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Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2023Cognitive functions have been the subject of studies evaluating the pathophysiological mechanism of speech control.
UNLABELLED
Cognitive functions have been the subject of studies evaluating the pathophysiological mechanism of speech control.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the groups of patients with and without speech disorders with cognitive assessment, demographic, and clinical data (disease duration, functionality, and motor symptoms).
METHODS
Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients were evaluated using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III and neuropsychological tests. The following speech subsystems were analyzed: articulation, phonation, resonance, and prosody, through auditory-perceptual evaluation (based on the Protocol for the Evaluation of Acquired Speech Disorders in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease - PADAF Protocol tests), observing aspects of speech programming and execution. The patients were distributed into three subgroups (normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia). After speech evaluation, they were divided into two subgroups (with and without speech disorders).
RESULTS
A total of 150 patients participated in this study, 104 men and 46 women, 63.58 (8.81) years of age, 11.03 (4.00) years of schooling, 6.61 (4.69) years of disease progression, and with the highest proportion of individuals in stage I-II of the Hoehn & Yarh (H&Y) scale (86, or 57.33%). Statistically significant differences were observed between subgroups with and without speech alteration. Worse performance was verified in the Trail Making Test (TMT) TMT-Δ and a tendency of difference in the TMT-B of the subgroup with speech disorders, in addition to worse severity of motor symptoms (H&Y) and cognitive complaints.
CONCLUSION
Individuals with speech disorders brought more frequent cognitive complaints and impairment below expected in tests assessing executive functions. Future studies, with stratification by type of speech disorder, are necessary to contribute to and validate these results.
PubMed: 38028381
DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-DN-2022-0093 -
Psychological Medicine Oct 2023Although aberrant brain regional responses are reported in social anxiety disorder (SAD), little is known about resting-state functional connectivity at the macroscale...
BACKGROUND
Although aberrant brain regional responses are reported in social anxiety disorder (SAD), little is known about resting-state functional connectivity at the macroscale network level. This study aims to identify functional network abnormalities using a multivariate data-driven method in a relatively large and homogenous sample of SAD patients, and assess their potential diagnostic value.
METHODS
Forty-six SAD patients and 52 demographically-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited to undergo clinical evaluation and resting-state functional MRI scanning. We used group independent component analysis to characterize the functional architecture of brain resting-state networks (RSNs) and investigate between-group differences in intra-/inter-network functional network connectivity (FNC). Furtherly, we explored the associations of FNC abnormalities with clinical characteristics, and assessed their ability to discriminate SAD from HC using support vector machine analyses.
RESULTS
SAD patients showed widespread intra-network FNC abnormalities in the default mode network, the subcortical network and the perceptual system (i.e. sensorimotor, auditory and visual networks), and large-scale inter-network FNC abnormalities among those high-order and primary RSNs. Some aberrant FNC signatures were correlated to disease severity and duration, suggesting pathophysiological relevance. Furthermore, intrinsic FNC anomalies allowed individual classification of SAD HC with significant accuracy, indicating potential diagnostic efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS
SAD patients show distinct patterns of functional synchronization abnormalities both within and across large-scale RSNs, reflecting or causing a network imbalance of bottom-up response and top-down regulation in cognitive, emotional and sensory domains. Therefore, this could offer insights into the neurofunctional substrates of SAD.
Topics: Humans; Phobia, Social; Brain Mapping; Brain; Brain Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net
PubMed: 36330833
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722003439 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Jun 2024Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a disorder characterized by persistent visual disturbances, including the visual snow phenomenon, palinopsia, heightened perception of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a disorder characterized by persistent visual disturbances, including the visual snow phenomenon, palinopsia, heightened perception of entoptic phenomena, impaired night vision, and photophobia. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent findings over the past 18 months in VSS research and to summarize the current state of treatment approaches.
RECENT FINDINGS
Electrophysiological studies have revealed cortical hyperresponsivity in visual brain areas, imaging studies demonstrated microstructural and functional connectivity alterations in multiple cortical and thalamic regions and investigated glutamatergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission. These findings suggest that VSS might be a network disorder.Only few treatment studies are currently available demonstrating limited response to medication and even worsening or triggering of visual symptoms by certain antidepressants. Promising nonpharmacological treatments include mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, the use of chromatic filters, and research on visual noise adaption and neuro-optometric visual rehabilitation therapy (NORT). However, the level of evidence is still low and further research is needed including larger trials and involving objective measures of individual dysfunction.
