-
European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Mar 2024To investigate gingival inflammation and prevalence of four specific periodontal associated pathogens in Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in relation to orofacial...
AIM
To investigate gingival inflammation and prevalence of four specific periodontal associated pathogens in Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in relation to orofacial pain, jaw function and systemic inflammatory activity in JIA.
METHODS
Forty-five children with JIA and 16 healthy children as controls, were enrolled. Subjects were examined and classified according to the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). Pain, pain-related disability and jaw function were also assessed. A clinical periodontal examination was performed. Subgingival plaque samples were collected and analyzed for semiquantitative levels of the following periodontal pathogens; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomintans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that the periodontal disease-associated bacteria P. gingivalis and T. forsythia do not contribute to neither periodontal disease, systemic inflammatory activity nor orofacial pain and jaw dysfunction, including TMJ arthritis, in JIA patients in Sweden.
Topics: Child; Humans; Arthritis, Juvenile; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontal Diseases; Tannerella forsythia; Facial Pain; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
PubMed: 38353519
DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2024.1913 -
Veterinary Research Sep 2023Due to the increase in bacterial resistance, improving the anti-infectious immunity of the host is rapidly becoming a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of...
Due to the increase in bacterial resistance, improving the anti-infectious immunity of the host is rapidly becoming a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial pneumonia. However, the specific lung immune responses and key immune cell subsets involved in bacterial infection are obscure. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) can cause porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease that has caused severe economic losses in the swine industry. Here, using high-dimensional mass cytometry, the major immune cell repertoire in the lungs of mice with APP infection was profiled. Various phenotypically distinct neutrophil subsets and Ly-6C inflammatory monocytes/macrophages accumulated post-infection. Moreover, a linear differentiation trajectory from inactivated to activated to apoptotic neutrophils corresponded with the stages of uninfected, onset, and recovery of APP infection. CD14 neutrophils, which mainly increased in number during the recovery stage of infection, were revealed to have a stronger ability to produce cytokines, especially IL-10 and IL-21, than their CD14 counterparts. Importantly, MHC-II neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features were identified, and their numbers increased in the lung after APP infection. Similar results were further confirmed in the lungs of piglets infected with APP and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by using a single-cell RNA-seq technique. Additionally, a correlation analysis between cluster composition and the infection process yielded a dynamic and temporally associated immune landscape where key immune clusters, including previously unrecognized ones, marked various stages of infection. Thus, these results reveal the characteristics of key neutrophil clusters and provide a detailed understanding of the immune response to bacterial pneumonia.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Swine; Neutrophils; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pleuropneumonia; Mycoplasma Infections; Actinobacillus Infections; Ascomycota; Lung; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 37705063
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01207-4 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Oct 2023The present study aimed to isolate Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) from pulmonary cases in several avian species and then investigate the histopathological...
The present study aimed to isolate Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) from pulmonary cases in several avian species and then investigate the histopathological features, antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence characteristics, and risk factors analysis of the isolates in each species in correlation with epidemiological mapping of pasteurellosis in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The obtained data revealed a total occurrence of 9.4% (30/317) of P. multocida among the examined birds (chickens, ducks, quails, and turkeys). The incidence rate was influenced by avian species, climate, breed, age, clinical signs, and sample type. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were sensitive to florfenicol and enrofloxacin, while 86.6 and 73.3% of the isolates displayed resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin, respectively. All of the P. multocida isolates showed a multiple-drug resistant pattern with an average index of 0.43. Molecular characterization revealed that the oma87, sodA, and ptfA virulence genes were detected in the all examined P. multocida isolates. The ermX (erythromycin), blaROB-1 (β-lactam), and mcr-1(colistin) resistance genes were present in 60, 46.6, and 40% of the isolates, respectively. Ducks and quails were the most virulent and harbored species of antimicrobial-resistant genes. These results were in parallel with postmortem and histopathological examinations which detected more severe interstitial pneumonia lesions in the trachea and lung, congestion, and cellular infiltration especially in ducks. Epidemiological mapping revealed that the Fakous district was the most susceptible to pasteurellosis infection. Thus, farmers are recommended to monitor their flocks for signs of respiratory disease, seek veterinary care promptly if any birds are sick, and avoid the random usage of antibiotics. In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive picture of the risk factors in correlation to the pathognomonic characteristics of P. multocida infection in poultry sectors to help in developing more effective strategies for prevention and control.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Egypt; Chickens; Pasteurella Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin
PubMed: 37807011
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03774-2 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023There is limited understanding of how the microbiota colonizing various maternal tissues contribute to the development of the neonatal gut microbiota (GM). To determine...
