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Frontiers in Pediatrics 2023This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary fatty acid intake and hypertension in children and adolescents.
AIM
This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary fatty acid intake and hypertension in children and adolescents.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study used data of children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. Dietary intake of total fat and fatty acid was evaluated via two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between fatty acid intake and hypertension, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to gender, age, and body mass index Z-score.
RESULTS
This study included 13,330 subjects, of which 11,614 were non-hypertensive and 1,716 were hypertensive. Higher intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97, = 0.018). No significant associations were found between the density of total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, and PUFAs and the odds of hypertension (all > 0.05). Increased intake of omega-3 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, = 0.002) and omega-6 (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, = 0.025) PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, = 0.003), and octadecadienoic acid (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, = 0.025) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension, and individuals with higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio had significantly higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, = 0.025). The density of omega-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, = 0.004) and octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96, = 0.006) was inversely associated with the odds of hypertension, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was positively associated with the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, = 0.012).
CONCLUSION
Total PUFA intake was negatively associated with the odds of hypertension in children and adolescents. Higher intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid, as well as density of omega-3 PUFAs and octadecatrienoic acid, was associated with lower odds of hypertension.
PubMed: 37753192
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1185982 -
Heliyon Mar 2024Barley scientifically known as is a major grain crop. Over the course of time, great interest has been developed in the usage of barley, because of its various...
Barley scientifically known as is a major grain crop. Over the course of time, great interest has been developed in the usage of barley, because of its various pharmacological activities. Current study is designed to determine the chemical constituents of seed extract by GC-MS technique, and antioxidant assays i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and 2-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. GC-MS identified 16 non-polar compounds in the hexane extract of plant, which includes carboxylic acid (6.25%), fatty acid (37.5%), carboxylic acid amide derivative of fatty acid (6.25%), triterpinoids (18.75%), fat soluble vitamin (6.25%), phytosterol (6.25%), stigmastanes (6.25%), beta diketones (6.25%), and cycloartenol (6.25%) respectively. The major compound includes Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (6.84%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (8.58%), 9,12-Octadecanoic acid (Z,Z)-, Methyl Ester (8.04%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (57.01%), Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (3.57%), γ-Sitosterol (3.31%). Some constituents such as Lup-20(29)-en-3-one, campesterol and squalene were observed and were not previously reported. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometric technique and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dry weight and rutin equivalent RE/g of dry weight respectively.The highest phenolic content exhibited by the acetone extract of seedsi.e. 0.0597 mg GAE/g while the highest flavonoid content exhibited by dichloromethane extract i.e. 0.09 mg RE/g and 0.25 mg QE/g of dry weight respectively. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization assays. Methanol and dichloromethane extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity i.e. 52.41% and 42.07% at the concentration of 100 mg/ml respectively. Moreover, the IC has been determined by the acetone and methanol extract of seeds. The high antioxidant activity of its seed extracts has made this plant pharmacologically important. Conclusively, there is a vast scope to further explore the active principals of barley so that more of its pharmacological properties can be identified.
PubMed: 38509904
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27297 -
Food Science & Nutrition Sep 2023(Arecaceae), commonly known as "small wild date palm", is regarded as one of the underutilized fruit crops in South India. Methanol extract of ripened fruits (PPRF)...
