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Life (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Olive oil () is one of the major components of the Mediterranean diet and is composed of a greater percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid;... (Review)
Review
Olive oil () is one of the major components of the Mediterranean diet and is composed of a greater percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid; polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid; and minor compounds, such as phenolic compounds, and particularly hydroxytyrosol. The latter, in fact, are of greater interest since they have found widespread use in popular medicine. In recent years, it has been documented that phenolic acids and in particular hydroxytyrosol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative action and therefore interest in their possible use in clinical practice and in particular in neoplasms, both solid and hematological, has arisen. This work aims to summarize and analyze the studies present in the literature, both in vitro and in vivo, on the possible use of minor components of olive oil in some hematological neoplasms. In recent years, in fact, interest in nutraceutical science has expanded as a possible adjuvant in the treatment of neoplastic pathologies. Although it is worth underlining that, regarding the object of our study, there are still few preclinical and clinical studies, it is, however, possible to document a role of possible interest in clinical practice.
PubMed: 38792604
DOI: 10.3390/life14050583 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Skeletal muscle is one of the largest metabolic tissues in mammals and is composed of four different types of muscle fibers (types 1, 2A, 2X, and 2B); however, type 2B...
Skeletal muscle is one of the largest metabolic tissues in mammals and is composed of four different types of muscle fibers (types 1, 2A, 2X, and 2B); however, type 2B is absent in humans. Given that slow-twitch fibers are superior to fast-twitch fibers in terms of oxidative metabolism and are rich in mitochondria, shift of muscle fiber types in direction towards slower fiber types improves metabolic disorders and endurance capacity. We previously had reported that oleic acid supplementation increases type 1 fiber formation in C2C12 myotubes; however, its function still remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of oleic acid on the muscle fiber types and endurance capacity. An in vivo mouse model was used, and mice were fed a 10% oleic acid diet for 4 weeks. Two different skeletal muscles, slow soleus muscle with the predominance of slow-twitch fibers and fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle with the predominance of fast-twitch fibers, were used. We found that dietary oleic acid intake improved running endurance and altered fiber type composition of muscles, the proportion of type 1 and 2X fibers increased in the soleus muscle and type 2X increased in the EDL muscle. The fiber type shift in the EDL muscle was accompanied by an increased muscle TAG content. In addition, blood triacylglycerol (TAG) and non-esterified fatty acid levels decreased during exercise. These changes suggested that lipid utilization as an energy substrate was enhanced by oleic acid. Increased proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1β protein levels were observed in the EDL muscle, which potentially enhanced the fiber type transitions towards type 2X and muscle TAG content. In conclusion, dietary oleic acid intake improved running endurance with the changes of muscle fiber type shares in mice. This study elucidated a novel functionality of oleic acid in skeletal muscle fiber types. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our findings have the potential to contribute to the field of health and sports science through nutritional approaches, such as the development of supplements aimed at improving muscle function.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Oleic Acid; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Cell Respiration; Dietary Supplements; Mammals
PubMed: 38191891
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50464-y -
Pharmaceutics Feb 2024In diverse biomedical and other applications of polylactide (PLA), its bacterial contamination and colonization are unwanted. For this reason, this biodegradable polymer...