There is limited understanding of how the microbiota colonizing various maternal tissues contribute to the development of the neonatal gut microbiota (GM). To determine the contribution of various maternal microbiotic sites to the offspring microbiota in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) during early life, litters of mice were sacrificed at 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 21 days of age, and fecal and ileal samples were collected. Dams were euthanized alongside their pups, and oral, vaginal, ileal, and fecal samples were collected. This was done in parallel using mice with either a low-richness or high-richness microbiota to assess the consistency of findings across multiple microbial compositions. Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The compositional similarity between pup and dam samples were used to determine the contribution of each maternal source to the composition of the neonate fecal and ileal samples at each timepoint. As expected, similarity between neonate and maternal feces increased significantly over time. During earlier time-points however, the offspring fecal and ileal microbiotas were closer in composition to the maternal oral microbiota than other maternal sites. Prominent taxa contributed by the maternal oral microbiota to the neonate GM were supplier-dependent and included Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., and a member of the Pasteurellaceae family. These findings align with the microbial taxa reported in infant microbiotas, highlighting the translatability of mouse models in this regard, as well as the dynamic nature of the GM during early life.
Topics: Female; Animals; Mice; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Microbiota; Disease Models, Animal; Feces
PubMed: 37608207
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40703-7 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Cytolethal distending toxins (Cdt) are a family of toxins produced by several human pathogens which infect mucocutaneous tissue and induce inflammatory disease. Human...
Cytolethal distending toxins (Cdt) are a family of toxins produced by several human pathogens which infect mucocutaneous tissue and induce inflammatory disease. Human macrophages exposed to () Cdt respond through canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation to stimulate cytokine release. The inflammatory response is dependent on PI3K signaling blockade via the toxin's phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase activity; converting PIP3 to phosphatidylinsoitol-3,4-diphosphate (PI3,4P2) thereby depleting PIP3 pools. Phosphoinositides, also play a critical role in phagosome trafficking, serving as binding domains for effector proteins during phagosome maturation and subsequent fusion with lysosomes. We now demonstrate that Cdt manipulates the phosphoinositide (PI) pools of phagosome membranes and alters Rab5 association. Exposure of macrophages to Cdt slowed phagosome maturation and decreased phago-lysosome formation, thereby compromising macrophage phagocytic function. Moreover, macrophages exposed to Cdt showed decreased bactericidal capacity leading to increase in survival. Thus, Cdt may contribute to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. These studies uncover an underexplored aspect of Cdt function and provide new insight into the virulence potential of Cdt in mediating the pathogenesis of disease caused by Cdt-producing organisms such as
Topics: Humans; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phagocytes; Macrophages; Phosphatidylinositols
PubMed: 37719670
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1220089 -
BMC Veterinary Research Aug 2023Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. Serotyping is the most common method used to type G. parasuis isolates. However, the high...
BACKGROUND
Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. Serotyping is the most common method used to type G. parasuis isolates. However, the high number of non-typables (NT) and low discriminatory power make serotyping problematic. In this study, 218 field clinical isolates and 15 G. parasuis reference strains were whole-genome sequenced (WGS). Multilocus sequence types (MLST), serotypes, core-genome phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and putative virulence gene information was extracted.
RESULTS
In silico WGS serotyping identified 11 of 15 serotypes. The most frequently detected serotypes were 7, 13, 4, and 2. MLST identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which 66 were novel. The most predominant ST was ST454. Core-genome phylogeny depicted 3 primary lineages (LI, LII, and LIII), with LIIIA sublineage isolates lacking all vtaA genes, based on the structure of the phylogenetic tree and the number of virulence genes. At least one group 1 vtaA virulence genes were observed in most isolates (97.2%), except for serotype 8 (ST299 and ST406), 15 (ST408 and ST552) and NT (ST448). A few group 1 vtaA genes were significantly associated with certain serotypes or STs. The putative virulence gene lsgB, was detected in 8.3% of the isolates which were predominantly of serotype 5/12. While most isolates carried the bcr, ksgA, and bacA genes, the following antimicrobial resistant genes were detected in lower frequency; blaZ (6.9%), tetM (3.7%), spc (3.7%), tetB (2.8%), bla-ROB-1 (1.8%), ermA (1.8%), strA (1.4%), qnrB (0.5%), and aph3''Ia (0.5%). CONCLUSION: This study showed the use of WGS to type G. parasuis isolates and can be considered an alternative to the more labor-intensive and traditional serotyping and standard MLST. Core-genome phylogeny provided the best strain discrimination. These findings will lead to a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and virulence in G. parasuis that can be applied to the future development of diagnostic tools, autogenous vaccines, evaluation of antibiotic use, prevention, and disease control.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Serogroup; Serotyping; Haemophilus parasuis; North America
PubMed: 37641044
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03698-x -
The Lancet. Microbe Jan 2024Deployment of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as face masking and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic could have altered the transmission dynamics and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Deployment of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as face masking and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic could have altered the transmission dynamics and carriage of respiratory organisms. We evaluated colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae and other upper respiratory tract bacterial colonisers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
We did two cross-sectional surveys in Soweto, South Africa from July 3 to Dec 13, 2018 (pre-COVID-19 period) and from Aug 4, 2021, to March 31, 2022 (COVID-19 period) in healthy children (aged ≤60 months) who had recorded HIV status and had not received antibiotics in the 21 days before enrolment. At enrolment, we collected nasopharyngeal swab samples from child participants. Following nucleic acid extraction, nanofluidic quantitative PCR was used to screen all samples for 92 S pneumoniae serotypes and 14 other bacteria. The primary objective was to compare the prevalence and density of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonisation, overall and stratified by 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotypes and non-vaccine serotypes. Secondary study objectives included a comparison of serotype-specific pneumococcal colonisation and density, as well as colonisation by the 14 other bacteria in the COVID-19 versus pre-COVID-19 period. We used an adjusted multiple logistic and linear regression model to compare the colonisation prevalence and density between study periods.
