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Infectious Diseases of Poverty Sep 2023Immunization is one of the most far-reaching and cost-effective strategies for promoting good health and saving lives. A complex immunization schedule, however, may be...
BACKGROUND
Immunization is one of the most far-reaching and cost-effective strategies for promoting good health and saving lives. A complex immunization schedule, however, may be burdensome to parents and lead to reduced vaccine compliance and completion. Thus, it is critical to develop combination vaccines to reduce the number of injections and simplify the immunization schedule. This study aimed to investigate the current status of the pentavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis inactivated poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate (DTaP-IPV/Hib) vaccination in Southern China as well as explore the factors in the general population associated with uptake and the differences between urban and rural populations.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with recently enrolled kindergarten students in Hainan Province between December 2022 and January 2023. The study employed a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method. Information regarding the demographic characteristics and factors that influence decisions were collected from the caregivers of children via an online questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with the status of DTap-IPV/Hib vaccinations.
RESULTS
Of the 4818 valid responses, 95.3% of children were aged 3-4 years, and 2856 (59.3%) held rural hukou. Coverage rates of the DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine, from 1 to 4 doses, were 24.4%, 20.7%, 18.5%, and 16.0%, respectively. Caregivers who are concerned about vaccine efficacy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-1.79], the manufacturer (aOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.69-2.49), and a simple immunization schedule (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.54) are factors associated with a higher likelihood of vaccinating children against DTaP-IPV/Hib. In addition, caregivers in urban areas showed more concern about the vaccine price (P = 0.010) and immunization schedule (P = 0.022) in regard to vaccinating children.
CONCLUSIONS
The DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine coverage rate in Hainan Province remains low. Factors such as lower socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, concerns about vaccine safety, and cost may hinder caregivers from vaccinating their children. Further measures, such as health education campaigns to raise knowledge and awareness, and encouragement of domestic vaccine innovation, which would reduce out-of-pocket costs, could be implemented to improve the coverage of DTap-IPV/Hib vaccination.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Vaccination; China; Educational Status
PubMed: 37715293
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01134-8 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Global... Jun 2024Pertussis, a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a leading global public health issue. Ethiopia is currently... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pertussis, a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a leading global public health issue. Ethiopia is currently conducting multiple pertussis outbreak investigations, but there is a lack of comprehensive information on attack rate, case fatality rate, and infection predictors. This study aimed to measure attack rates, case fatality rates, and factors associated with pertussis outbreak.
METHODS
This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies on pertussis outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2009 to 2023, using observational study designs, using the guideline Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The study utilized databases like Science Direct, MEDLINE/PubMed, African Journals Online, Google Scholar and registers. The data were collected using an Excel Spreadsheet and then exported to STATA version 17 for analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted to identify potential disparities. A random effects model was used to consider heterogeneity among studies. I-squared test statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. The attack rate, case fatality rate, and odds ratio (OR) were presented using forest plots with a 95% confidence interval. Egger's and Begg's tests were used to evaluate the publication bias.
RESULTS
Seven pertussis outbreak investigations with a total of 2824 cases and 18 deaths were incorporated. The pooled attack and case fatality rates were 10.78 (95% CI: 8.1-13.5) per 1000 population and 0.8% (95% CI: 0.01-1.58%), respectively. The highest and lowest attack rates were in Oromia (5.57 per 1000 population and in the Amhara region (2.61 per 1000 population), respectively. Predictor of pertussis outbreak were being unvaccinated [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.83-4.27] and contact history [OR = 3.44, 95% CI: 1.69-5.19].
CONCLUSION
Higher and notable variations in attack and case fatality rates were reported. Being unvaccinated and having contact history were the predictors of contracting pertussis disease in Ethiopia. Enhancing routine vaccination and contact tracing efforts should be strengthened.
Topics: Ethiopia; Humans; Whooping Cough; Disease Outbreaks; Incidence
PubMed: 38748376
DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00234-4 -
Diabetologia Aug 2023After birth, the neonatal islets gradually acquire glucose-responsive insulin secretion, a process that is subjected to maternal imprinting. Although NEFA are major...
