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Journal of Affective Disorders Aug 2024Temperament and character are useful in risk assessment and therapy of individuals in the anxiety-depression spectrum but understudied in South Korea. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Temperament and character are useful in risk assessment and therapy of individuals in the anxiety-depression spectrum but understudied in South Korea.
OBJECTIVE
The study aimed to identify the temperament and character features associated with anxiety and/or depression in individuals with clinical disorders and in the general population.
METHODS
A representative sample of 1384 Korean adults over 18 years old (58 % female) were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multivariate analyses, including structural equation modeling and complex systems analysis, evaluated how personality influenced risk and resilience for anxiety and/or depression.
RESULTS
The three groups with anxiety and/or depression were strongly distinguished by temperament and character: (i) In AD (n = 58), Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were higher than in DD, and Self-directedness was higher than in AD+DD; (ii) In DD (n = 90), Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness were higher than in AD+DD; and (iii) In AD+DD (n = 101), Harm Avoidance was highest and Persistence and Self-directedness were lowest (i.e., they were lowest in Resilience). Structural equation models confirmed these risk relations with strong character development reducing the adverse effects of emotional hyperreactivity from extreme temperaments.
LIMITATIONS
Self-reports were measured only at one point in time, requiring collateral experimental data to support causal interpretation.
CONCLUSIONS
Interactions of temperament and character are strongly predictive of risk and resilience to anxiety and/or depression by regulating both positive and negative affect. Character mediates the adverse effects of extreme temperaments on affect.
Topics: Humans; Temperament; Female; Male; Republic of Korea; Adult; Character; Middle Aged; Anxiety; Personality Inventory; Depression; Anxiety Disorders; Young Adult; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Depressive Disorder; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 38759504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.052 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Jun 2024This final commentary, in comic format, frames this special issue using Graphic Medicine methodologies to explore broader themes and meanings related to the scientific...
This final commentary, in comic format, frames this special issue using Graphic Medicine methodologies to explore broader themes and meanings related to the scientific study of gender and health. Comics can be seen as a way to introduce complex human narratives and as an exploratory tool to ask broader social-contextual and ethical questions about health and medicine. This piece is also constructed through the lens of queer scholarship, which, together with the comics format, provides opportunities to build more embodied, complicated narratives about gender, sexuality and health. Most importantly, comics are used as a modality to tell compelling narratives about how individuals, rather than populations, may be impacted by biomedical conceptualizations of gender and health. The commentary includes a series of graphic narratives containing hypothetical stories and cases: stories of how individuals may be harmed within healthcare systems by rigid framings of gender, sex and sexuality, and stories about how gender socialization may impact health in subtle ways. These narratives furthermore examine the inextricable link between gender and power, illustrating how overt and covert manifestations of power may shape a person's health over the life course. Finally, the piece explores how expansive views of gender may contribute to positive health care experiences. The intention of this piece is to nudge scientific researchers and clinicians alike to approach the topic of gender, sexuality and health with nuance and curiosity.
Topics: Humans; Narration; Graphic Novels as Topic; Sexuality; Gender Identity; Female; Male
PubMed: 38825376
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116436 -
Prevention Science : the Official... May 2024Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and femicide (intimate partner femicide, IPF), as a worldwide phenomenon, cannot be explained in a simple way. From an... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and femicide (intimate partner femicide, IPF), as a worldwide phenomenon, cannot be explained in a simple way. From an ecological point of view, there are individual factors contemplated. In the current studies, we consider personality as an individual factor to clarify what differentiates a non-lethal IPVAW situation from a femicide. Study 1 was designed to investigate the accuracy with which trained interviewers judged the personality of a group of IPVAW perpetrators during an interview. The target sample of study 1 was composed of 293 males who after being interviewed completed a measure of personality assessing the "Big Three" model of personality. The interviewers performed fairly accurate judgements about the personality of the target participants. Study 2 shows the differences in personality, using Eysenck's personality model, between the IPF and IPVAW perpetrators and their victims. The total sample study 2 was formed of 551 participants distributed among IPF perpetrators, IPVAW perpetrators, and the victims of both groups. Differences in proportions were observed between both groups of perpetrators as well as between each group and their respective victims. With these findings, we propose personality as a femicide risk factor that should be taken into consideration by police officers and other practitioners when receiving an IPVAW report.
