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Immunological Reviews Jul 2023The human skin is populated by a diverse pool of memory T cells, which can act rapidly in response to pathogens and cancer antigens. Tissue-resident memory T cells (T )... (Review)
Review
The human skin is populated by a diverse pool of memory T cells, which can act rapidly in response to pathogens and cancer antigens. Tissue-resident memory T cells (T ) have been implicated in range of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases. Clonal expansion of cells with T properties is also known to contribute to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Here, we review the heterogeneous phenotypes, transcriptional programs, and effector functions of skin T . We summarize recent studies on T formation, longevity, plasticity, and retrograde migration and contextualize the findings to skin T and their role in maintaining skin homeostasis and altered functions in skin disease.
Topics: Humans; Memory T Cells; Immunologic Memory; Skin; Neoplasms; Phenotype; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 37144705
DOI: 10.1111/imr.13213 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2023Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity due to defects in the transport or function of subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate... (Review)
Review
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity due to defects in the transport or function of subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, the enzyme that generates the phagocyte respiratory burst responsible for intracellular killing of engulfed micro-organisms. Patients present with infectious or inflammatory complications. Common bacterial pathogens include and complex. Fungal pathogens include species, particularly . Inflammatory complications most commonly manifest as inflammatory bowel disease or lung disease. Granulomata are the distinguishing histological feature. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was first considered for CGD in the early 1970's. Since then, refinements in transplant technique, donor selection, conditioning regimens, and graft engineering have widened the option of HSCT to most patients with CGD. This review charts the progress made in HSCT for CGD.
PubMed: 37763024
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186083 -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Sep 2023The landscape of asthma has considerably changed in the last decade. Effective medications and inhaler devices have been developed and integrated into the asthma... (Review)
Review
The landscape of asthma has considerably changed in the last decade. Effective medications and inhaler devices have been developed and integrated into the asthma pharmacopoeia, but unfortunately, the proportion of uncontrolled patients remains unacceptably high. This is now recognized to be mainly due to the inappropriate use of medications or inhaler devices, heterogeneity of the disease or other factors contributing to the disease. Currently, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), with or without long-acting beta agonists (LABA), are the cornerstone of asthma management, and recently international guidelines recognized the importance of combination inhaler therapy (ICS/LABA) even in mild asthma. In future, ultra-long-acting personalized medications and smart inhalers will complement combination inhaler therapy in order to effectively addresses issues such as adherence, inhaler technique and polypharmacy (both of drugs and devices). Asthma is now acknowledged as a multifaceted cluster of disorders and the treatment model has evolved from one-size-fits-all to precision medicine approaches such as treatable traits (TTs, defined as measurable and treatable clinically important factors) which encourages the quality use of medications and identification and management of all underlying behavioural and biological treatable risk factors. TT requires research and validation in a clinical context and the implementation strategies and efficacy in various settings (primary/secondary/tertiary care, low-middle income countries) and populations (mild/moderate/severe asthma) are currently evolving. Combination inhaler therapy and the TTs approach are complementary treatment approaches. This review examines the current status of personalized medicine and combination inhaler therapy, and describes futuristic views for these two strategies.
Topics: Humans; Administration, Inhalation; Asthma; Nebulizers and Vaporizers; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Drug Therapy, Combination
PubMed: 37518933
DOI: 10.1111/resp.14556 -
Experimental Brain Research Sep 2023Ocular microtremor (OMT) is the smallest of three involuntary fixational micro eye movements, which has led to it being under researched in comparison. The link between...
