-
Viruses Jun 2023Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic HPV is HPV-16, which dominates the types causing cancer. There is also sufficient evidence that HPV types 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 cause cervical cancer. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralising antibodies, forms the basis of all commercial HPV vaccines. There are six licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines: three bivalent, two quadrivalent and one nonavalent vaccine. The bivalent vaccines protect from HPV types 16 and 18, which are associated with more than 70% of cervical cancers. Prophylactic vaccination targets children before sexual debut, but there are now catch-up campaigns, which have also been shown to be beneficial in reducing HPV infection and disease. HPV vaccination of adults after treatment for cervical lesions or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis has impacted recurrence. Gender-neutral vaccination will improve herd immunity and prevent infection in men and women. HPV vaccines are immunogenic in people living with HIV, but more research is needed on the long-term impact of vaccination and to determine whether further boosters are required.
Topics: Adult; Male; Child; Humans; Female; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaccinology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Human papillomavirus 16; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 37515128
DOI: 10.3390/v15071440 -
The Lancet. Global Health Sep 2023The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in women has been well documented. Less is known about the epidemiology of HPV in men. We aim to provide updated global... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in women has been well documented. Less is known about the epidemiology of HPV in men. We aim to provide updated global and regional pooled overall, type-specific, and age-specific prevalence estimates of genital HPV infection in men.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of genital HPV infection in the general male population. We searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Global Index Medicus for studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and June 1, 2022. Inclusion criteria were population-based surveys in men aged 15 years or older or HPV prevalence studies with a sample size of at least 50 men with no HPV-related pathology or known risk factors for HPV infection that collected samples from anogenital sites and used PCR or hybrid capture 2 techniques for HPV DNA detection. Exclusion criteria were studies conducted among populations at increased risk of HPV infection, exclusively conducted among circumcised men, and based on urine or semen samples. We screened identified reports and extracted summary-level data from those that were eligible. Data were extracted by two researchers independently and reviewed by a third, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. We extracted only data on mucosal α-genus HPVs. Global and regional age-specific prevalences for any HPV, high-risk (HR)-HPV, and individual HPV types were estimated using random-effects models for meta-analysis and grouped by UN Sustainable Development Goals geographical classification.
FINDINGS
We identified 5685 publications from database searches, of which 65 studies (comprising 44 769 men) were included from 35 countries. The global pooled prevalence was 31% (95% CI 27-35) for any HPV and 21% (18-24) for HR-HPV. HPV-16 was the most prevalent HPV genotype (5%, 95% CI 4-7) followed by HPV-6 (4%, 3-5). HPV prevalence was high in young adults, reaching a maximum between the ages of 25 years and 29 years, and stabilised or slightly decreased thereafter. Pooled prevalence estimates were similar for the UN Sustainable Development Goal geographical regions of Europe and Northern America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Australia and New Zealand (Oceania). The estimates for Eastern and South-Eastern Asia were half that of the other regions.
INTERPRETATION
Almost one in three men worldwide are infected with at least one genital HPV type and around one in five men are infected with one or more HR-HPV types. Our findings show that HPV prevalence is high in men over the age of 15 years and support that sexually active men, regardless of age, are an important reservoir of HPV genital infection. These estimates emphasise the importance of incorporating men in comprehensive HPV prevention strategies to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality in men and ultimately achieve elimination of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases.
FUNDING
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund, Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia, and Horizon 2020.
TRANSLATIONS
For the Spanish and French translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37591583
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00305-4 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Jul 2023The rapidly increasing use of high-throughput screening had produced a plethora of expanding knowledge on the molecular basis of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL),... (Review)
Review
The rapidly increasing use of high-throughput screening had produced a plethora of expanding knowledge on the molecular basis of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), which in turn has revolutionized the treatment. Specifically, the use of asparaginase-containing regimens has led to substantial improvement in survival outcomes in NKTCL patients. Novel treatment strategies that are currently under development include cell-surface-targeted antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, Epstein-Barr virus targeted cytotoxic T lymphocyte, immunomodulatory agents, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, signaling pathway inhibitors and epigenetic targeted agents. In almost all cases, initial clinical studies of newly developed treatment are conducted in patients relapsed, and refractory NKTCL due to very limited treatment options. This review summarizes the results of these novel treatments for NKTCL and discusses their potential for likely use in NKTCL in a wider setting in the future.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, T-Cell; Killer Cells, Natural
PubMed: 37480137
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01483-9 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2023Approximately 95% of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Although it is estimated that HPV-associated cervical cancer will decrease with... (Review)
Review
Approximately 95% of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Although it is estimated that HPV-associated cervical cancer will decrease with the widespread use of HPV vaccine, it may take time for HPV-associated cervical cancer to be eliminated. For the appropriate management of HPV-associated cervical cancer, it is important to understand the detailed mechanisms of cervical cancer development. First, the cellular origin of most cervical cancers is thought to be cells in the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) of the uterine cervix. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of SCJ for cervical cancer screening and treatment. Second, cervical cancer is caused by high risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection, however, the manner of progression to cervical cancer differs depending on the type of HR-HPV: HPV16 is characterized by a stepwise carcinogenesis, HPV18 is difficult to detect in precancerous lesions, and HPV52, 58 tends to remain in the state of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Third, in addition to the type of HPV, the involvement of the human immune response is also important in the progression and regression of cervical cancer. In this review, we demonstrate the carcinogenesis mechanism of HPV-associated cervical cancer, management of CIN, and the current treatment of CIN and cervical cancer.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Early Detection of Cancer; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Papillomaviridae; Carcinogenesis; Genotype
PubMed: 37294390
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02337-7 -
Cytotherapy Sep 2023Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpes virus that is saliva-transmissible and universally asymptomatic. It has been confirmed that more than 90% of the population... (Review)
Review
Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpes virus that is saliva-transmissible and universally asymptomatic. It has been confirmed that more than 90% of the population is latently infected with EBV for life. EBV can cause a variety of related cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Currently, many clinical studies have demonstrated that EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other cell therapies can be safely and effectively transfused to prevent and treat some diseases caused by EBV. This review will mainly focus on discussing EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and will touch on therapeutic EBV vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy briefly.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Burkitt Lymphoma; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 37149797
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.003 -
Cancers Sep 2023EBV was the first human oncogenic virus identified [...].