Topics: Humans; Male; Intimate Partner Violence; Female; Adult; Personality; Middle Aged; Crime Victims; Homicide; Young Adult
PubMed: 38006460
DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01619-w -
Military Psychology : the Official... 2023Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces are an at-risk population given their increased mental health concerns resulting from their military service. However, there has been...
Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces are an at-risk population given their increased mental health concerns resulting from their military service. However, there has been limited research conducted with this population during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine aspects of positive psychological functioning with 132 U.S. veterans during COVID-19 using Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping. Specifically, we examined the personal resources of hope and proactive personality, two coping styles, and satisfaction with life. We performed correlation analyses to determine how these constructs related to each other. We also conducted a regression analysis to examine if the two dimensions of hope, proactive personality, adaptive coping, and maladaptive coping predicted veterans' satisfaction with life. Lastly, we utilized a mediation analysis to investigate whether two coping styles mediated the relationships among personal resources and satisfaction with life. Findings from the regression analysis suggested hope pathways and proactive personality were significant predictors of satisfaction with life. Results from the mediation analysis suggested that adaptive and maladaptive coping did not mediate the relationships among personal resources and satisfaction with life.
Topics: Humans; Veterans; COVID-19; Adaptation, Psychological; Personality; Personal Satisfaction
PubMed: 37615554
DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2204060 -
A head-to-head comparison of eight unique personality systems in predicting somatization phenomenon.BMC Psychiatry Dec 2023If somatization is an independent personality trait, it is not clear whether it is specific to the temperament or maladaptive spectrum of personality. We aimed at the...
BACKGROUND
If somatization is an independent personality trait, it is not clear whether it is specific to the temperament or maladaptive spectrum of personality. We aimed at the head-to-head comparison of temperament and maladaptive systems and spectra of personality to predict both somatization and somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD).
METHODS
The samples included 257 cases with SSRD (70.8% female) and 1007 non-SSRD (64.3% female) from Western Iran. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Model (PANAS) was used to data collection. A somatization factor plus temperament and maladaptive spectra of personality were extracted using exploratory factor analysis. Several hierarchical linear and logistic regressions were used to test the predictive systems and spectra.
RESULTS
All personality systems jointly predict both somatization and SSRD with a slightly higher contribution for temperament systems. When the temperament and maladaptive spectra were compared, both spectra above each other significantly predicted both somatization (R = .407 versus .263) and SSRD (R = .280 versus .211). The temperament spectrum explained more variance beyond the maladaptive spectrum when predicting both the somatization factor (change in R = .156 versus .012) and SSRD (change in R = .079 versus .010).
CONCLUSION
All temperament and maladaptive frameworks of personality are complementary to predicting both somatization and SSRD. However, the somatization is more related to the temperament than the maladaptive spectrum of personality.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Bipolar Disorder; Personality; Personality Disorders; Temperament; Surveys and Questionnaires; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 38053166
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05424-1 -
Reproduction & Fertility Apr 2024The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as...
The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as Caster Semenya (who identifies as a woman) to compete in elite sport, or the rights of transgender women to use women's only spaces, there is an increasingly fierce debate as to the legitimacy of people's gender and sexual identities and what parameters should be used to define them. A common argument accepted by most in our society is that while gender may be a spectrum, sex is an inalienable binary.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Gender Identity; Sports; Athletes; Transsexualism; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 38492308
DOI: 10.1530/RAF-24-0005 -
Health Expectations : An International... Dec 2023We conducted a systematic review of qualitative evidence to improve understanding of the processes and outcomes of redress and reconciliation following a life-changing... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
We conducted a systematic review of qualitative evidence to improve understanding of the processes and outcomes of redress and reconciliation following a life-changing event from the perspectives of individuals experiencing the event and their families.
METHODS
We searched six bibliographic databases for primary qualitative evidence exploring the views of individuals who have experienced a life-changing event, and/or their family or carers, of redress or reconciliation processes. This was supplemented with targeted database searches, forward and backward citation chasing and searches of Google Scholar and relevant websites. Title and abstract and full-text screening were undertaken independently by two reviewers. Data extraction and quality appraisal were conducted by one reviewer and checked by a second. We used a best-fit framework synthesis approach, drawing upon procedural and restorative justice concepts.
