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TheScientificWorldJournal 2024species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
BACKGROUND
species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia, to isolate and identify and and estimate their prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates in small ruminants using a purposive sampling method. A total of 384 samples (156 nasal swabs from clinic cases and 228 lung swabs from abattoir cases) were collected. STATA 14 software was used to analyze the data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess an association of risk factors.
RESULTS
Out of the 384 samples examined, 164 were positive for pasteurellosis, resulting in a 42.70% prevalence. Similarly, 63 (38.4%) of the 164 positive results were from nasal swabs, while 101 (61.6%) came from lung samples. accounted for 126 (76.82%) of the isolates, while accounted for 38 (23.17%). Of the 63 nasal swab isolates, 33 (37%) were from goats and 30 (42.8%) were from sheep. And 17 (10.89%) and 46 (29.58%), respectively, were and . Of the 46 (40%) of the 101 (44.3%) isolates of the pneumonic lung, samples were from goats, while 55 (48.47%) were from sheep. In this study, the risk factors (species, age, and body condition score) were found to be significant ( < 0.05). isolates evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility were highly resistant to oxacillin (90.90%), followed by gentamycin (72.72%), and penicillin (63.63%). However, the isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (90.90%), followed by tetracycline (63.63%), and ampicillin (54.54%).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that and are the common causes of mannheimiosis and pasteurellosis in small ruminants, respectively, and isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Thus, an integrated vaccination strategy, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and avoidance of stress-inducing factors are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Mannheimia haemolytica; Ethiopia; Sheep; Goats; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sheep Diseases; Goat Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 38655561
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5605552 -
International Dental Journal Feb 2024The aim of this work was to explore the association between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A actinomycetemcomitans) infection and disease activity amongst those...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this work was to explore the association between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A actinomycetemcomitans) infection and disease activity amongst those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with or without periodontitis (PD) in a Chinese population.
METHODS
A case-control study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2019. The correlation coefficients between A actinomycetemcomitans positivity and RA-related examination indicators as well as periodontal examination parameters were calculated by using the Spearman correlation analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 115 patients with RA were recruited: 67 patients with RA only and 48 with RA + PD. The percentage of A actinomycetemcomitans positivity was significantly higher in the RA + PD group compared with the RA-only group (P = .007 for positive percentage; P = .020 for percentage of A actinomycetemcomitans positivity in the total oral microbiome). Furthermore, RA-related measures such as Disease Activity Score 28, rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide, and anticitrullinated protein antibodies were all positively correlated with the percentage of A actinomycetemcomitans positivity (P range: .002∼.041). In addition, significant correlations were observed amongst A actinomycetemcomitans positivity and probing pocket depth (P = .027) and gingival index (P = .043), whereas null correlations were found amongst the percentage of A actinomycetemcomitans positivity and plaque index (P = .344), clinical attachment loss (P = .217), and bleeding on probing (P = .710).
CONCLUSIONS
A actinomycetemcomitans infection may be related to the development of PD amongst patients with RA.
Topics: Humans; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Case-Control Studies; Periodontitis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Periodontal Attachment Loss
PubMed: 37517936
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.06.011 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant health issue in the North American feedlot industry, causing substantial financial losses due to morbidity and...
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant health issue in the North American feedlot industry, causing substantial financial losses due to morbidity and mortality. A lack of effective vaccines against BRD pathogens has resulted in antibiotics primarily being used for BRD prevention. The aim of this study was to develop a mucosal vaccine against the BRD pathogen, Mannheimia haemolytica, using Bacillus subtilis spores as an adjuvant. A chimeric protein (MhCP) containing a tandem repeat of neutralizing epitopes from M. haemolytica leukotoxin A (NLKT) and outer membrane protein PlpE was expressed to produce antigen for adsorption to B. subtilis spores. Adsorption was optimized by comparing varying amounts of antigen and spores, as well as different buffer pH and reaction temperatures. Using the optimal adsorption parameters, spore-bound antigen (Spore-MhCP) was prepared and administered to mice via two mucosal routes (intranasal and intragastric), while intramuscular administration of free MhCP and unvaccinated mice were used as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. Intramuscular administration of MhCP elicited the strongest serum IgG response. However, intranasal immunization of Spore-MhCP generated the best secretory IgA-specific response against both PlpE and NLKT in all samples evaluated (bronchoalveolar lavage, saliva, and feces). Since proliferation of M. haemolytica in the respiratory tract is a prerequisite to lung infection, this spore-based vaccine may offer protection in cattle by limiting colonization and subsequent infection, and Spore-MhCP warrants further evaluation in cattle as a mucosal vaccine against M. haemolytica.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mice; Mannheimia haemolytica; Spores, Bacterial; Respiratory System; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37563163
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29732-4 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Feb 2024In late 2022, health care institutions in Germany reported an unusual number of severe, invasive bacterial infections in association with a high incidence of viral... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
In late 2022, health care institutions in Germany reported an unusual number of severe, invasive bacterial infections in association with a high incidence of viral respiratory infections.
