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Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jul 2023Effective ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been used as a postharvest technology to reduce decay, delay ripening, and delay senescence in crop products. In this review,... (Review)
Review
Effective ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been used as a postharvest technology to reduce decay, delay ripening, and delay senescence in crop products. In this review, the effects of UV radiation of different wavelengths and doses on physiological and phytochemical parameters in postharvest vegetables are discussed in summary, including appearance (color and texture), microbial load, respiration rate, enzymatic antioxidant system, and various bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins, glucosinolates, betalains, and antioxidant activities). In particular, postharvest UV radiation affects oxidative metabolism and increases the antioxidant activity of plant products, which could help delay yellowing and senescence of vegetables, trigger defense responses, and reduce decay and diseases. In some cases, irradiation stimulates the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites that may improve the nutritional value of vegetables. The findings presented in this review are very useful and valuable for the preservation and improvement of the nutritional quality of vegetables after harvest. It will also provide scientific support for industrial and commercial applications of UV radiation in postharvest.
Topics: Vegetables; Antioxidants; Ultraviolet Rays; Phenols; Nutritive Value; Fruit
PubMed: 37344965
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00481 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with oxidative stress, due to an imbalance in the oxidation-reduction reactions at the cellular level. Various treatments are... (Review)
Review
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with oxidative stress, due to an imbalance in the oxidation-reduction reactions at the cellular level. Various treatments are available to treat these diseases, although they often do not cure them and have many adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find complementary and/or alternative drugs that replace current treatments with fewer side effects. It has been demonstrated that natural products derived from plants, specifically phenolic compounds, have a great capacity to suppress oxidative stress and neutralize free radicals thus, they may be used as alternative alternative pharmacological treatments for pathological conditions associated with an increase in oxidative stress. The plant species that dominate the Mediterranean ecosystems are characterized by having a wide variety of phenolic compound content. Therefore, these species might be important sources of neuroprotective biomolecules. To evaluate this potential, 24 typical plant species of the Mediterranean ecosystems were selected, identifying the most important compounds present in them. This set of plant species provides a total of 403 different compounds. Of these compounds, 35.7% are phenolic acids and 55.6% are flavonoids. The most relevant of these compounds are gallic, vanillic, caffeic, chlorogenic, -coumaric, and ferulic acids, apigenin, kaempferol, myricitrin, quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, catechin and epicatechin, which are widely distributed among the analyzed plant species (in over 10 species) and which have been involved in the literature in the prevention of different neurodegenerative pathologies. It is also important to mention that three of these plant species, , and , have most of the described compounds with protective properties against neurodegenerative diseases. The present work shows that the plant species that dominate the studied geographic area can provide an important source of phenolic compounds for the pharmacological and biotechnological industry to prepare extracts or isolated compounds for therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Ecosystem; Phenols; Catechin
PubMed: 38138621
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248133 -
Biomolecules Nov 2023Pregnancy and lactation are critical periods for human well-being and are sensitive windows for pollutant exposure. Bisphenol A (BPA) is well demonstrated as a toxicant... (Review)
Review
Pregnancy and lactation are critical periods for human well-being and are sensitive windows for pollutant exposure. Bisphenol A (BPA) is well demonstrated as a toxicant and has been replaced in the plastic industry with other bisphenol analogs that share similarities in structure and characteristics, most commonly Bisphenol S (BPS) and Bisphenol F (BPF). Maternal exposure to BPS or BPF can result in their accumulation in the fetal compartment, leading to chronic exposure and potentially limiting normal fetal growth and development. This review summarizes considerable findings of epidemiological or experimental studies reporting associations between BPS or BPF and impaired fetal growth and development. Briefly, the available findings indicate that exposure to the two bisphenol analogs during pregnancy and lactation can result in multiple disturbances in the offspring, including fetal growth restrictions, neurological dysfunctions, and metabolic disorders with the potential to persist throughout childhood. The occurrence of premature births may also be attributed to exposure to the two bisphenols. The possible mechanisms of actions by which the two bisphenols can induce such effects can be attributed to a complex of interactions between the physiological mechanisms, including impaired placental functioning and development, dysregulation of gene expression, altered hormonal balance, and disturbances in immune responses as well as induced inflammations and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that BPS and BPF have a toxic potential in a compartment level to BPA. Future research is needed to provide more intensive information; long-term studies and epidemiological research, including a wide scale of populations with different settings, are recommended. Public awareness regarding the safety of BPA-free products should also be enhanced, with particular emphasis on educating individuals responsible for the well-being of children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Placenta; Phenols; Benzhydryl Compounds; Vitamins
PubMed: 38002298
DOI: 10.3390/biom13111616 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2023The genus L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 46 species in Turkey with an 79% endemism ratio, 42 of 46 belonging to the section Empodoclia. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The genus L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 46 species in Turkey with an 79% endemism ratio, 42 of 46 belonging to the section Empodoclia.