FINDINGS
We analysed nasopharyngeal swabs from 1107 children (n=571 in the pre-COVID-19 period; n=536 in the COVID-19 period). We observed no change in overall pneumococcal colonisation between periods (274 [51%] of 536 in the COVID-19 period vs 282 [49%] of 571 in the pre-COVID-19 period; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·03 [95% CI 0·95-1·12]). The prevalence of PCV13 serotypes was lower in the COVID-19 than in the pre-COVID-19 period (72 [13%] vs 106 [19%]; 0·87 [0·78-0·97]), whereas the prevalence of non-typeable S pneumoniae was higher (34 [6%] vs 63 [12%]; 1·30 [1·12-1·50]). The mean log density for overall pneumococcal colonisation was lower in the COVID-19 period than in the pre-COVID-19 period (3·96 [95% CI 3·85-4·07] vs 4·72 [4·63-4·80] log genome equivalents per mL; p<0·0001). A lower density of non-vaccine serotypes (3·63 [3·51-3·74] vs 4·08 [3·95-4·22] log genome equivalents per mL; p<0·0001) and non-typeable S pneumoniae (3·11 [2·94-3·29] vs 4·41 [4·06-4·75] log genome equivalents per mL; p<0·00001) was also observed in the COVID-19 period. There was no difference in the density of PCV13 serotypes between the periods. The prevalence of colonisation during the COVID-19 versus pre-COVID-19 period was lower for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (280 [49%] vs 165 [31%]; aOR 0·77 [95% CI 0·71-0·84]), Moraxella catarrhalis (328 [57%] vs 242 [45%]; 0·85 [0·79-0·92]), and Neisseria lactamica (51 [9%] vs 13 [2%]; 0·64 [0·52-0·78]), but higher for Acinetobacter baumannii (34 [6%] vs 102 [19%]; 1·55 [1·35-1·77]) and Staphylococcus aureus (29 [5%] vs 52 [10%]; 1·28 [1·10-1·50]).
INTERPRETATION
There were variable effects on the colonisation prevalence and density of bacterial organisms during the COVID-19 compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. The lower prevalence of PCV13 serotype together with other respiratory organisms including non-typeable H influenzae and M catarrhalis could have in part contributed to a decrease in all-cause lower respiratory tract infections observed in South Africa during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pathophysiological mechanism for the increase in A baumannii and S aureus colonisation warrants further investigation, as does the clinical relevance of these findings.
FUNDING
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Topics: Child; Humans; South Africa; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pandemics; Carrier State; COVID-19; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Nasopharynx; Moraxella catarrhalis; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 38048806
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00260-4 -
Glycobiology Oct 2023Pasteurella multocida, an encapsulated gram-negative bacterium, is a significant veterinary pathogen. The P. multocida is classified into 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, and...