METHODS
We analyzed routine data on invasive infections due to Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes (2017-2023) from a voluntary, laboratory-based surveillance system involving continuously participating facilities providing diagnostic routine data that cover approximately one-third of the German population.
RESULTS
In the first quarter (Q1) of 2023, the number of invasive S. pyogenes isolates rose by 142% (n = 837 vs. mean Q1/2017-2019 = 346, 95% CI [258; 434]), while the number of H. influenzae isolates rose by 90% (n = 209 in Q1/2023 vs. mean Q1/2017-2019 = 110, 95% CI [79; 142]), compared to pre-pandemic seasonal peak values. The number of invasive S. pneumoniae isolates was high in two quarters (n = 1732 in Q4/2022 und Q1/2023). Adults aged 55 and older and children younger than 5 years were most affected by invasive H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes infections. N. meningitidis was most commonly found in children under age 5.
CONCLUSION
The reason for the marked rise in invasive bacterial infections may be an increased circulation of respiratory pathogens and elevated susceptibility in the population after relaxation of the measures taken to prevent COVID-19 infection. Coinfections with respiratory viruses may have reinforced this effect. We recommend continuous surveillance, preventive measures such as raising awareness about invasive bacterial diseases, and vaccination as recommended by the German Standing Committee on Vaccinations (STIKO).
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Bacterial Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria meningitidis; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Respiratory Tract Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38229497
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0261 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Oct 2023The present study aimed to isolate Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) from pulmonary cases in several avian species and then investigate the histopathological...
The present study aimed to isolate Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) from pulmonary cases in several avian species and then investigate the histopathological features, antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence characteristics, and risk factors analysis of the isolates in each species in correlation with epidemiological mapping of pasteurellosis in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The obtained data revealed a total occurrence of 9.4% (30/317) of P. multocida among the examined birds (chickens, ducks, quails, and turkeys). The incidence rate was influenced by avian species, climate, breed, age, clinical signs, and sample type. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were sensitive to florfenicol and enrofloxacin, while 86.6 and 73.3% of the isolates displayed resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin, respectively. All of the P. multocida isolates showed a multiple-drug resistant pattern with an average index of 0.43. Molecular characterization revealed that the oma87, sodA, and ptfA virulence genes were detected in the all examined P. multocida isolates. The ermX (erythromycin), blaROB-1 (β-lactam), and mcr-1(colistin) resistance genes were present in 60, 46.6, and 40% of the isolates, respectively. Ducks and quails were the most virulent and harbored species of antimicrobial-resistant genes. These results were in parallel with postmortem and histopathological examinations which detected more severe interstitial pneumonia lesions in the trachea and lung, congestion, and cellular infiltration especially in ducks. Epidemiological mapping revealed that the Fakous district was the most susceptible to pasteurellosis infection. Thus, farmers are recommended to monitor their flocks for signs of respiratory disease, seek veterinary care promptly if any birds are sick, and avoid the random usage of antibiotics. In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive picture of the risk factors in correlation to the pathognomonic characteristics of P. multocida infection in poultry sectors to help in developing more effective strategies for prevention and control.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Egypt; Chickens; Pasteurella Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin
PubMed: 37807011
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03774-2 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2024Sheep and goat production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous substandard production systems and various diseases. Respiratory disease complexes (RDC) pose a significant...