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
After birth, the neonatal islets gradually acquire glucose-responsive insulin secretion, a process that is subjected to maternal imprinting. Although NEFA are major components of breastmilk and insulin secretagogues, their role for functional maturation of neonatal beta cells is still unclear. NEFA are the endogenous ligands of fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1, encoded by Ffar1 in mice), a Gq-coupled receptor with stimulatory effect on insulin secretion. This study investigates the role of FFA1 in neonatal beta cell function and in the adaptation of offspring beta cells to parental high-fat feeding.
METHODS
Wild-type (WT) and Ffar1 mice were fed high-fat (HFD) or chow diet (CD) for 8 weeks before mating, and during gestation and lactation. Blood variables, pancreas weight and insulin content were assessed in 1-, 6-, 11- and 26-day old (P1-P26) offspring. Beta cell mass and proliferation were determined in P1-P26 pancreatic tissue sections. FFA1/Gq dependence of insulin secretion was evaluated in isolated islets and INS-1E cells using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA strategy. Transcriptome analysis was conducted in isolated islets.
RESULTS
Blood glucose levels were higher in CD-fed Ffar1 P6-offspring compared with CD-fed WT P6-offspring. Accordingly, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and its potentiation by palmitate were impaired in CD Ffar1 P6-islets. In CD WT P6-islets, insulin secretion was stimulated four- to fivefold by glucose and five- and sixfold over GSIS by palmitate and exendin-4, respectively. Although parental HFD increased blood glucose in WT P6-offspring, it did not change insulin secretion from WT P6-islets. In contrast, parental HFD abolished glucose responsiveness (i.e. GSIS) in Ffar1 P6-islets. Inhibition of Gq by FR900359 or YM-254890 in WT P6-islets mimicked the effect of Ffar1 deletion, i.e. suppression of GSIS and of palmitate-augmented GSIS. The blockage of Gi/o by pertussis toxin (PTX) enhanced (100-fold) GSIS in WT P6-islets and rendered Ffar1 P6-islets glucose responsive, suggesting constitutive activation of Gi/o. In WT P6-islets, FR900359 cancelled 90% of PTX-mediated stimulation, while in Ffar1 P6-islets it completely abolished PTX-elevated GSIS. The secretory defect of Ffar1 P6-islets did not originate from insufficient beta cells, since beta cell mass increased with the offspring's age irrespective of genotype and diet. In spite of that, in the breastfed offspring (i.e. P1-P11) beta cell proliferation and pancreatic insulin content had a genotype- and diet-driven dynamic. Under CD, the highest proliferation rate was reached by the Ffar1 P6 offspring (3.95% vs 1.88% in WT P6), whose islets also showed increased mRNA levels of genes (e.g. Fos, Egr1, Jun) typically high in immature beta cells. Although parental HFD increased beta cell proliferation in both WT (4.48%) and Ffar1 (5.19%) P11 offspring, only the WT offspring significantly increased their pancreatic insulin content upon parental HFD (5.18 µg under CD to 16.93 µg under HFD).
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
FFA1 promotes glucose-responsive insulin secretion and functional maturation of newborn islets and is required for adaptive offspring insulin secretion in the face of metabolic challenge, such as parental HFD.
Topics: Female; Mice; Animals; Glucose; Insulin Secretion; Blood Glucose; Animals, Newborn; Islets of Langerhans; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Insulin; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Palmitates
PubMed: 37217659
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05932-5 -
PloS One 2024The resurgence of pertussis has occurred around the world. However, the epidemiological profiles of pertussis cannot be well understood by current diseases surveillance....
PURPOSE
The resurgence of pertussis has occurred around the world. However, the epidemiological profiles of pertussis cannot be well understood by current diseases surveillance. This study was designed to understand the seroepidemiological characteristics of pertussis infection in the general population of Huzhou City, evaluate the prevalence infection of pertussis in the population, and offer insights to inform adjustments in pertussis prevention and control strategies.
METHODS
From September to October 2023, a cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted in Huzhou City, involving 1015 permanent residents. Serum samples were collected from the study subjects, and pertussis toxin IgG antibodies (Anti-PT-IgG) were quantitatively measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis included the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of Anti-PT-IgG, rates of GMC≥40IU/mL, ≥100IU/mL, and <5IU/mL. Stratified comparisons were made based on age, vaccination history, and human categories.