(Arecaceae), commonly known as "small wild date palm", is regarded as one of the underutilized fruit crops in South India. Methanol extract of ripened fruits (PPRF) was analyzed for in vitro porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPAA) and rat small intestine alpha-glucosidase (RIAG) inhibition activities, and through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 25 phytoconstituents from PPRF which was further assessed on the docking behavior of five targeted enzymes diabetes mellitus (DM) namely (i) human aldose reductase, (ii) protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, (iii) pancreatic alpha-amylase, (iv) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and (v) dipeptidyl peptidase IV by using the AutoDock Vina method. In addition to this physicochemical, bioactivity score, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis was performed using the Molinspiration and pkCSM free online servers. Methanolic extract of PPRF showed 50% inhibition concentration (IC) at 69.86 and 72.60 μg/mL levels against PPAA and RIAG enzymes activities, respectively. Interestingly in the present study, GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 25 phytoconstituents from PPRF. Physicochemical analysis of PPRF has exhibited that 13 ligands have complied well with Lipinski's Rule of Five (RoF). With regard to ADMET analysis, one ligand (9,12-octadecadienoic acid [Z,Z]) has predicated to possess both the hepatotoxicity (HT) and skin sensitization (SS) effect. The docking studies showed that 1-formyl-2,5-dimethoxy-6,9,10-trimethyl-anthracene exhibited the maximum atomic contact energy (ACE) for all the five target enzymes of DM. Thus, the current study suggested that the methanolic extract of PPRF and its phytoconstituents could be considered as potent antidiabetic agents.
PubMed: 37701203
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3489 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Intestinal bacteria metabolize dietary substances to produce bioactive postbiotics, among which some are recognized for their role in promoting host health. We here...
Intestinal bacteria metabolize dietary substances to produce bioactive postbiotics, among which some are recognized for their role in promoting host health. We here explored the postbiotic potential of two omega-3 α-linolenic acid-derived metabolites: -10--15-octadecadienoic acid (t10,c15-18:2) and -9--15-octadecadienoic acid (c9,c15-18:2). Dietary intake of lipids rich in omega-3 α-linolenic acid elevated levels of t10,c15-18:2 and c9,c15-18:2 in the serum and feces of mice, an effect dependent on the presence of intestinal bacteria. Notably, t10,c15-18:2 mitigated skin inflammation in mice that became hypersensitive after exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, an experimental model for allergic contact dermatitis. In particular, t10,c15-18:2-but not c9,c15-18:2-attenuated ear swelling and edema, characteristic symptoms of contact hypersensitivity. The anti-inflammatory effects of t10,c15-18:2 were due to its ability to suppress the release of vascular endothelial growth factor A from keratinocytes, thereby mitigating the enhanced vascular permeability induced by hapten stimulation. Our study identified retinoid X receptor as a functional receptor that mediates the downregulation of skin inflammation upon treatment with t10,c15-18:2. Our results suggest that t10,c15-18:2 holds promise as an omega-3 fatty acid-derived postbiotic with potential therapeutic implications for alleviating the skin edema seen in allergic contact dermatitis-induced inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Down-Regulation; Disease Models, Animal; Dermatitis, Contact; Dinitrofluorobenzene; Skin; Keratinocytes; Female; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Feces
PubMed: 38841110
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1355679 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024In this study, we conducted tests on the isolation, identification, characterization, and extraction of chemical molecules from against larvae. The enzyme responses of...
In this study, we conducted tests on the isolation, identification, characterization, and extraction of chemical molecules from against larvae. The enzyme responses of to the crude extract were examined 24 h after treatment, and the number of dead larvae was calculated 24 and 48 h after treatment. Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess the interaction of important molecules with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The larvicidal activity of crude chemicals from fungi was high 24 h after treatment, with LC and LC values of 25.937 and 33.559 μg/mL, respectively. For a period of 48 h, the LC and LC values were 52.254 and 60.450 μg/mL, respectively. The levels of acetylcholinesterase, α-carboxylesterase, and β-carboxylesterase enzymes were lower in the treatment group after 24 h compared to the control group. The GC-MS test revealed that the crude extract consisted mainly of 9,10-octadecadienoic acid, which was the primary compound. Docking results indicated that 9,10-octadecadienoic acid showed a strong interaction with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Our findings suggest that the chemical molecule 9,10-octadecadienoic acid derived from the entomopathogenic fungus is more toxic to larvae. We plan to conduct studies to test its effectiveness in semi-field conditions and to evaluate its stability in field conditions. We believe that this 9,10-octadecadienoic acid molecule could be used to control larvae in the near future without causing environmental pollution.