OBJECTIVE
In this review article, species growing in Turkey have been evaluated for phytochemical constituents and biological activities.
METHODS
The data for the isolates, components and extracts of the Anatolian species and their bioactivity studies were retrieved from the main databases WoS, Scopus and PubMed from 1975 until 31 December 2022.
RESULTS
In this review article, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and other secondary metabolites isolated from Turkish species were reported. Anatolian species, which primarily consist of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were studied in detail. plants are represented by 46 species in Turkey, and 25 of them were investigated for their diterpenoids through isolation or LC-MS studies. Most of the diterpenoids of Turkish species have -kaurene skeleton, among them linearol, siderol, 7-candicandiol and sideridiol were found to be the main compounds. Exceptionally, labdane, pimarane and beyerene diterpenoids were only found in a few species. For phenolics and flavonoids, only 12 species were investigated until now, and they were found to be rich in phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides. In terms of activity, most of the species were tested for antioxidant activity, followed by antimicrobial and anti-ulcer/anti-inflammatory activities. Their cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antinociceptive and antistress activities were less frequently studied.
CONCLUSIONS
species should be considered promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and ulcer/inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Sideritis; Flavonoids; Lamiaceae; Plant Extracts; Glycosides; Phenols; Diterpenes
PubMed: 37990887
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2280253 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2024Leather is produced by a multi-step process among which the tanning phase is the most relevant, transforming animal skin collagen into a stable, non-putrescible material... (Review)
Review
Leather is produced by a multi-step process among which the tanning phase is the most relevant, transforming animal skin collagen into a stable, non-putrescible material used to produce a variety of different goods, for the footwear, automotive, garments, and sports industry. Most of the leather produced today is tanned with chromium (III) salts or alternatively with aldehydes or synthetic tannins, generating high environmental concern. Over the years, high exhaustion tanning systems have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of chromium salts, which nevertheless do not avoid the use of metals. Chrome-free alternatives such as aldehydes and phenol based synthetic tannins, are suffering from Reach restrictions due to their toxicity. Thus, the need for environmentally benign and economically sustainable tanning agents is increasingly urgent. In this review, the synthesis, use and tanning mechanism of a new class of tanning agents, 1,3,5-triazines derivatives, have been reported together with organoleptic, physical mechanical characteristics of tanned leather produced. Additionally environmental performance and economic data available for 1,3,5-triazines have been compared with those of a standard basic chromium sulphate tanning process, evidencing the high potentiality for sustainable, metal, aldehyde, and phenol free leather manufacturing.
Topics: Animals; Aldehydes; Chromium; Industrial Waste; Industry; Phenol; Phenols; Salts; Tanning; Tannins; Triazines
PubMed: 38320686
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123472 -
Toxins Jul 2023Bisphenol A (BPA)-based materials are used in the manufacturing of hemodialyzers, including their polycarbonate (PC) housings and polysulfone (PS) membranes. As concerns...