SUMMARY
Although there has been recent progress, we still have not fully understood the nature of VSS. Further research is needed on a clinical and pathophysiological level to successfully treat the condition.
Topics: Humans; Vision Disorders; Syndrome; Perceptual Disorders
PubMed: 38465699
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001258 -
Schizophrenia Research Feb 2024In 20th century psychiatry, various disturbances of imagination were discussed in the context of schizophrenia. Today, these notions have almost completely vanished from... (Review)
Review
In 20th century psychiatry, various disturbances of imagination were discussed in the context of schizophrenia. Today, these notions have almost completely vanished from mainstream psychopathology. However, recent work has suggested that specific phenomena within this area have a relevance for differential diagnosis and early detection of psychosis. This paper first provides an overview of 20th century psychopathological literature, as well as more recent neurocognitive studies, addressing disturbances of imagination and their role for symptom formation in schizophrenia. It then discusses recent empirical investigations of subjective anomalies of imagination in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and suggests a clinical-phenomenological account of their role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Empirically and conceptually, these subjective anomalies are linked with disturbances of basic self. Patients' descriptions of the development of their anomalous experiences and symptoms indicate that increased spatial (object-like) articulation and instability of the first-personal manifestation of imaginative experience can be involved in the emergence of delusions and hallucinatory phenomena. Finally, a potential link between subjective anomalies of imagination and the neurocognitive construct of source monitoring deficits is discussed.
Topics: Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Imagination; Hallucinations; Psychopathology
PubMed: 38157680
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.024 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Aug 2023Body ownership is the multisensory perception of a body as one's own. Recently, the emergence of body ownership illusions like the visuotactile rubber hand illusion has...
Body ownership is the multisensory perception of a body as one's own. Recently, the emergence of body ownership illusions like the visuotactile rubber hand illusion has been described by Bayesian causal inference models in which the observer computes the probability that visual and tactile signals come from a common source. Given the importance of proprioception for the perception of one's body, proprioceptive information and its relative reliability should impact this inferential process. We used a detection task based on the rubber hand illusion where participants had to report whether the rubber hand felt like their own or not. We manipulated the degree of asynchrony of visual and tactile stimuli delivered to the rubber hand and the real hand under two levels of proprioceptive noise using tendon vibration applied to the lower arm's antagonist extensor and flexor muscles. As hypothesized, the probability of the emergence of the rubber hand illusion increased with proprioceptive noise. Moreover, this result, well fitted by a Bayesian causal inference model, was best described by a change in the a priori probability of a common cause for vision and touch. These results offer new insights into how proprioceptive uncertainty shapes the multisensory perception of one's own body.
Topics: Humans; Illusions; Uncertainty; Visual Perception; Bayes Theorem; Reproducibility of Results; Touch Perception; Hand; Proprioception; Body Image
PubMed: 37269634
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.005 -
Neuropsychopharmacology Reports Sep 2023Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to develop overt psychosis and share symptom presentations with those with schizophrenia (SZ). This study aimed to...
AIM
Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to develop overt psychosis and share symptom presentations with those with schizophrenia (SZ). This study aimed to explore differences in the distributions of psychotic symptoms among first-visit patients with ASD, SZ, or a nonpsychiatric diagnosis (N-PD).
METHODS
Data from first-visit patients were retrospectively collected from medical records from the Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital between June 2019 and May 2021. A total of 254 patients with data on the PRIME Screen-Revised (PS-R) assessments were included in our analysis. In the hospital, all psychiatric diagnoses were based on the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
RESULTS
In the ASD, SZ, and N-PD groups, endorsements of perplexity and delusional mood were 15.6% (7/45), 41.5% (44/106), and 1.1% (1/88), and those of perceptual abnormalities were 11.1% (5/45), 40.6% (43/106), and 2.3% (2/88), respectively. Trend analysis clarified that the endorsement of these psychotic symptoms increased from N-PD to ASD and SZ. In the multivariate-adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis, the ASD and N-PD groups were compared with the SZ group. Higher age and the presence of perceptual abnormalities were associated with lack of an ASD diagnosis, whereas male sex, lack of perplexity and delusional mood, and lack of perceptual abnormalities were associated with N-PD.