In diverse biomedical and other applications of polylactide (PLA), its bacterial contamination and colonization are unwanted. For this reason, this biodegradable polymer is often combined with antibacterial agents or fillers. Here, we present a new solution of this kind. Through the process of simple solvent casting, we developed homogeneous composite films from 28 ± 5 nm oleic-acid-capped gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) and poly(L-lactide) and characterized their detailed morphology, crystallinity, aqueous wettability, optical and thermal properties. The addition of Ga NPs decreased the ultraviolet transparency of the films, increased their hydrophobicity, and enhanced the PLA structural ordering during solvent casting. Albeit, above the glass transition, there is an interplay of heterogeneous nucleation and retarded chain mobility through interfacial interactions. The gallium content varied from 0.08 to 2.4 weight %, and films with at least 0.8% Ga inhibited the growth of PAO1 in contact, while 2.4% Ga enhanced the effect of the films to be bactericidal. This contact action was a result of unwrapping the top film layer under biological conditions and the consequent bacterial contact with the exposed Ga NPs on the surface. All the tested films showed good cytocompatibility with human HaCaT keratinocytes and enabled the adhesion and growth of these skin cells on their surfaces when coated with poly(L-lysine). These properties make the nanogallium-polyl(L-lactide) composite a promising new polymer-based material worthy of further investigation and development for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
PubMed: 38399282
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020228 -
AoB PLANTS Jul 2023Fatty acids (FAs) stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) are an important source of carbon and energy for germination and seedling development, particularly for plants with...
Fatty acids (FAs) stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) are an important source of carbon and energy for germination and seedling development, particularly for plants with small wind-dispersed seeds, allowing greater efficiency in storing both energy and carbon. These plants should be under strong selection to produce seeds rich in FAs and with large amounts of saturated FAs. Their closely packed single-chain configuration allows greater packing, more carbon and energy per unit mass, and are less costly to produce. Efficient carbon storage would be less crucial for zoochorous species, which can reach much larger seed sizes (mass). We analysed the transesterified FA profile from seeds of 22 anemochorous and zoochorous tree species from the Cerrado savannas of Central Brazil. We tested if seed FA content covaried with seed mass and if anemochorous and zoochorous seeds differed in FA contents and distribution. Fatty acids were an important seed source of carbon and energy for most species. Fifteen different FAs were identified. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic tended to be the predominant unsaturated FAs. Oleic acid corresponded to more than 60 % of the total transesterified FAs in seeds of and . Linoleic acid corresponded to more than 50 % of total FA in and while linolenic acid was the dominant component in . Across species, palmitic and stearic were the dominant saturated FAs. The only exception was lauric acid (68 % of total FA) in seeds of . On a log scale, as the seed increased in mass, accumulation of FAs tends to proceed at a faster rate in anemochorous species than in zoochorous species. They also became increasingly richer in saturated FAs. Zoochorous species had seed TAGs with higher proportion of polyunsaturated FAs.
PubMed: 37600502
DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad042 -
Veterinary Sciences Jul 2023Anemoside B4 has a good curative effect on cows with CM; however, its impact on their metabolic profiles is unclear. Based on similar somatic cell counts and clinical...
Anemoside B4 has a good curative effect on cows with CM; however, its impact on their metabolic profiles is unclear. Based on similar somatic cell counts and clinical symptoms, nine healthy dairy cows and nine cows with CM were selected, respectively. Blood samples were collected from cows with mastitis on the day of diagnosis. Cows with mastitis were injected with anemoside B4 (0.05 mL/kg, once daily) for three consecutive days, and healthy cows were injected with the same volume of normal saline. Subsequently, blood samples were collected. The plasma metabolic profiles were analyzed using untargeted mass spectrometry, and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were evaluated via ELISA. The cows with CM showed increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α ( < 0.05). After treatment with anemoside B4, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly decreased ( < 0.01). Untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that choline, glycocholic acid, PC (18:0/18:1), 20-HETE, PGF3α, and oleic acid were upregulated in cows with CM. After treatment with anemoside B4, the concentrations of PC (16:0/16:0), PC (18:0/18:1), linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, phosphorylcholine, and glycerophosphocholine were downregulated, while the LysoPC (14:0), LysoPC (18:0), LysoPC (18:1), and cis-9-palmitoleic acid were upregulated. This study indicated that anemoside B4 alleviated the inflammatory response in cows with CM mainly by regulating lipid metabolism.