EBV was the first human oncogenic virus identified [...].
PubMed: 37760627
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184659 -
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters Oct 2023N-methyladenosine (mA) modification is a dynamic, reversible process and is the most prevalent internal modification of RNA. This modification is regulated by three... (Review)
Review
N-methyladenosine (mA) modification is a dynamic, reversible process and is the most prevalent internal modification of RNA. This modification is regulated by three protein groups: methyltransferases ("writers"), demethylases ("erasers"), and mA-binding proteins ("readers"). mA modification and related enzymes could represent an optimal strategy to deepen the epigenetic mechanism. Numerous reports have suggested that aberrant modifications of mA lead to aberrant expression of important viral genes. Here, we review the role of mA modifications in viral replication and virus-host interactions. In particular, we focus on DNA and RNA viruses associated with human diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). These findings will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of virus-host interactions and the design of future therapeutic targets for treatment of tumors associated with viral infections.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Virus Diseases; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Virus Replication
PubMed: 37828480
DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00490-5 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is an N-acetylcytidine (acC) writer that catalyzes RNA acetylation at cytidine N position on tRNAs, rRNAs and mRNAs. Recently, NAT10 and...
N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is an N-acetylcytidine (acC) writer that catalyzes RNA acetylation at cytidine N position on tRNAs, rRNAs and mRNAs. Recently, NAT10 and the associated acC have been reported to increase the stability of HIV-1 transcripts. Here, we show that NAT10 catalyzes acC addition to the polyadenylated nuclear RNA (PAN), a long non-coding RNA encoded by the oncogenic DNA virus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), triggering viral lytic reactivation from latency. Mutagenesis of acC sites in PAN RNA in the context of KSHV infection abolishes PAN acC modifications, downregulates the expression of viral lytic genes and reduces virion production. NAT10 knockdown or mutagenesis erases acC modifications of PAN RNA and increases its instability, and prevents KSHV reactivation. Furthermore, PAN acC modification promotes NAT10 recruitment of IFN-γ-inducible protein-16 (IFI16) mRNA, resulting in its acC acetylation, mRNA stability and translation, and eventual inflammasome activation. These results reveal a novel mechanism of viral and host acC modifications and the associated complexes as a critical switch of KSHV replication and antiviral immunity.
Topics: Herpesvirus 8, Human; Inflammasomes; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Nuclear; Cytidine; RNA Stability; Virus Replication; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
PubMed: 37816771
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42135-3 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the pivotal cause of cervical carcinogenesis. HPV types distribution varies greatly by region, and its...
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the pivotal cause of cervical carcinogenesis. HPV types distribution varies greatly by region, and its long-term changes of prevalence remain to be fully characterized in China. Here, the largest population of 198,111 consecutive women who underwent routine cervical screening were investigated from 2015 to 2021 in Guangzhou, south China. The results showed that the overall HPV prevalence was 21.66% (42,911/198,111), and the annual prevalence increased significantly from 2015 to 2021 ( < 0.001). HPV52, 16, 58, CP8304, 51, 53, 39, and 68 were the most prevalent HPV types. The relative HPV-positive rate correlated positively with the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( < 0.001); HPV16 was the predominant carcinogenic type, followed by HPV52 and HPV18. HPV infections were significantly age-specific, and 26.51% (11,375/42,911) of cases were caused by multiple HPV types. In addition, HPV infections typically cleared over a median time of 16 (interquartile range 9-31) months, and the clearance of HPV16 was significantly faster than that of other types ( < 0.001). These findings may serve as a guide for local governments to evaluate HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention strategies in south China.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Early Detection of Cancer; Genotype; China; Papillomaviridae; Human papillomavirus 16; Prevalence; Epidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 36744409
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2176009 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Multiple Sclerosis; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
PubMed: 38250064
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1330181