PubMed: 38419636
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1336334 -
Heliyon Nov 2023Oils play vital roles in various ramifications including health, and food industries. Oils which are components of plant seeds can be extracted using various extraction...
Oils play vital roles in various ramifications including health, and food industries. Oils which are components of plant seeds can be extracted using various extraction techniques. This research is an exposition into the chemistry of oils with possible repositioning for purposeful use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries especially as sunscreen. In this work, oils were extracted from nine different seeds and subjected to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and Ultraviolet analysis. The extraction method adopted in this work shows that 5 out of the 9 seeds have a relatively high percentage yield ranging from 20.9 to 36.8 % which indicates their potential for use in commercial quantity. The GC- MS analysis shows that (Z, Z)- 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid is the most abundant components of all the oil samples. n-Hexadecanoic acid and cis-Vaccenic acid are the major constituents of (mahogany) seed oil. The lead components in the oil samples are usually responsible for their physico-chemical and Ultraviolet interactivities. All the samples were found to have adequate absorbance for Ultraviolet radiation ranging from Ultraviolet C to Ultraviolet A region. , and (mahogany) have the highest absorbance ranges of 1.394-1.718, 1.449 to 1.70,2 and 1.402 to 1.711 respectively at Ultraviolet A region. The finding shows that all the samples have the ability to protect the skin from Ultraviolet radiation when expose to the sun, whereas only , and (mahogany) have the potentials for use as sunscreen with high sun protection factor. Further studies on the antimicrobial activities, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical potentials of the various components of these samples are encouraged.
PubMed: 38027663
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20872 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jul 2023Epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid: LA). They are metabolized into dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoic...
Epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid: LA). They are metabolized into dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (DiHOMEs) in mammals. Unlike in mammals where they act as adipokines or lipokines, EpOMEs act as immunosuppressants in insects. However, the functional link between EpOMEs and pro-immune mediators such as PGE is not known. In addition, the physiological significance of DiHOMEs is not clear in insects. This study analyzed the physiological role of these C18 oxylipins using a lepidopteran insect pest, . Immune challenge of rapidly upregulated the expression of the phospholipase A gene to trigger C20 oxylipin biosynthesis, followed by the upregulation of genes encoding EpOME synthase () and a soluble epoxide hydrolase (). The sequential gene expression resulted in the upregulations of the corresponding gene products such as PGE, EpOMEs, and DiHOMEs. Interestingly, only PGE injection without the immune challenge significantly upregulated the gene expression of and . The elevated levels of EpOMEs acted as immunosuppressants by inhibiting cellular and humoral immune responses induced by the bacterial challenge, in which 12,13-EpOME was more potent than 9,10-EpOME. However, DiHOMEs did not inhibit the cellular immune responses but upregulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides selectively suppressed by EpOMEs. The negative regulation of insect immunity by EpOMEs and their inactive DiHOMEs were further validated by synthetic analogs of the linoleate epoxide and corresponding diol. Furthermore, inhibitors specific to Se-sEH used to prevent EpOME degradation significantly suppressed the immune responses. The data suggest a physiological role of C18 oxylipins in resolving insect immune response. Any immune dysregulation induced by EpOME analogs or sEH inhibitors significantly enhanced insect susceptibility to the entomopathogen, .
PubMed: 37461499
DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548078 -
Insects Nov 2023(Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest affecting various crops worldwide. However, only few studies have been conducted on the infection of by and related...
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest affecting various crops worldwide. However, only few studies have been conducted on the infection of by and related insecticidal mechanisms. We investigated the infection process of by HK-1 using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and our results indicated that the conidia of strain HK-1 easily attached to the feet and dorsum of . The activities of chitinase and extracellular protease were induced in the aphid after treatment with HK-1. A bioassay on showed that the median lethal concentration (LC) of the fungus crude extract was 24.00 mg mL for 24 h of treatment. Additionally, the results showed that the crude extract disrupted the enzyme system of , inducing the inhibition of carboxylesterase (CarE) and the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Combining these results with those of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, it is suggested that -cymene, hymecromone, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) methyl ester, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) may be connected to the insecticidal effects we observed. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of HK-1 as a potential biological control agent.