PubMed: 37505842
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070437 -
GM Crops & Food Dec 2023Mutation breeding based on various chemical and physical mutagens induces and disrupts non-target loci. Hence, large populations were required for visual screening, but... (Review)
Review
Mutation breeding based on various chemical and physical mutagens induces and disrupts non-target loci. Hence, large populations were required for visual screening, but desired plants were rare and it was a further laborious task to identify desirable mutants. Generated mutant had high defect due to non-targeted mutation, with poor agronomic performance. Mutation techniques were augmented by targeted induced local lesions in genome (TILLING) facilitating the selection of desirable germplasm. On the other hand, gene editing through CRISPR/Cas9 allows knocking down genes for site-directed mutation. This handy technique has been exploited for the modification of fatty acid profile. High oleic acid genetic stocks were obtained in a broad range of crops. Moreover, genes involved in the accumulation of undesirable seed components such as starch, polysaccharide, and flavors were knocked down to enhance seed quality, which helps to improve oil contents and reduces the anti-nutritional component.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Gene Editing; Plant Breeding; Oleic Acid; Climate Change
PubMed: 37551783
DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2023.2243041 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023, commonly referred to as Chinese hickory, produces nuts that contain high-quality edible oils, particularly oleic acid (18:1). It is known that stearoyl-ACP desaturase...
, commonly referred to as Chinese hickory, produces nuts that contain high-quality edible oils, particularly oleic acid (18:1). It is known that stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) is the first key step converting stearic acid (C18:0, SA) to oleic acid (C18:1, OA) in the aminolevulinic acid (ALA) biosynthetic pathway and play an important role in OA accumulation. Thus far, there is little information about gene family in and the role of individual members in OA accumulation. This study searched the Chinese Hickory Genome Database and identified five members of genes, designated as , at the whole genome level through the comparison with the homologous genes from . RNA-Seq analysis showed that , and were highly expressed in kernels. The expression pattern of was significantly correlated with fatty acid accumulation during the kernel development. In addition, five full-length cDNAs encoding were isolated from the developing kernel of . CcSADs-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct was infiltrated into tobacco epidermal cells, and results indicated their chloroplast localization. The catalytic function of these was further analyzed by heterologous expression in , , and walnut. Functional analysis demonstrated that all had fatty acid desaturase activity to catalyze oleic acid biosynthesis. Some members of also have strong substrate specificity for 16:0-ACP to synthesize palmitoleic acid (C16:1, PA). Our study documented gene family in and the role of , and in OA accumulation, which could be important for future improvement of OA content in this species via genetic manipulation.
PubMed: 37771493
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193063 -
JHEP Reports : Innovation in Hepatology Jan 2024Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) results in steatosis, inflammation (steatohepatitis), and fibrosis. Patients with MASLD more likely...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) results in steatosis, inflammation (steatohepatitis), and fibrosis. Patients with MASLD more likely develop liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As viral RNA has been identified in liver tissues, we studied expression levels and cellular sources of the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and coreceptors in MASLD and fibroinflammatory liver diseases.
METHODS
We built a transcriptomic MASLD meta-dataset (N = 243) to study SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression and verified results in 161 additional cases of fibroinflammatory liver diseases. We assessed the fibroinflammatory microenvironment by deconvoluting immune cell populations. We studied the cellular sources of ACE2 by multiplex immunohistochemistry followed by high-resolution confocal microscopy (N = 9 fatty livers; N = 7 controls), meta-analysis of two single-cell RNA sequencing datasets (N = 5 cirrhotic livers; N = 14 normal livers), and bulk transcriptomics from 745 primary cell samples. we tested mRNA expression in primary human hepatocytes treated with inflammatory cytokines, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, or long-chain fatty acids.
RESULTS
We detected ACE2 at the apical and basal poles of hepatocyte chords, in CLEC4M liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, the lumen of ABCC2 bile canaliculi, HepPar-1-TMPRSS2 hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and CD34 capillary vessels. ACE2 steeply increased between 30 and 50 years of age; was related to liver fat area, inflammation, high immune reactivity, and fibrogenesis; and was upregulated in steatohepatitis. Although mRNA was unmodified in alcoholic or viral hepatitis, it was upregulated in fibroinflammatory livers from overweight patients. treatment of primary human hepatocytes with inflammatory cytokines alone downregulated but long chain fatty acids upregulated mRNA expression.