RESULTS
Among the 1015 surveyed individuals, the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of Anti-PT-IgG was 10.52 (95% CI: 9.96-11.11) IU/mL, with a recent infection rate of 1.58%, a serum positivity rate of 11.43%, and a proportion with <5IU/mL of 40.49%. Among 357 children with clear vaccination history, susceptibility decreased with an increasing number of vaccine doses (Z = -6.793, P < 0.001). The concentration of Anti-PT-IgG exhibited a significant post-vaccination decline over time (Z = -5.143, P < 0.001). In women of childbearing age, the GMC of Anti-PT-IgG was 7.71 (95% CI: 6.90-8.62) IU/mL, with no significant difference in susceptibility among different age groups (χ2 = 0.545, P = 0.909). The annual pertussis infection rate in individuals aged ≥3 years was 9321 (95%CI: 3336-16039) per 100,000, with peak infection rates in the 20-29, 40-49, and 5-9 age groups at 34363 (95%CI: 6327-66918) per 100,000, 22307.72 (95%CI: 1380-47442) per 100,000, and 18020(95%CI: 1093-37266) per 100,000, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
In 2023, the actual pertussis infection rate in the population of Huzhou City was relatively high. Vaccine-induced antibodies exhibit a rapid decay, and the estimated serum infection rate increases rapidly from post-school age, peaking in the 20-29 age group. It is recommended to enhance pertussis monitoring in adolescents and adults and refine vaccine immunization strategies.
Topics: Humans; Whooping Cough; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Adult; Male; China; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Child; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Infant; Immunoglobulin G; Antibodies, Bacterial; Aged; Pertussis Toxin; Prevalence; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccination; Bordetella pertussis
PubMed: 38768133
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303508 -
ELife Aug 2023G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit signals into cells depending on the G protein type. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we assessed the...
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit signals into cells depending on the G protein type. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we assessed the effectiveness of animal G-protein-coupled bistable rhodopsins that can be controlled into active and inactive states by light application using zebrafish. We expressed Gq- and Gi/o-coupled bistable rhodopsins in hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, or in cardiomyocytes. Light stimulation of the reticulospinal V2a neurons expressing Gq-coupled spider Rh1 resulted in an increase in the intracellular Ca level and evoked swimming behavior. Light stimulation of cardiomyocytes expressing the Gi/o-coupled mosquito Opn3, pufferfish TMT opsin, or lamprey parapinopsin induced cardiac arrest, and the effect was suppressed by treatment with pertussis toxin or barium, suggesting that Gi/o-dependent regulation of inward-rectifier K channels controls cardiac function. These data indicate that these rhodopsins are useful for optogenetic control of GPCR-mediated signaling in zebrafish neurons and cardiomyocytes.
Topics: Animals; Myocytes, Cardiac; Zebrafish; Optogenetics; Neurons; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Rhodopsin
PubMed: 37589544
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83974 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023Pertussis toxin (PT) is a unique virulence factor of , and therefore a key component of acellular pertussis vaccines. Although immunity after infection seems to persist...
