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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The seed yield of guarana ( H.B.K. var. sorbilis) is affected by weeds. Management is difficult for Amazon farmers and ranchers, owing to the hot and humid climate...
The seed yield of guarana ( H.B.K. var. sorbilis) is affected by weeds. Management is difficult for Amazon farmers and ranchers, owing to the hot and humid climate prevailing in the region, which makes mechanical control inefficient and leads farmers to the decision to use herbicides. Herbicide damage to this species is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate glyphosate damage to the development and quality of guarana seedlings. The treatments consisted of glyphosate doses at concentrations of 0, 126, 252, 540, 1080, 2160 and 3240 g a.e. ha and were evaluated for 60 days, in two applications. Analyses were performed for biometrics, seedling development, anthracnose and Injury characteristics. Glyphosate caused symptoms of Injury in all doses applied, but lower doses did not interfere with seedling growth and development. There was a correlation between anthracnose severity and increased glyphosate dose. When applied correctly, glyphosate can be an integrated weed management tool for use in guarana crops.
Topics: Paullinia; Seedlings; Herbicides; Seeds; Glyphosate
PubMed: 37446855
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135193 -
Environment International Oct 2023Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are chemicals of concern for maternal and infant health. Prior studies examining temporal...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are chemicals of concern for maternal and infant health. Prior studies examining temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure are primarily limited by small sample sizes.
OBJECTIVES
Characterize temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure biomarkers.
METHODS
We determined urinary concentrations of eight biomarkers of OPE exposure at three timepoints during pregnancy for participants in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (n = 900), a nested case-cohort recruited between 2007 and 2018. We examined biomarker concentrations, their variability during pregnancy, and temporal trends over the study period. In addition, we identified sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics associated with biomarker concentrations. Analyses were conducted using both the within-subject pregnancy geometric means and biomarker concentrations measured at individual study visits.
RESULTS
Five OPE biomarkers were detected in at least 60% of the study participants. Biomarkers were not strongly correlated with one another and intraclass correlation coefficients, measuring within-subject variability during pregnancy, ranged from 0.27 to 0.51. Biomarkers exhibited varying temporal trends across study years. For example, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) increased monotonically, whereas bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), displayed non-monotonic trends with concentrations that peaked between 2011 and 2014. We observed associations between sociodemographic characteristics and OPE biomarkers. In general, concentrations of most OPE biomarkers were higher among participants from racial and ethnic minority populations, participants who were younger, had higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and less than a college degree. We observed consistent results using either averaged or visit-specific biomarker concentrations.
SIGNIFICANCE
We observed widespread exposure to several OPEs and OPE biomarkers displayed varying temporal trends in pregnant people from 2007 to 2018. Concentrations of most OPE biomarkers varied according to sociodemographic factors, suggesting higher burdens of exposure among participants with higher pre-pregnancy BMI, those belonging to racial and ethnic minority populations, and lower educational attainment.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Flame Retardants; Plasticizers; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Esters; Organophosphates; Phosphates; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37708814
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108194 -
Neurobiology of Disease Oct 2023Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus (SE), and survivors often develop chronic morbidities, including...
Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus (SE), and survivors often develop chronic morbidities, including spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). The pathogenic mechanisms underlying OP-induced SRS are unknown, but increased BBB permeability is hypothesized to be involved. Previous studies reported BBB leakage following OP-induced SE, but key information regarding time and regional distribution of BBB impairment during the epileptogenic period is missing. To address this data gap, we characterized the spatiotemporal progression of BBB impairment during the first week post-exposure in a rat model of diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced SE, using MRI and albumin immunohistochemistry. Increased BBB permeability, which was detected at 6 h and persisted up to 7 d post-exposure, was most severe and persistent in the piriform cortex and amygdala, moderate but persistent in the thalamus, and less severe and transient in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. The extent of BBB leakage was positively correlated with behavioral seizure severity, with the strongest association identified in the piriform cortex and amygdala. These findings provide evidence of the duration, magnitude and spatial breakdown of the BBB during the epileptogenic period following OP-induced SE and support BBB regulation as a viable therapeutic target for preventing SRS following acute OP intoxication.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Organophosphates; Status Epilepticus; Seizures; Brain
PubMed: 37797902
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106316 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jul 2023The present article critically and comprehensively reviews the most recent reports on smart sensors for determining glyphosate (GLP), an active agent of GLP-based... (Review)
Review
The present article critically and comprehensively reviews the most recent reports on smart sensors for determining glyphosate (GLP), an active agent of GLP-based herbicides (GBHs) traditionally used in agriculture over the past decades. Commercialized in 1974, GBHs have now reached 350 million hectares of crops in over 140 countries with an annual turnover of 11 billion USD worldwide. However, rolling exploitation of GLP and GBHs in the last decades has led to environmental pollution, animal intoxication, bacterial resistance, and sustained occupational exposure of the herbicide of farm and companies' workers. Intoxication with these herbicides dysregulates the microbiome-gut-brain axis, cholinergic neurotransmission, and endocrine system, causing paralytic ileus, hyperkalemia, oliguria, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock. Precision agriculture, i.e., an (information technology)-enhanced approach to crop management, including a site-specific determination of agrochemicals, derives from the benefits of smart materials (SMs), data science, and nanosensors. Those typically feature fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymers or immunochemical aptamer artificial receptors integrated with electrochemical transducers. Fabricated as portable or wearable lab-on-chips, smartphones, and soft robotics and connected with SM-based devices that provide machine learning algorithms and online databases, they integrate, process, analyze, and interpret massive amounts of spatiotemporal data in a user-friendly and decision-making manner. Exploited for the ultrasensitive determination of toxins, including GLP, they will become practical tools in farmlands and point-of-care testing. Expectedly, smart sensors can be used for personalized diagnostics, real-time water, food, soil, and air quality monitoring, site-specific herbicide management, and crop control.
Topics: Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Smart Materials; Plants, Genetically Modified; Agriculture; Herbicides; Glyphosate
PubMed: 37384557
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01269 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023This study aimed to evaluate the influence of CO and temperature on glyphosate-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in terms of...
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of CO and temperature on glyphosate-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in terms of morphological development. Height (cm), stem diameter (cm), leaf area (cm), number of leaves, leaf, stem, and root dry matter, plant volume (m), as well as shoot-to-root allometry were evaluated. The Palmer amaranth biotypes were grown under four different scenarios: 1-low temperature (23/33 °C) and CO (410 ± 25 ppm); 2-low temperature (23/33 °C) and high CO (750 ± 25 ppm); 3-high temperature (26/36 °C) and low CO (410 ± 25 ppm); and 4-high temperature (26/36 °C) and CO (750 ± 25 ppm). Between CO and temperature, the majority of differences observed were driven by CO levels. Palmer amaranth grown under 750 ppm of CO was 15.5% taller, displayed 10% more leaf area (cm), 18% more stem dry matter, and had a 28.4% increase in volume (m) compared to 410 ppm of CO. GA2017 and GA2020 were 18% and 15.5% shorter, respectively. The number of leaves was 27% greater for GA2005. Plant volume decreased in GA2017 (35.6%) and GA2020 (23.8%). The shoot-to-root ratio was isomeric, except at 14 and 21 DAT, where an allometric growth towards shoot development was significant. Palmer amaranth biotypes responded differently to elevated CO, and the impacts of temperature need further investigation on weed physiology. Thus, environmental and genetic background may affect the response of glyphosate-resistant and susceptible populations to climate change scenarios.
Topics: Amaranth Dye; Amaranthus; Carbon Dioxide; Regeneration; Temperature; Glyphosate
PubMed: 37660074
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41121-5 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feb 2024Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) serves as a major organophosphorus flame retardant, and its induced neurodevelopmental toxicity has attracted widespread attention, but the...
