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Brazilian Oral Research 2023The aims of this study were to 1) assess the association between erosive tooth wear (ETW) according to the BEWE (Basic Erosive Wear Examination) scoring system and...
The aims of this study were to 1) assess the association between erosive tooth wear (ETW) according to the BEWE (Basic Erosive Wear Examination) scoring system and salivary parameters and 2) compare salivary parameters according to ETW severity in the subgroup of children with ETW. This cross-sectional study included 52 preschool children aged 5 years paired by sex. A calibrated examiner assessed ETW using BEWE criteria, and stimulated saliva was collected to determine salivary flow, osmolality, pH, and buffering capacity. The children were divided into two groups: without ETW (n=26; BEWE score 0) and with ETW (n=26; BEWE scores 1 and 2). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the magnitude of the association between ETW and salivary parameters and estimates of odds ratios (OR). In the unadjusted analysis, the ETW group was more likely to have lower salivary flow (OR = 0.079; 95%CI = 0.013-0.469; p = 0.005) and lower osmolality (OR = 0.993; 95%CI = 0.985-1.000; p = 0.049). In the adjusted analysis, salivary flow remained significantly associated with ETW (OR = 0.087; 95%CI = 0.014-0.533; p = 0.008). Lower salivary osmolality values were observed in ETW, especially in preschool children with more severe ETW (BEWE score 2). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) determined a salivary osmolality cutoff point of < 201 for the presence of ETW. In conclusion, salivary flow rate was significantly associated with ETW prevalence. Lower values of salivary osmolality were observed in preschool children with distinct erosive lesions with significant loss of tooth structure (BEWE 2).
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Tooth Erosion; Cross-Sectional Studies; Tooth Wear; Saliva; Prevalence
PubMed: 37820251
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0093 -
Conservation Physiology 2024Animals can respond to extreme climates by behaviourally avoiding it or by physiologically coping with it. We understand behavioural and physiological thermoregulation,...
Animals can respond to extreme climates by behaviourally avoiding it or by physiologically coping with it. We understand behavioural and physiological thermoregulation, but water balance has largely been neglected. Climate change includes both global warming and changes in precipitation regimes, so improving our understanding of organismal water balance is increasingly urgent. We assessed the hydric physiology of US federally endangered blunt-nosed leopard lizards () by measuring cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL), plasma osmolality and body condition. Measurements were taken throughout their active season, the short period of year when these lizards can be found aboveground. Compared to a more mesic species, had low CEWL which is potentially desert-adaptive, and high plasma osmolality that could be indicative of dehydration. We hypothesized that throughout the active season, as their habitat got hotter and drier, would become more dehydrated and watertight. Instead, CEWL and plasma osmolality showed minimal change for females and non-linear change for males, which we hypothesize is connected to sex-specific reproductive behaviours and changes in food availability. We also measured thermoregulation and microhabitat use, expecting that more dehydrated lizards would have lower body temperature, poorer thermoregulatory accuracy and spend less time aboveground. However, we found no effect of CEWL, plasma osmolality or body condition on these thermal and behavioural metrics. Finally, spends considerable time belowground in burrows, and burrows may serve not only as essential thermal refugia but also hydric refugia.
PubMed: 38715929
DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae019 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023In euryhaline fish, prolactin (Prl) plays an essential role in freshwater (FW) acclimation. In the euryhaline and eurythermal Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis...
In euryhaline fish, prolactin (Prl) plays an essential role in freshwater (FW) acclimation. In the euryhaline and eurythermal Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, Prl cells are model osmoreceptors, recently described to be thermosensitive. To investigate the effects of temperature on osmoreception, we incubated Prl cells of tilapia acclimated to either FW or seawater (SW) in different combinations of temperatures (20, 26 and 32 °C) and osmolalities (280, 330 and 420 mOsm/kg) for 6 h. Release of both Prl isoforms, Prl and Prl, increased in hyposmotic media and were further augmented with a rise in temperature. Hyposmotically-induced release of Prl, but not Prl, was suppressed at 20 °C. In SW fish, mRNA expression of prl increased with rising temperatures at lower osmolalities, while and prl decreased at 32 °C and higher osmolalities. In Prl cells of SW-acclimated tilapia incubated in hyperosmotic media, the expressions of Prl receptors, prlr1 and prlr2, and the stretch-activated Ca channel, trpv4,decreased at 32 °C, suggesting the presence of a cellular mechanism to compensate for elevated Prl release. Transcription factors, pou1f1, pou2f1b, creb3l1, cebpb, stat3, stat1a and nfat1c, known to regulate prl and prl, were also downregulated at 32 °C. Our findings provide evidence that osmoreception is modulated by temperature, and that both thermal and osmotic responses vary with acclimation salinity.
Topics: Animals; Prolactin; Tilapia; Temperature; Receptors, Prolactin; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 37980366
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47044-5 -
Kidney International Reports Dec 2023The diagnostic algorithms currently used for hypotonic hyponatremia focus primarily on impaired urinary dilution and often neglect the influence of free water intake and...