PubMed: 37999059
DOI: 10.3390/insects14110860 -
Genes Mar 2024Extensive genome structure variations, such as copy number variations (CNVs) and presence/absence variations, are the basis for the remarkable genetic diversity of...
Extensive genome structure variations, such as copy number variations (CNVs) and presence/absence variations, are the basis for the remarkable genetic diversity of maize; however, the effect of CNVs on maize herbivory defense remains largely underexplored. Here, we report that the naturally occurring duplication of the maize 9-lipoxygenase gene leads to increased resistance of maize to herbivory by fall armyworms (FAWs). Previously, we showed that ZmLOX5-derived oxylipins are required for defense against chewing insect herbivores and identified several inbred lines, including Yu796, that contained duplicated CNVs of , referred to as . To test whether introgression of the locus into a herbivore-susceptible B73 background that contains a single gene is a feasible approach to increase resistance, we generated a series of near-isogenic lines that contained either two, one, or zero copies of the locus in the B73 background via six backcrosses (BC6). Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) confirmed the successful introgression of the locus in B73. The resulting B73-2× inbred line displayed increased resistance against FAW, associated with increased expression of , increased wound-induced production of its primary oxylipin product, the α-ketol, 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9,10-KODA), and the downstream defense hormones regulated by this molecule, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Surprisingly, wound-induced JA-Ile production was not increased in B73-2×, resulting from the increased JA catabolism. Furthermore, B73-2× displayed reduced water loss in response to drought stress, likely due to increased ABA and 12-OPDA content. Taken together, this study revealed that the duplicated CNV of quantitively contributes to maize antiherbivore defense and presents proof-of-concept evidence that the introgression of naturally occurring duplicated CNVs of a defensive gene into productive but susceptible crop varieties is a feasible breeding approach for enhancing plant resistance to herbivory and tolerance to abiotic stress.
Topics: Zea mays; Animals; DNA Copy Number Variations; Plant Proteins; Lipoxygenase; Herbivory; Oxylipins; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 38674336
DOI: 10.3390/genes15040401 -
Heliyon Jan 2024Natural products have been important parts of traditional medicine since ancient times, with various promising health effects. (), a natural product, has been widely...
Natural products have been important parts of traditional medicine since ancient times, with various promising health effects. (), a natural product, has been widely used for treating several diseases due to its promising pharmacological activities. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the phytochemical profiling and molecular docking of the antioxidant-rich part of leaves and its antiproliferative activity. leaves were extracted with methanol, followed by fractionation with the respective solvents to obtain the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. The cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities were detected using MTT colorimetric and confocal microscopy methods, respectively. Phytochemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry analysis. Computer aided (molecular docking SwissADME, AdmetSAR and pass prediction) analyses were undertaken to sort out the best-fit phytochemicals present in the plant responsible for antioxidant and anticancer effects. Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most abundant polyphenol-rich fraction and showed the highest antioxidant, reducing power, and free radical scavenging activities. Compared to untreated MCF-7 cells, ethyl acetate fraction-treated MCF-7 cells showed an increase in apoptotic characteristics, such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation, causing apoptosis and decreased proliferation of HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, gas chromatography mass spectrometry data revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained 16 compounds, including methyl esters of long-chain fatty acids, which are the major chemical constituents. Moreover, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (Z, Z) and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) are known to have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, as confirmed by computer-aided models. A strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant and polyphenolic contents and the anticancer activity. In conclusion, we explored the possibility that could be a promising source of antioxidants and anticancer agents with a high phytochemical profile.
PubMed: 38170014
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23400