FINDINGS
Fifty-three studies (61 papers) were eligible for inclusion. Forty-one studies (47 papers) were included in the synthesis, from which we identified four themes. Three themes 'Transparency', 'Person-centered' and 'Trustworthy' represent the procedural elements required to support a fair and objective process. The fourth, 'Restorative justice' encapsulates how a fair process feels to those who have experienced a life-changing event. This theme highlights the importance of an empathic relationship between the different parties involved in the redress-reconciliation process and the significance of being able to engage in meaningful action.
CONCLUSION
Our findings highlight the procedural aspects and context of redress-reconciliation processes required to ensure that the process and outcomes are experienced as fair. These criteria may be applied to the processes used to investigate both recent and historical patient safety events.
PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION
One member of the public affiliated with the Exeter Policy Research Programme Evidence Review Facility helped develop the review protocol. Two people with experience of medically life-changing events provided insight which corroborated our findings and identified important limitations of the evidence included in this review.
Topics: Humans; Caregivers; Qualitative Research; Patients; Empathy; Emotions
PubMed: 37452516
DOI: 10.1111/hex.13820 -
Pediatric Annals Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Pediatricians
PubMed: 38049187
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20231016-01 -
NeuroImage Jun 2024Previous studies of resting electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of personality traits have conflated periodic and aperiodic sources of EEG signals. Because these are...
Previous studies of resting electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of personality traits have conflated periodic and aperiodic sources of EEG signals. Because these are associated with different underlying neural dynamics, disentangling them can avoid measurement confounds and clarify findings. In a large sample (n = 300), we investigated how disentangling these activities impacts findings related to two research programs within personality neuroscience. In Study 1 we examined associations between Extraversion and two putative markers of reward sensitivity-Left Frontal Alpha asymmetry (LFA) and Frontal-Posterior Theta (FPT). In Study 2 we used machine learning to predict personality trait scores from resting EEG. In both studies, power within each EEG frequency bin was quantified as both total power and separate contributions of periodic and aperiodic activity. In Study 1, total power LFA and FPT correlated negatively with Extraversion (r ∼ -0.14), but there was no relation when LFA and FPT were derived only from periodic activity. In Study 2, all Big Five traits could be decoded from periodic power (r ∼ 0.20), and Agreeableness could also be decoded from total power and from aperiodic indices. Taken together, these results show how separation of periodic and aperiodic activity in resting EEG may clarify findings in personality neuroscience. Disentangling these signals allows for more reliable findings relating to periodic EEG markers of personality, and highlights novel aperiodic markers to be explored in future research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Personality; Adult; Electroencephalography; Young Adult; Extraversion, Psychological; Alpha Rhythm; Machine Learning; Theta Rhythm; Adolescent; Reward; Rest; Brain
PubMed: 38688430
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120628 -
International Journal of Law and... 2023The central question of this study is whether buffering, boosting and exacerbating effects of the Big Five personality factors extraversion, openness to experience,...
Personality moderators of the cross-sectional relationship between job demands and both burnout and work engagement in judges: The boosting effects of conscientiousness and introversion.
The central question of this study is whether buffering, boosting and exacerbating effects of the Big Five personality factors extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism can be demonstrated in the relationship between two job demands (i.e., work pressure and working overtime) and both burnout and work engagement in 257 Dutch judges. It is important to better understand the interaction effects between various job demands (work pressure and working overtime) and personality on both burnout and work engagement in judges given their increased risk of burnout and lower work engagement due to cognitively and their emotionally demanding work. Three hypotheses were tested in a cross-sectional design study. Moderation analyses showed that, as expected, conscientiousness significantly boosted the relationship between working overtime and work engagement. Hence, high scorers on conscientiousness showed more work engagement when working overtime. Also, extraversion moderated the relation between working overtime and work engagement, but only at a low level of extraversion. Thus, contrary to expectations, introverts showed more work engagement when they work overtime. Also, significant main effects were found. Work pressure and neuroticism related positively to burnout, while extraversion and agreeableness related negatively to burnout. Moreover, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness related positively to work engagement. In our study, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness can be considered as personal resources for judges, in line with the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. Especially conscientiousness can facilitate judges to cope with challenging working circumstances and introversion ensures that judges stay engaged despite working overtime.
Topics: Humans; Work Engagement; Introversion, Psychological; Personality; Burnout, Professional; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 37321135
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101902