CONCLUSION
Our results are preliminary; however, a detailed assessment of positive symptoms might facilitate differentiation between ASD and SZ.
Topics: Humans; Male; Schizophrenia; Self Report; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Retrospective Studies; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 37605491
DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12374 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Duloxetine Hydrochloride; Hallucinations
PubMed: 38277643
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.23cr03595 -
Medicina Mar 2024Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) are Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ND) that frequently coexist together and have...
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) are Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ND) that frequently coexist together and have etiological, biological, and clinical factors in common. The comorbidity of both neurodevelopmental disorders is associated with a delay or lack of ASD diagnosis and the development of perceptual, emotional, cognitive and behavioral alterations related to Emotional Dysregulation (ED) is common. When both TN are not diagnosed in childhood, they frequently receive wrong diagnoses at later ages, the most frequent being Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The clinical presentation of the association of ASD and ADHD, the association with ED, differentiation of BPD, and evaluation and intervention are here analyzed. The comorbidity ASD, ADHD, ED is a more severe disorder associated to polypharmacology and hospital admissions.
Topics: Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autistic Disorder; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Comorbidity
PubMed: 38350624
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Accommodating talker variability is a complex and multi-layered cognitive process. It involves shifting attention to the vocal characteristics of the talker as well as...
Accommodating talker variability is a complex and multi-layered cognitive process. It involves shifting attention to the vocal characteristics of the talker as well as the linguistic content of their speech. Due to an interdependence between voice and phonological processing, multi-talker environments typically incur additional processing costs compared to single-talker environments. A failure or inability to efficiently distribute attention over multiple acoustic cues in the speech signal may have detrimental language learning consequences. Yet, no studies have examined effects of multi-talker processing in populations with atypical perceptual, social and language processing for communication, including autistic people. Employing a classic word-monitoring task, we investigated effects of talker variability in Australian English autistic (n = 24) and non-autistic (n = 28) adults. Listeners responded to target words (e.g., apple, duck, corn) in randomised sequences of words. Half of the sequences were spoken by a single talker and the other half by multiple talkers. Results revealed that autistic participants' sensitivity scores to accurately-spotted target words did not differ to those of non-autistic participants, regardless of whether they were spoken by a single or multiple talkers. As expected, the non-autistic group showed the well-established processing cost associated with talker variability (e.g., slower response times). Remarkably, autistic listeners' response times did not differ across single- or multi-talker conditions, indicating they did not show perceptual processing costs when accommodating talker variability. The present findings have implications for theories of autistic perception and speech and language processing.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Speech Perception; Autistic Disorder; Young Adult; Reaction Time; Speech; Attention; Middle Aged; Language
PubMed: 38926416
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62429-w -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Nov 2023To study the intellectual level and the factors influencing the intelligence in children aged 6-16 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
OBJECTIVES
To study the intellectual level and the factors influencing the intelligence in children aged 6-16 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted on 2 861 children who were diagnosed with ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition between October 2014 and September 2022 at Henan Children's Hospital. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition was used to assess the intellectual levels of the ADHD children. Based on intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, the intellectual levels were classified into five categories: borderline (70-79), low average (80-89), average (90-109), high average (110-119), and superior (≥120). The intellectual levels among the children of different genders, grades, and parental education levels were compared.
RESULTS
Among the 2 861 ADHD children, 569 (19.89%) were classified as borderline, 846 (29.57%) as low average, 1 304 (45.58%) as average, 111 (3.88%) as high average, and 31 (1.08%) as superior. The boys had lower scores in working memory, processing speed, and overall IQ than the girls (<0.05). There were significant differences in perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, and overall IQ scores among different grade groups (<0.05). The scores in language comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, and overall IQ were found to be associated with parental education level in ADHD children (<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The proportion of ADHD children with low average and borderline intellectual levels is relatively high. The IQ level of ADHD children is influenced by gender, grade level and parental education level.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child; Female; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Retrospective Studies; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Cognition
PubMed: 37990464
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2304110