BACKGROUND
Sheep and goat production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous substandard production systems and various diseases. Respiratory disease complexes (RDC) pose a significant threat to the productivity of these animals. Pneumonia is a common manifestation of respiratory disease complexes and often necessitates a prolonged course of antibiotic treatment. This study aimed to optimize and propose the ideal duration of therapy for pneumonia in sheep and goats.
METHODS
The study was conducted from February to June 2021 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University. The study recruited 54 sheep and goats presented to the hospital for treatment with a confirmed RDC as determined based on clinical signs and bacteriological methods. The animals were randomly allocated to 5 groups each group receiving 10% oxytetracycline (Phenxyl, Phenix, Belgum) intramuscularly for a duration of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 consecutive days. The treatment outcomes were assessed by recording vital signs (body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, coughing, and nasal discharges), performing lung ultrasonography (L-USG) as well as collection of nasal swabs for bacterial isolation and molecular identification before and after completion of the treatment. An ordered logistic regression model with random effects was employed to determine the optimal therapeutic duration, taking into account the cumulative scores of the outcome variables across the different groups.
RESULTS
Among the 54 sheep and goats treated with 10% oxytetracycline, a total of 74.07% (95% CI, 60.35-85.04) achieved complete recovery, as confirmed through clinical, ultrasound, and bacteriological methods. In Group 1 (G1), out of 12 sheep and goats, 8 (83.0%) recovered completely; in Group 2 (G2), out of 11 animals, 9 (82.0%) recovered completely; in Group 3 (G3), out of 11 animals, 10 (93.0%) recovered completely; in Group 4 (G4), out of 9 animals, 9 (100.0%) recovered completely; and in Group 5 (G5), out of 11 animals, 10 (91.0%) recovered completely. Bacteriological examination of nasal swabs indicated involvement of M. hemolytica in 27 (50.00%) and P. multocida in 13 (24.07%) of pneumonic animals. Detection of specific marker genes confirmed only five of the presumptive M. hemolytica isolates, whilst no isolates tested positive for P. multocida. Post-treatment samples collected from recovered animals did not yield any M. hemolytica nor P. multocida. Based on results from clinical signs, L-USG, and bacterial infection variables, the group of sheep and goats treated for seven consecutive days (G5) showed the highest recovery score compared to the other groups, and there was a statistically significant difference (coefficient (β) = - 2.296, p = 0.021) in variable score between G5 and G1. These findings suggest that the administration of 10% oxytetracycline for a full course of seven consecutive days resulted in symptomatic and clinical recovery rates from respiratory disease in sheep and goats.
Topics: Animals; Ethiopia; Goat Diseases; Goats; Hospitals, Animal; Hospitals, Teaching; Oxytetracycline; Pasteurella multocida; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 38395815
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03917-z -
Veterinary Microbiology Jan 2024Mannheimia haemolytica is known as one of the major bacterial contributors to Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) syndrome. This study sought to establish a novel...
Mannheimia haemolytica is known as one of the major bacterial contributors to Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) syndrome. This study sought to establish a novel species-specific PCR to aid in identification of this key pathogen. As well, an existing multiplex PCR was used to determine the prevalence of serovars 1, 2 or 6 in Australia. Most of the 65 studied isolates originated from cattle with a total of 11 isolates from small ruminants. All problematic field isolates in the identification or serotyping PCRs were subjected to whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The field isolates were also subjected to rep-PCR fingerprinting. A total of 59 out of the 65 tested isolates were conformed as M. haemolytica by the new species-specific PCR which is based on the rpoB gene. The confirmed M. haemolytica field isolates were assigned to serovars 1 (24 isolates), 2 (seven isolates) and 6 (26 isolates) while two of the isolates were negative in the serotyping PCR. The two non-typeable isolates were assigned to serovar 7 and 14 following whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The rep-PCR typing resulted in five major clusters with serovars 1 and 6 often within the same cluster. The M. haemolytica-specific PCR developed in this work was species specific and should be a valuable support for frontline diagnostic laboratories. The serotyping results support the relative importance of serovars 1 and 6 in bovine respiratory disease.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Serotyping; Cattle Diseases; Ruminants; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 38086163
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109930 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis remains a challenge in most developing countries due to low yield from bacterial culture, widespread use of non-prescription...
Comparison of bacterial culture with BioFire® FilmArray® multiplex PCR screening of archived cerebrospinal fluid specimens from children with suspected bacterial meningitis in Nigeria.