Pasteurella multocida, an encapsulated gram-negative bacterium, is a significant veterinary pathogen. The P. multocida is classified into 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) based on the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which is important for virulence. Serogroups B and E are the primary causative agents of bovine hemorrhagic septicemia that is associated with significant yearly losses of livestock worldwide, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. The P. multocida disease is currently managed by whole-cell vaccination, albeit with limited efficacy. CPS is an attractive antigen target for an improved vaccine: CPS-based vaccines have proven highly effective against human bacterial diseases and could provide longer-term protection against P. multocida. The recently elucidated CPS repeat units of serogroups B and E both comprise a N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminuronic acid/N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone with β-D-fructofuranose (Fruf) side chain, but differ in their glycosidic linkages, and a glycine (Gly) side chain in serogroup B. Interestingly, the Haemophilus influenzae types e and d CPS have the same backbone residues. Here, comparative modeling of P. multocida serogroups B and E and H. influenzae types e and d CPS identifies a significant impact of small structural differences on both the chain conformation and the exposed potential antibody-binding epitopes (Ep). Further, Fruf and/or Gly side chains shield the immunogenic amino-sugar CPS backbone-a possible common strategy for immune evasion in both P. multocida and H. influenzae. As the lack of common epitopes suggests limited potential for cross-reactivity, a bivalent CPS-based vaccine may be necessary to provide adequate protection against P. multocida types B and E.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurella Infections; Polysaccharides; Vaccines; Epitopes
PubMed: 37334939
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad049 -
Microbiology Spectrum Apr 2024is an upper respiratory tract commensal in several mammal and bird species but can also cause severe disease in humans and in production animals such as poultry,...
is an upper respiratory tract commensal in several mammal and bird species but can also cause severe disease in humans and in production animals such as poultry, cattle, and pigs. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of isolates recovered from a range of human infections, from the mouths of cats, and from wounds on dogs. Together with publicly available genome sequences, we performed phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses. While isolates from cats and dogs were spread across the phylogenetic tree, human infections were caused almost exclusively by subsp. strains. Most of the human isolates were capsule type A and LPS type L1 and L3; however, some strains lacked a capsule biosynthesis locus, and some strains contained a novel LPS outer-core locus, distinct from the eight LPS loci that can currently be identified using an LPS multiplex PCR. In addition, the strains isolated from human infections contained novel mobile genetic elements. We compiled a curated database of known virulence factor and antibiotic resistance genes (PastyVRDB) allowing for detailed characterization of isolates. The majority of human isolates encoded a reduced range of iron receptors and contained only one filamentous hemagglutinin gene. Finally, gene-trait analysis identified a putative L-fucose uptake and utilization pathway that was over-represented in subsp. strains and may represent a novel host predilection mechanism in this subspecies. Together, these analyses have identified pathogenic mechanisms likely important for zoonotic infections.IMPORTANCE can cause serious infections in humans, including skin and wound infections, pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis, and bacteraemia. Cats and dogs are known vectors of human pasteurellosis, transmitting via bite wounds or contact with animal saliva. The mechanisms that underpin human predilection and pathogenesis are poorly understood. With increasing identification of antibiotic-resistant strains, understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing novel treatments and control strategies to combat human infection. Here, we show that a narrow range of strains cause disease in humans, while cats and dogs, common vectors for zoonotic infections, can harbor a wide range of strains. We also present a curated -specific database, allowing quick and detailed characterization of newly sequenced isolates.
Topics: Humans; Cats; Cattle; Animals; Swine; Dogs; Pasteurella multocida; Phylogeny; Lipopolysaccharides; Pasteurella Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Zoonoses; Mammals
PubMed: 38426766
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03805-23 -
Respiratory Medicine Jun 2024Antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with LRTIs are frequently associated with inefficient treatment outcomes. Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,... (Review)
Review
Inhaled antibiotics: A promising drug delivery strategies for efficient treatment of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) associated with antibiotic resistant biofilm-dwelling and intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with LRTIs are frequently associated with inefficient treatment outcomes. Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, infections are strongly associated with pulmonary exacerbations and require frequent hospital admissions, usually following failed management in the community. These bacteria are difficult to treat as they demonstrate multiple adaptational mechanisms including biofilm formation to resist antibiotic threats. Currently, many patients with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF), non-CF bronchiectasis (NCFB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience exacerbations of their lung disease and require high doses of systemically administered antibiotics to achieve meaningful clinical effects, but even with high systemic doses penetration of antibiotic into the site of infection within the lung is suboptimal. Pulmonary drug delivery technology that reliably deliver antibacterials directly into the infected cells of the lungs and penetrate bacterial biofilms to provide therapeutic doses with a greatly reduced risk of systemic adverse effects. Inhaled liposomal-packaged antibiotic with biofilm-dissolving drugs offer the opportunity for targeted, and highly effective antibacterial therapeutics in the lungs. Although the challenges with development of some inhaled antibiotics and their clinicals trials have been studied; however, only few inhaled products are available on market. This review addresses the current treatment challenges of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the lung with some clinical outcomes and provides future directions with innovative ideas on new inhaled formulations and delivery technology that promise enhanced killing of antibiotic-resistant biofilm-dwelling bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Biofilms; Administration, Inhalation; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Respiratory Tract Infections; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Liposomes; Bronchiectasis; Haemophilus influenzae; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Cystic Fibrosis
PubMed: 38729529
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107661