Ocular microtremor (OMT) is the smallest of three involuntary fixational micro eye movements, which has led to it being under researched in comparison. The link between OMT and brain function generates a strong rationale for further study as there is potential for its use as a biomarker in populations with neurological injury and disease. This structured review focused on populations previously studied, instrumentation used for measurement, commonly reported OMT outcomes, and recommendations concerning protocol design and future studies. Current methods of quantifying OMT will be reviewed to analyze their efficacy and efficiency and guide potential development and understanding of novel techniques. Electronic databases were systematically searched and compared with predetermined inclusion criteria. 216 articles were identified in the search and screened by two reviewers. 16 articles were included for review. Findings showed that piezoelectric probe is the most common method of measuring OMT, with fewer studies involving non-invasive approaches, such as contact lenses and laser imaging. OMT frequency was seen to be reduced during general anesthesia at loss of consciousness and in neurologically impaired participants when compared to healthy adults. We identified the need for a non-invasive technique for measuring OMT and highlight its potential in clinical applications as an objective biomarker for neurological assessments. We highlight the need for further research on the clinical validation of OMT to establish its potential to identify or predict a meaningful clinical or functional state, specifically, regarding accuracy, precision, and reliability of OMT.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Consciousness; Eye; Face; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 37632535
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06691-w -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2024Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious poultry disease that causes major economic losses worldwide. The disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and...
BACKGROUND
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious poultry disease that causes major economic losses worldwide. The disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and early detection and identification of the viral strain is essential. Having knowledge of the NDV strain genotype that circulates in some regions would help in designing an effective vaccine to control the disease. In this regard, there is little information on NDV strain in chickens in mid Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect and characterize NDV strain genotype from chickens in mid-Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia and test whether this NDV strain genotype matches the vaccine strain currently used in the study area.
METHODS
A total of 98 samples: 78 (tracheal and cloacal) swabs from chicken pools of five and 20 tissue samples were collected. To detect NDV strain, conserved region of the virus Matrix (M) gene was amplified by qRT-PCR. To characterize NDV strain genotypes, M-gene positive samples were specifically re-amplified by conventional PCR targeting the Fusion (F) gene region and sequenced by Sanger method.
RESULTS
13.26% of tested samples were positive for NDV strain in the study area with statistically significant difference (P<0.05) among the study sites. Further characterization of the F genes from NDV strain isolates by phylogenetic analysis indicated that one field isolate clustered with genotype VII whereas three of the isolates clustered to genotype I, II, and III. The isolate of the current NDV strain vaccine in use in the study area clustered with genotype II.
CONCLUSION
The current study indicates the existence of different NDV strain genotype from that of the vaccine strain currently used. Even though large-scale characterization of several isolates is required at national level, the current study laid baseline information for the existence of variations between field NDV strain genotype and vaccine strain currently used against ND in the country.
PubMed: 38737422
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S442787 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Newcastle disease (ND) is an economically significant and extremely spreadable viral illness affecting a wide variety of avian species. ND can rapidly spread within...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an economically significant and extremely spreadable viral illness affecting a wide variety of avian species. ND can rapidly spread within poultry farms and result in considerable economic losses for the global poultry industry. This disease is endemic in Iran, and despite intensive vaccination efforts in the poultry industry, outbreaks of ND occur unexpectedly. This study aimed to isolate the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from poultry farms with breathing problems in Markazi province, Iran, and investigate the evolutionary relationship and molecular characteristics of the isolates during 2017-2019. To this end, tissue samples (lung, brain, and trachea) were taken from 42 broiler farms exhibiting respiratory symptoms. The samples were inoculated into 9-11-day-old embryonated eggs, and the virus was isolated from 20 (47.6%) of the 42 farms. Subsequently, RT-PCR was used to amplify partial fusion gene sequences from the new isolates. The amplified products were sequenced and compared phylogenetically to the standard pilot dataset (125 selected sequences) generated by the NDV consortium. As determined by phylogenetic analysis, all nine isolates belonged to subgenotype VII.1.1 of genotype VII and were highly similar to isolates from other parts of Iran and China. Moreover, all isolates possessed a polybasic cleavage site motif (112RRQKRF117), characteristic of virulent strains. Furthermore, the present isolates shared a high nucleotide identity (96%) with viruses previously isolated from other provinces of Iran, as determined by BLAST searches and multiple alignments. In addition, they shared a high degree of sequence similarity but were distinct from the existing NDV vaccines. Therefore, the genetic dissimilarity between current vaccine strains and circulating NDVs must be considered in vaccination programs.