BACKGROUND
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis remains a challenge in most developing countries due to low yield from bacterial culture, widespread use of non-prescription antibiotics, and weak microbiology laboratories. The objective of this study was to compare the yield from standard bacterial culture with the multiplex nested PCR platform, the BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel (BioFire ME Panel), for cases with suspected acute bacterial meningitis.
METHODS
Following Gram stain and bacterial culture on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from children aged less than 5 years with a clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) as defined by the WHO guidelines, residual CSF specimens were frozen and later tested by BioFire ME Panel.
RESULTS
A total of 400 samples were analyzed. Thirty-two [32/400 (8%)] of the specimens were culture positive, consisting of; three Salmonella spp. (2 Typhi and 1 non-typhi), three alpha hemolytic Streptococcus, one Staphylococcus aureus, six Neisseria meningitidis, seven Hemophilus influenzae, 11 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 368 were culture negative. Of the 368 culture-negative specimens, the BioFire ME Panel detected at least one bacterial pathogen in 90 (24.5%) samples, consisting of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae, predominantly. All culture positive specimens for H. influenzae, N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae also tested positive with the BioFire ME Panel. In addition, 12 specimens had mixed bacterial pathogens identified. For the first time in this setting, we have data on the viral agents associated with meningitis. Single viral agents were detected in 11 (2.8%) samples while co-detections with bacterial agents or other viruses occurred in 23 (5.8%) of the samples.
CONCLUSIONS
The BioFire® ME Panel was more sensitive and rapid than culture for detecting bacterial pathogens in CSF. The BioFire® ME Panel also provided for the first time, the diagnosis of viral etiologic agents that are associated with meningoencephalitis in this setting. Institution of PCR diagnostics is recommended as a routine test for suspected cases of ABM to enhance early diagnosis and optimal treatment.
Topics: Child; Humans; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Encephalitis; Nigeria; Meningitis, Bacterial; Meningitis; Neisseria meningitidis; Bacteria; Haemophilus influenzae; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Cerebrospinal Fluid
PubMed: 37784010
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08645-7 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal Aug 2023Empyema can rarely complicate pneumonia in neonates; it has a high morbidity and mortality in this population. We report a two-month-old healthy term male neonate who...
Empyema can rarely complicate pneumonia in neonates; it has a high morbidity and mortality in this population. We report a two-month-old healthy term male neonate who presented with fever, mild shortness of breath and reduced feeding to a tertiary care hospital in Muscat, Oman, in 2021. Investigations revealed the presence of Haemophilus influenzae empyema. He was managed with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and prolonged course of antibiotics. A follow-up at the end of the antibiotic course revealed complete symptom resolution with a repeated chest x-ray showing significant right chest opacity improvement. A baseline immune work-up was done and was reported to be within normal ranges.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant; Male; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Empyema; Fever; Haemophilus influenzae; Oman
PubMed: 37655094
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.5.2022.041 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Dec 2023The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in China.
METHODS
A total of 125 G. parasuis and 28 A. indolicus strains collected between 2009 and 2022 were screened for florfenicol resistance. Characterization of floR-positive isolates and plasmids were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation and transformation assays, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
One A. indolicus and six G. parasuis were identified as positive for floR. The six G. parasuis were assigned to four different serovars, including serovars 6, 7, 9, and unknown. In addition to strain XP11, six floR genes were located on plasmids. The six floR-bearing plasmids could be transformed into Pasteurella multocida and divided into two different types, including ∼5000 bp and ∼6000 bp plasmids. The ∼5000 bp plasmids consisting of rep, lysR, mobB, and floR genes, exhibited high similarity among Pasteurellaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the ∼6000 bp plasmids, consisting of rep, lysR, mobC, mobA/L, and floR genes, showed high similarity between G. parasuis and Actinobacillus Spp. Notably, WGS results showed that the floR modules of the two types of plasmids could be transferred and integrated into the diverse Pasteurellaceae- origined plasmids.
CONCLUSION
This study firstly reported the characterization of floR-carrying plasmids from A. indolicus and a non-virulent serovar of G. parasuis in pigs in China and elucidated the transmission mechanism of the floR resistance gene among the Pasteurellaceae family.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Actinobacillus
PubMed: 37726088
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.009