Bisphenol A (BPA)-based materials are used in the manufacturing of hemodialyzers, including their polycarbonate (PC) housings and polysulfone (PS) membranes. As concerns for BPA's adverse health effects rise, the regulation on BPA exposure is becoming more rigorous. Therefore, BPA alternatives, such as Bisphenol S (BPS), are increasingly used. It is important to understand the patient risk of BPA and BPS exposure through dialyzer use during hemodialysis. Here, we report the bisphenol levels in extractables and leachables obtained from eight dialyzers currently on the market, including high-flux and medium cut-off membranes. A targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry strategy utilizing stable isotope-labeled internal standards provided reliable data for quantitation with the standard addition method. BPA ranging from 0.43 to 32.82 µg/device and BPS ranging from 0.02 to 2.51 µg/device were detected in dialyzers made with BPA- and BPS-containing materials, except for the novel FX CorAL 120 dialyzer. BPA and BPS were also not detected in bloodline controls and cellulose-based membranes. Based on the currently established tolerable intake (6 µg/kg/day), the resulting margin of safety indicates that adverse effects are unlikely to occur in hemodialysis patients exposed to BPA and BPS quantified herein. With increasing availability of new data and information about the toxicity of BPA and BPS, the patient safety limits of BPA and BPS in those dialyzers may need a re-evaluation in the future.
Topics: Kidneys, Artificial; Renal Dialysis; Phenols
PubMed: 37505734
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070465 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2023The medicinal plant is traditionally used by people living in different communities of Nepal and the globe against diabetes, soft tissue wounds, skin infections,...
The medicinal plant is traditionally used by people living in different communities of Nepal and the globe against diabetes, soft tissue wounds, skin infections, diarrhea, malaria, and several other infectious diseases. The present study focuses on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and toxicity of the plant for assessing its pharmacological potential. The extracts of flowers, leaves, and stems were prepared using methanol and distilled water as the extracting solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using the DPPH assay and -glucosidase inhibition assay. A brine shrimp assay was performed to study the toxicity, and the antibacterial activity test was performed by the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, and coumarins as secondary metabolites. The methanol extract of leaves and flowers displayed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content with 182.26 ± 1.99 mg GAE/g, 128.57 ± 7.62 mg QE/g and 172.65 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g, 121.74 ± 7.06 mg QE/g, respectively. The crude extracts showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) of 32.81 ± 5.26 g/mL and 41.00 ± 1.10 g/mL, respectively. The methanol extract of the leaves was found to be effective against bacterial strains such as (ZOI = 9.67 ± 0.32 mm), (ZOI = 15.00 ± 0 mm), and (7.3 ± 0.32 mm). The methanol extract of the flowers showed the most -glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC 227.63 ± 11.38 g/mL), followed by the methanol extract of leaves (IC 249.50 ± 0.97 g/mL). The aqueous extract of the flowers showed the toxic effect with LC 107.31 ± 49.04 g/mL against the brine shrimp nauplii. In conclusion, was found to be a rich source of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids with potential effects against bacterial infection, diabetes, and oxidative stress in humans. The toxicity study showed that the aqueous extract of flowers possesses pharmacological activities. This study supports the traditional use of the plant against infectious diseases and diabetes and provides some scientific validation.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Methanol; Chromolaena; Escherichia coli; alpha-Glucosidases; Plant Extracts; Phenols; Flavonoids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Phytochemicals; Water; Hypoglycemic Agents; Diabetes Mellitus; Communicable Diseases
PubMed: 37849963
DOI: 10.1155/2023/6689271 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Four species of lupin (white lupin, yellow lupin, blue lupin and Andean lupin) are widely cropped thanks to the excellent nutritional composition of their seeds: high... (Review)
Review
Four species of lupin (white lupin, yellow lupin, blue lupin and Andean lupin) are widely cropped thanks to the excellent nutritional composition of their seeds: high protein content (28-48 g/100 g); good lipid content (4.6-13.5 g/100 g, but up to 20.0 g/100 g in Andean lupin), especially unsaturated triacylglycerols; and richness in antioxidant compounds like carotenoids, tocols and phenolics. Particularly relevant is the amount of free phenolics, highly bioaccessible in the small intestine. However, the typical bitter and toxic alkaloids must be eliminated before lupin consumption, hindering its diffusion and affecting its nutritional value. This review summarises the results of recent research in lupin composition for the above-mentioned three classes of antioxidant compounds, both in non-debittered and debittered seeds. Additionally, the influence of technological processes to further increase their nutritional value as well as the effects of food manufacturing on antioxidant content were scrutinised. Lupin has been demonstrated to be an outstanding raw material source, superior to most crops and suitable for manufacturing foods with good antioxidant and nutritional properties. The bioaccessibility of lupin antioxidants after digestion of ready-to-eat products still emerges as a dearth in current research.