INTRODUCTION
The diagnostic algorithms currently used for hypotonic hyponatremia focus primarily on impaired urinary dilution and often neglect the influence of free water intake and solute excretion. We hypothesized that, in each case of hypotonic hyponatremia different pathophysiological mechanisms play a role simultaneously.
METHODS
Using clinical data of the previous observational Co-Med study, we defined each case of hypotonic hyponatremia concurrently in 3 dimensions as follows: (i) high net free water intake (HNFWI), (ii) impaired dilution of the urine (IDU), and (iii) low nonelectrolyte solute excretion (LNESE). For each dimension, a "standard delta sodium" (sdna) was calculated reflecting the expected difference to the serum sodium concentration, that would result from changing a dimension to a specific and equivalent target level.
RESULTS
Results from 279 patients were used for this analysis. With target levels of free water intake and urine osmolality at the fifth percentile, and nonelectrolyte solute excretion at the 95th percentile, median (interquartile range) sdna values were 7.1 (4.8-10.2) for HNFWI, 11.8 (7.0-18.6) for IDU and 2.6 (1.6-4.2) mmol/l per 24 hours for LNESE. Sdna results in individual patients were highest with IDU in 68.5%, HNFWI in 30.8% and 0.7% with LNESE. At an sdna-level of at least 4mmol/l per 24 hours, the prevalence of HNFWI was 78.9%, IDU 87.1%, and LNESE 26.5%. 77.5% of patients had 2 or all 3 mechanisms present. Hyponatremia was mostly multifactorial in subgroups according to classic categories of hyponatremia and typical comorbidities as well.
CONCLUSION
Hypotonic hyponatremia can be quantitatively defined by 3 dimensions. Most cases should be considered multifactorial.
PubMed: 38106585
DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.09.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a decisive role in the transport of various ions, electrically neutral molecules...
Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a decisive role in the transport of various ions, electrically neutral molecules and in maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Serum Albumin; Translational Science, Biomedical; Biology; Electricity; Osmotic Pressure
PubMed: 37762028
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813725 -
Kidney360 Dec 2023In a analysis, short-term reduction in spot urine osmolality (Uosm) was associated with decreased kidney volume growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease...
KEY POINTS
In a analysis, short-term reduction in spot urine osmolality (Uosm) was associated with decreased kidney volume growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease for both tolvaptan and instruction to increase hydration alone. For the same spot Uosm reduction, however, the kidney volume benefit was greater with tolvaptan, possibly because of greater cumulative 24-hour Uosm suppression by tolvaptan.
BACKGROUND
In addition to decreasing water excretion and increasing urinary concentration, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin plays a role in the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. It has been hypothesized that by suppressing vasopressin release, drinking large amounts of water might exert therapeutic effects in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease similar to those of tolvaptan, an antagonist of the vasopressin type 2 receptor, but evidence is lacking. We analyzed data from tolvaptan clinical trials to evaluate relationships among water intake, urine osmolality (Uosm), and change in total kidney volume (TKV).
METHODS
Analysis of the Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Its Outcomes 3:4 clinical trial in which participants were randomized to tolvaptan or placebo and instructed to drink large amounts of water. The relationship between change in spot Uosm from baseline to week 3 and change in TKV to month 12 was assessed using linear regression modeling. Two short-term tolvaptan trials were analyzed to explore relationships between intermittent Uosm sampling and 24-hour Uosm suppression.
RESULTS
With both tolvaptan and placebo (, mandated high water intake alone), Uosm reduction at week 3 was associated with reduction in TKV growth at month 12. However, for the same decrease in spot Uosm, the corresponding reduction in TKV growth was greater for tolvaptan (, a −250 mOsm/kg reduction in Uosm at week 3 was associated with a −1% change in TKV at month 12 for tolvaptan versus +4.5% for placebo). In short-term trials, similar reductions in spot or trough Uosm values were achievable with tolvaptan and high water intake, but cumulative 24-hour suppression was greater with tolvaptan.
CONCLUSIONS
This analysis supports a relationship between effects on Uosm and inhibition of disease progression by tolvaptan and high water intake alone. The findings further suggest that 24-hour Uosm measurement is superior to spot Uosm for assessing suppression of vasopressin activity by tolvaptan.
Topics: Humans; Tolvaptan; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant; Drinking; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Benzazepines
PubMed: 37986188
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000302 -
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2024Nocturnal enuresis can be frustrating for children and their families as the child ages. Our aim is to evaluate urine aquaporin 2 (AQP-2) as a noninvasive biomarker of...
BACKGROUND/AIM
Nocturnal enuresis can be frustrating for children and their families as the child ages. Our aim is to evaluate urine aquaporin 2 (AQP-2) as a noninvasive biomarker of water balance in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study included 90 children; sixty-eight children suffering from PMNE aged (9.57 ± 2.16) years and 22 healthy children with good toilet control, matched sex and age. All enuretic children were subjected to complete history taking, clinical evaluation, and bed wetting diary. Serum arginine vasopressin (AVP) and urine AQP-2 were tested in the morning (at 9-11 am) and evening (at 9-11 pm). Blood urea, creatinine, Na, glucose, urine osmolality, Ca/Cr, Alb/Cr and specific gravity were tested simultaneously.