Topics: Animals; Iran; Newcastle disease virus; Newcastle Disease; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeny; Viral Fusion Proteins; Genotype
PubMed: 38828167
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1794 -
Epithelial specific splicing regulator proteins as emerging oncogenes in aggressive prostate cancer.Oncogene Oct 2023Prostate cancer progression is connected to the activity of conventional oncogenes and tumour suppressors and driven by circulating steroid hormones. A key issue has... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer progression is connected to the activity of conventional oncogenes and tumour suppressors and driven by circulating steroid hormones. A key issue has been how to identify and care for aggressively developing prostate tumours. Here we discuss how expression of the splicing regulators ESRP1 and ESRP2, and how their role as "masterminds" of epithelial splicing patterns, have been identified as markers of aggressively proliferating prostate primary tumours. We suggest that the origin of prostate cancer within epithelial cells, and the subsequent association of ESRP1 and ESRP2 expression with more aggressive disease progression, identify ESRP1 and ESRP2 as lineage survival oncogenes. To move this field on in the future it will be important to identify the gene expression targets controlled by ESRP1/2 that regulate prostate cancer proliferation. Potential future therapies could be designed to target ESRP1 and ESRP2 protein activity or their regulated splice isoforms in aggressive prostate tumours. Design of these therapies is potentially complicated by the risk of producing a more mesenchymal splicing environment that might promote tumour metastasis.
PubMed: 37752235
DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02838-9 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2023Several psychiatric disorders have been associated with an increased risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease and/or dementia. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Several psychiatric disorders have been associated with an increased risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease and/or dementia. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, has been understudied in relation to dementia risk. We summarized existing literature investigating the risk of incident neurodegenerative disease or dementia associated with ADHD.
RECENT FINDINGS
We searched five databases for cohort, case-control, and clinical trial studies investigating associations between ADHD and neurodegenerative diseases/dementia in May 2023. Study characteristics were extracted by two independent raters, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Search terms yielded 2,137 articles, and seven studies (five cohort and two case-control studies) ultimately met inclusion criteria. Studies examined the following types of neurodegeneration: all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's and Lewy body diseases, vascular dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. Heterogeneity in study methodology, particularly covariates used in analyses and types of ratios for risk reported, prevented a meta-analysis and data were therefore summarized as a narrative synthesis. The majority of studies (4/7) demonstrated an overall low risk of bias.
SUMMARY
The current literature on risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease in ADHD is limited. Although the studies identified present evidence for a link between ADHD and subsequent development of dementia, the magnitude of the direct effect of ADHD on neurodegeneration is yet to be determined and better empirically designed studies are first needed. Furthermore, the mechanism of how or why ADHD is associated with an increased risk of developing a neurocognitive disorder is still unclear and should be explored in future studies.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022348976, the PROSPERO number is CRD42022348976.
PubMed: 37663597
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1158546 -
Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B Nov 2023Despite the many therapeutic options for epilepsy available today, a third of patients still have poorly controlled epilepsy. Over the years, their transition through... (Review)
Review
Despite the many therapeutic options for epilepsy available today, a third of patients still have poorly controlled epilepsy. Over the years, their transition through lines of treatment exposes them to increased risk of disease progression, mortality, morbidity, mental distress, and not least significantly impaired quality of life (QoL). The present review explores the multiple factors contributing to the impairment of health-related QoL in PWE-including both seizure-related and non seizure-related. The analysis aims to identify potential areas of intervention and strategies for a more holistic approach to epilepsy care and inform policy-makers and healthcare providers in their approach to this condition.
Topics: Humans; Anticonvulsants; Quality of Life; Epilepsy; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Seizures
PubMed: 37748414
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109435 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Jan 2024The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.... (Review)
Review
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Nevertheless, the NDV is still endemic in Indonesia, with outbreaks occurring in free-range and commercial chicken farms. The dynamic evolution of the NDV has led to the further development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for more effective control of this virus. This paper discusses the history of the NDV occurrence, vaccines, the development of diagnostic tools, and the epidemiological condition of the NDV in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has the largest poultry population in the world after China, has challenges in preventing and controlling this virus that causes economic losses to the farmers and has an impact on the welfare of the poultry farming community in Indonesia.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle disease virus; Newcastle Disease; Indonesia; Viral Vaccines; Chickens; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 38311318
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23022