Topics: Antioxidants; Alkaloids; Seeds; Lupinus; Carotenoids; Phenols
PubMed: 38005249
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227529 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024The biochemical characteristics of polyphenols contribute to their numerous advantageous impacts on human health. The existing research suggests that plant phenolics,... (Review)
Review
The biochemical characteristics of polyphenols contribute to their numerous advantageous impacts on human health. The existing research suggests that plant phenolics, whether consumed orally or applied directly to the skin, can be beneficial in alleviating symptoms and avoiding the development of many skin disorders. Phenolic compounds, which are both harmless and naturally present, exhibit significant potential in terms of counteracting the effects of skin damage, aging, diseases, wounds, and burns. Moreover, polyphenols play a preventive role and possess the ability to delay the progression of several skin disorders, ranging from small and discomforting to severe and potentially life-threatening ones. This article provides a concise overview of recent research on the potential therapeutic application of polyphenols for skin conditions. It specifically highlights studies that have investigated clinical trials and the use of polyphenol-based nanoformulations for the treatment of different skin ailments.
Topics: Humans; Polyphenols; Phenols; Skin Diseases; Skin; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38398617
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040865 -
Environment International Jan 2024Synthetic chemicals are increasingly being recognized for potential independent contributions to preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). Bisphenols, parabens,...
BACKGROUND
Synthetic chemicals are increasingly being recognized for potential independent contributions to preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). Bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan are consumer product chemicals that act via similar mechanisms including estrogen, androgen, and thyroid disruption and oxidative stress. Multiple cohort studies have endeavored to examine effects on birth outcomes, and systematic reviews have been limited due to measurement of 1-2 spot samples during pregnancy and limited diversity of populations.
OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of prenatal phenols and parabens on birth size and gestational age (GA) in 3,619 mother-infant pairs from 11 cohorts in the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program.
RESULTS
While many associations were modest and statistically imprecise, a 1-unit increase in log pregnancy averaged concentration of benzophenone-3 and methylparaben were associated with decreases in birthweight, birthweight adjusted for gestational age and SGA. Increases in the odds of being SGA were 29% (95% CI: 5%, 58%) and 32% (95% CI: 3%, 70%), respectively. Bisphenol S in third trimester was also associated with SGA (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.08, 2.13). Associations of benzophenone-3 and methylparaben with PTB and LBW were null. In addition, a 1-unit increase in log pregnancy averaged concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol was associated with 43% lower (95% CI: -67%, -2%) odds of low birthweight; the direction of effect was the same for the highly correlated 2,5-dichlorophenol, but with a smaller magnitude (-29%, 95% CI: -53%, 8%).
DISCUSSION
In a large and diverse sample generally representative of the United States, benzophenone-3 and methylparaben were associated with lower birthweight as well as birthweight adjusted for gestational age and higher odds of SGA, while 2,4-dichlorophenol. These associations with smaller size at birth are concerning in light of the known consequences of intrauterine growth restriction for multiple important health outcomes emerging later in life.
Topics: Pregnancy; Child; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; United States; Parabens; Birth Weight; Phenol; Premature Birth; Phenols; Benzophenones; Chlorophenols
PubMed: 38181479
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108378