CONCLUSIONS
Lipid overload in fatty liver disease leads to an increased availability of ACE2 receptors.
IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS
COVID-19 can be a deadly disease in vulnerable individuals. Patients with fatty liver disease are at a higher risk of experiencing severe COVID-19 and liver injury. Recent studies have indicated that one of the reasons for this vulnerability is the presence of a key cell surface protein called ACE2, which serves as the main SARS-CoV-2 virus receptor. We describe the cellular sources of ACE2 in the liver. In patients with fatty liver disease, ACE2 levels increase with age, liver fat content, fibroinflammatory changes, enhanced positive immune checkpoint levels, and innate immune reactivity. Moreover, we show that long chain fatty acids can induce ACE2 expression in primary human hepatocytes. Understanding the cellular sources of ACE2 in the liver and the factors that influence its availability is crucial. This knowledge will guide further research and help protect potentially vulnerable patients through timely vaccination boosters, dietary adjustments, and improved hygiene practices.
PubMed: 38074511
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100936 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in regulating hepatic metabolism. This study is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential crosstalk...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in regulating hepatic metabolism. This study is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and mTOR signaling in hepatic steatosis.
METHODS
Transgenic mice (overexpress Wnt1 in hepatocytes, Wnt+) mice and wild-type littermates were given high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis. Mouse hepatocytes cells (AML12) and those transfected to cause constitutive β-catenin stabilization (S33Y) were treated with oleic acid for lipid accumulation.
RESULTS
Wnt+ mice developed more hepatic steatosis in response to HFD. Immunoblot shows a significant increase in the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (SREBP-1 and its downstream targets ACC, AceCS1, and FASN) and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation gene (MCAD) in Wnt+ mice livers under HFD. Wnt+ mice also revealed increased Akt signaling and its downstream target gene mTOR in response to HFD. , increased lipid accumulation was detected in S33Y cells in response to oleic acid compared to AML12 cells reinforcing the findings. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin led to a down-regulation of fatty acid synthesis in S33Y cells. In addition, β-catenin has a physical interaction with mTOR as verified by co-immunoprecipitation in hepatocytes.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our results demonstrate that β-catenin stabilization through Wnt signaling serves a central role in lipid metabolism in the steatotic liver through up-regulation of fatty acid synthesis via Akt/mTOR signaling. These findings suggest hepatic Wnt signaling may represent a therapeutic strategy in hepatic steatosis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Lipogenesis; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Oleic Acid; beta Catenin; Fatty Liver; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Mice, Transgenic
PubMed: 38152126
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1289004 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023This study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of peanuts, regular Hanoch (HN) and a new high-oleic cultivar., Hanoch-Oleic (HO), on metabolic parameters and...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of peanuts, regular Hanoch (HN) and a new high-oleic cultivar., Hanoch-Oleic (HO), on metabolic parameters and gut microbiota composition. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (ND) or ND supplemented with HN (NDh) or HO (NDo). Following 18 weeks of diet regimen, the NDo group exhibited reduced body weight and peri-gonadal adipose-to-body weight ratio, paralleled to lesser food consumption. Although blood levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acids, and liver enzyme levels did not differ between groups, decreased insulin sensitivity was found in the NDh group. Within adipose tissue, the expression of lipolytic and lipogenic enzymes was higher, while those related to lipid oxidation were lower in the NDh group compared to the NDo group. Additionally, HO peanuts consumption promoted the establishment of a healthy microbiota, with an enhanced abundance of , and genera. In conclusion, the inclusion of the HO peanut cultivar., rather than the conventional peanut cultivar., in a balanced diet was related to better metabolic outcomes and was linked to a favorable microbiota profile.
PubMed: 37575334
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1205377