as an alternative raw material and could possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Further studies are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications.
PubMed: 37570949
DOI: 10.3390/plants12152795 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024High-temperature cooking approaches trigger many metabolically undesirable molecule formations, which pose health risks. As a result, nanomaterial formation has been...
High-temperature cooking approaches trigger many metabolically undesirable molecule formations, which pose health risks. As a result, nanomaterial formation has been observed while cooking and reported recently. At high temperatures, starch and myristic acid interact and lead to the creation of nanomaterials (cMS-NMs). We used a non-polar solvent chloroform to separate the nanomaterials using a liquid-liquid extraction technique. The physico-chemical characterization was carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To determine the biological impact of these nanomaterials using different in vitro assays, including a cell viability assay, microscopic staining, and gene expression analysis, we adopted the THP-1 cell line as an in vitro monocyte model in our study. The TEM images revealed that fabricated cMS nanomaterials are smaller than 100 nm in diameter. There were significant concerns found in the cytotoxicity assay and gene expression analysis. At concentrations of 100-250 µg/mL, the cMS-NMs caused up to 95% cell death. We found both necrosis and apoptosis in cMS-NMs treated THP-1 cells. In cMS-NMs-treated THP-1 cells, we found decreased expression levels in IL1B and NFKB1A genes and significant upregulation in MIF genes, suggesting a negative immune response. These findings strongly suggest that cMS-NMs originated from high-temperature food processing can cause adverse effects on biological systems. Therefore, charred materials in processed foods should be avoided in order to minimize the risk of health complications.
PubMed: 38397531
DOI: 10.3390/foods13040554