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a unique virulence factor of , and therefore a key component of acellular pertussis vaccines. Although immunity after infection seems to persist longer than after vaccination, the exact mechanisms are not fully known. In this study the overall binding strength (avidity) of anti-PT IgG antibodies was compared after acellular booster vaccination and infection, as a parameter to evaluate long-lasting protection.Danish and Finnish serum samples from a total of 134 serologically confirmed patients and 112 children who received acellular booster vaccines were included in this study. The concentration of anti-PT IgG was first determined by ELISA, followed by two separate ELISAs to evaluate antibody avidity: either with a dilution series of urea as a bond-breaking agent of antibody and antigen binding and a constant anti-PT IgG concentration between the samples or with a constant dilution ratio of sera and detergent. In addition to urea, the use of diethylamine and ammonium thiocyanate as disruptive agents were first compared between each other.A strong Spearman correlation ( > 0.801) was noted between avidity and concentration of anti-PT IgG antibodies if a constant serum dilution method was used, and avidity was noted to be higher in patients in comparison to vaccinees in Denmark, but not in Finland. However, no correlation between antibody concentration and avidity was found if a constant anti-PT IgG concentration was used ( = -0.157). With this method, avidity after vaccination was significantly higher in comparison to that after infection in both Danish and Finnish subjects ( < 0.01). A shorter time since the latest booster vaccination was found to affect avidity positively on the next PT-antigen exposure with either vaccination or infection.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pertussis Toxin; Whooping Cough; Antibody Affinity; Antibodies, Bacterial; Immunoglobulin G; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 36715361
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2174782 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Pertussis has several notable consequences, causing economic burden, increased strain on healthcare facilities, and reductions in quality of life. Recent years have seen... (Review)
Review
Pertussis has several notable consequences, causing economic burden, increased strain on healthcare facilities, and reductions in quality of life. Recent years have seen a trend toward an increase in pertussis cases affecting older children and adults. To boost immunity, and protect vulnerable populations, an enduring approach to vaccination has been proposed, but gaps remain in the evidence surrounding adult vaccination that are needed to inform such a policy. Gaps include: the true incidence of pertussis and its complications in adults; regional variations in disease recognition and reporting; and incidence of severe disease, hospitalizations, and deaths in older adults. Better data on the efficacy/effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in adults, duration of protection, and factors leading to poor vaccine uptake are needed. Addressing the critical evidence gaps will help highlight important areas of unmet need and justify the importance of adult pertussis vaccination to healthcare professionals, policymakers, and payers.
Topics: Child; Humans; Aged; Adolescent; Whooping Cough; Quality of Life; Vaccination; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Incidence
PubMed: 38564339
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2324547 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Apr 2024We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous...
We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous epidemics in 2019 and 2016. Among infants aged 0-2 months, over half (29/48) were hospitalised and one infant died, underlining the disease severity in the youngest. To protect infants, pertussis vaccination in pregnant women was introduced in January 2024 in the national vaccination programme. Improved vaccination surveillance in pregnant women is being implemented.
Topics: Infant; Adolescent; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Whooping Cough; Bordetella pertussis; Vaccination; Pregnant Women; Incidence; Denmark; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38577803
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.14.2400160 -
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Sep 2023Although postinfectious etiology is the most common cause of subacute cough, there are insufficient data on the epidemiology of associated bacterial infections. We aimed...
Although postinfectious etiology is the most common cause of subacute cough, there are insufficient data on the epidemiology of associated bacterial infections. We aimed to identify the etiology of bacterial detection in subjects with subacute cough. A multicenter prospective observational study of 142 patients with postinfectious subacute cough was performed between August 2016 and December 2017 in Korea. We obtained 2 nasal swabs from each patient and used a multiplex bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit that simultaneously detects , , , , , and . About 29% (n = 41) of patients with subacute cough were positive for bacterial PCR in nasal swabs. The most common bacteria detected by bacterial PCR was (n = 19, 13.4%), followed by (n = 18, 12.7%), (n = 7, 4.9%), (n = 3, 2.1%), (n = 2, 1.4%), and (n = 1, 0.7%). Nine patients had dual positivity for the PCR. In conclusion, bacterial PCR was positive in the nasal swabs of about 29% of subjects with subacute cough, including 5% of positive PCR results for
PubMed: 37153983
DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.5.673 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Aug 2023A growing literature supports a protective association between vaccines targeting an array of pathogens (e.g., influenza, pneumococcus, herpes zoster) and the risk of...
A growing literature supports a protective association between vaccines targeting an array of pathogens (e.g., influenza, pneumococcus, herpes zoster) and the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). This article discusses the potential underlying mechanisms for this apparent protective effect of immunizations against infectious pathogens on the risk of AD; explores the basic and pharmacoepidemiologic evidence for this association, with particular attention paid to important methodological variations among the epidemiologic studies; and reviews the remaining uncertainties regarding the effects of anti-pathogen vaccines on Alzheimer disease and all-cause dementia, with recommendations for future directions to address those uncertainties.
Topics: Humans; Alzheimer Disease; Vaccination; Influenza Vaccines; Immunization; Influenza, Human; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines
PubMed: 37291109
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2216625