RESULTS
Serum AVP, urine AQP-2, and urine osmolality were statistically lower in patients than controls. Patients had a significantly lower level of night serum AVP concentrations, urine AQP-2, and urine osmolality than the corresponding morning level. Urine AQP-2 was significantly correlated with urine osmolality (p < 0.05). AQP-2 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 70%. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between serum AVP and urine AQP-2.
CONCLUSION
Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children could be associated with reduction of urine excretion of AQP-2 at night. Urine AQP-2 is significantly correlated with urine osmolality. Therefore, it may be a noninvasive biomarker of hydration status in children with PMNE, with good sensitivity and specificity.
Topics: Humans; Child; Nocturnal Enuresis; Male; Female; Aquaporin 2; Circadian Rhythm; Biomarkers; Osmolar Concentration; Case-Control Studies; Arginine Vasopressin; Adolescent
PubMed: 38812639
DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5780 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise... (Review)
Review
Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings. While carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions such as sports drinks have been extensively explored as a source of carbohydrates to meet fuel demands during intense and long-duration exercise, these formulas might not be ideal in situations where fluid and electrolyte balance is impaired, such as practicing exercise in the heat. Alternately, hypotonic compositions consisting of moderate to high levels of electrolytes (i.e., ≥45 mmol/L), mainly sodium, combined with low amounts of carbohydrates (i.e., <6%) might be useful to accelerate intestinal water absorption, maintain plasma volume and osmolality during exercise, and improve fluid retention during recovery. Future studies should compare hypotonic formulas and sports drinks in different exercise settings, evaluating different levels of sodium and/or other electrolytes, blends of carbohydrates, and novel ingredients for addressing hydration and rehydration before, during, and after exercise.
Topics: Humans; Exercise; Beverages; Electrolytes; Carbohydrates; Sodium
PubMed: 38201848
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010017 -
Renal Failure Dec 2023Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which occurs after the use of iodinated contrast media, has become the third leading cause of hospital-acquired acute...
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which occurs after the use of iodinated contrast media, has become the third leading cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI). It is associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased risks of end-stage renal disease and mortality. The pathogenesis of CI-AKI is unclear and effective treatments are lacking. By comparing different post-nephrectomy times and dehydration times, we constructed a new, short-course CI-AKI model using dehydration for 24 h two weeks after unilateral nephrectomy. We found that the low-osmolality contrast media iohexol caused more severe renal function decline, renal morphological damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations compared to the iso-osmolality contrast media iodixanol. The shotgun proteomics based on Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) was used to conduct proteomics research on renal tissue in the new CI-AKI model, and 604 distinct proteins were identified, mainly involving complement and coagulation cascade, COVID-19, PPAR signalling pathway, mineral absorption, cholesterol metabolism, ferroptosis, staphylococcus aureus infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, folate biosynthesis, and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation. Then, using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), we validate 16 candidate proteins, of which five were novel candidates (Serpina1, Apoa1, F2, Plg, Hrg) previously unrelated to AKI and associated with an acute response as well as fibrinolysis. The pathway analysis and 16 candidate proteins may help to discover new mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CI-AKI, allowing for early diagnosis and outcome prediction.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Acute Kidney Injury; Contrast Media; Dehydration; Kidney; Proteomics
PubMed: 36794437
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2178821 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Jun 2024Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of oral supplements influences ileostomy output and increases sodium loss. We hypothesized the existence of an osmolality range in which fluid absorption and secondary natriuresis are optimal.
METHODS
This was a single-center, quasi-randomized crossover intervention study, including patients with an ileostomy and no home parenteral support. After an 8-h fasting period, each patient ingested 500 mL of 3-18 different oral supplements and a standardized meal during the various intervention periods, followed by a 6-h collection of ileostomy and urine outputs. The primary outcome was 6-h ileostomy output.
RESULTS
A total of 14 ileostomy patients with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range 38-70 years) were included. The association between osmolalities (range 5-1352 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output forecasted an S-curve. A linear association between osmolality of oral supplements (range 290-600 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output was identified and assessed with a mixed-effects model. Ileostomy output increased by 57 g/6 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 21-94) when the oral supplement osmolality increased by 100 mOsm/kg (p = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
Osmolality in oral supplements correlated with ileostomy output. Our results indicate that patients with an ileostomy may benefit from increased ingestion of oral supplements with osmolalities between 100 and 290 mOsm/kg. We define this range as the Goldilocks zone, equivalent to optimal fluid and electrolyte absorption.
Topics: Humans; Ileostomy; Middle Aged; Aged; Male; Female; Dietary Supplements; Adult; Osmolar Concentration; Cross-Over Studies; Administration, Oral; Sodium
PubMed: 38777478
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.003