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) serves as a major organophosphorus flame retardant, and its induced neurodevelopmental toxicity has attracted widespread attention, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we involved zebrafish to explore the new mechanism of TPhP inducing oxidative stress and ferroptosis to promote neurodevelopmental toxicity. The results suggested that TPhP affected the embryonic development, reduced the number of new neurons, and led to abnormal neural behavior in zebrafish larvae. TPhP also induced ROS accumulation, activated the antioxidant defense signal Nrf2 and Keap1, and significantly changed the activities of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In addition, TPhP induced ferroptosis in zebrafish, which was reflected in the increase of Fe content, the abnormal expression of GPX4 protein and genes related to iron metabolism (gpx4a, slc7a11, acsl4b, tfa, slc40a1, fth1b, tfr2, tfr1a, tfr1b and ncoa4). Astaxanthin intervention specifically inhibited ROS levels, and reversed SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression levels and Fe metabolism thus alleviating ferroptosis induced by TPhP. Astaxanthin also partially reversed the activity of AChE, GST and the expression of neurodevelopmental-related genes (gap43, gfap, neurog1 and syn2a), so as to partially rescue the embryonic developmental abnormalities and motor behavior disorders induced by TPhP. More interestingly, the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related protein BAX, anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, Caspase3 and Caspase9 was significantly altered in the TPhP exposed group, which could be also reversed by Astaxanthin intervention. In summary, our results suggested that TPhP exposure can induce oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thereby causing neurodevelopment toxicity to zebrafish, while Astaxanthin can partially reverse oxidative stress and reduce the neurodevelopmental toxicity of zebrafish larvae by activating Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Topics: Female; Animals; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Zebrafish; Ferroptosis; Acetylcholinesterase; Flame Retardants; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Reactive Oxygen Species; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Organophosphates; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 38219622
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115960 -
Nature Communications Aug 2023Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of malaria control, but the genetics of resistance are only partially understood. We...
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of malaria control, but the genetics of resistance are only partially understood. We performed a large scale multi-country genome-wide association study of resistance to two widely used insecticides: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, using sequencing data from An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations in West Africa. Resistance was highly multi-genic, multi-allelic and variable between populations. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from Cyp6aa1, this was based on several independent copy number variants (CNVs) in An. coluzzii, and on a non-CNV haplotype in An. gambiae. For pirimiphos-methyl, signals included Ace1, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes showed evidence of cross-resistance to both insecticides. These locally-varying, multi-allelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring of resistance, and may form the basis for improved surveillance methods.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Insecticides; Genome-Wide Association Study; Organophosphates; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 37587104
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40693-0 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Organophosphate esters (OPEs) may interfere with thyroid function, but the relationship between OPEs and thyroid disease remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate...
Association between urinary organophosphate ester metabolite exposure and thyroid disease risk among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014.
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) may interfere with thyroid function, but the relationship between OPEs and thyroid disease remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between OPEs exposure and thyroid disease risk in the general population in the United States.
METHOD
Data were obtained from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle. All participants were tested for seven OPE metabolites in their urine and answered questions about whether they had thyroid disease through questionnaires. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the association between exposure to individual OPE metabolites and thyroid disease. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression modeling was utilized to assess exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and risk of thyroid disease. Bayesian kernel machine regression(BKMR) models to analyze the overall mixed effect of OPE metabolites.
RESULT
A total of 2,449 participants were included in the study, 228 of whom had a history of thyroid disease. Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phos (BDCPP), Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) were the top three metabolites with the highest detection rates of 91.75%, 90.77% and 86.57%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression models, after adjustment for confounding variables, individuals with the highest tertile level of BCEP were significantly and positively associated with increased risk of thyroid disease (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.04-2.36), using the lowest tertile level as reference. In the positive WQS regression model, after correcting for confounding variables, mixed exposure to OPE metabolites was significantly positively associated with increased risk of thyroid disease (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.06), with BCEP and DPHP having high weights. In the BKMR model, the overall effect of mixed exposure to OPE metabolites was not statistically significant, but univariate exposure response trends showed that the risk of thyroid disease decreased and then increased as BCEP exposure levels increased.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed a significant association between exposure to OPE metabolites and an increased risk of thyroid disease, with BCEP emerging as the primary contributor. The risk of thyroid disease exhibits a J-shaped pattern, whereby the risk initially decreases and subsequently increases with rising levels of BCEP exposure. Additional studies are required to validate the association between OPEs and thyroid diseases.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Nutrition Surveys; Bayes Theorem; Flame Retardants; Organophosphates; Thyroid Diseases; Phosphates; Esters
PubMed: 38405137
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1329247 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Glycine; Glyphosate
PubMed: 37697797
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.8475 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023A novel antioxidant containing four hydroxyl groups, namely 2,2'-(2-methylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(hydroquinone) (MPBHQ), was synthesized using hydroquinone and methylallyl...
A novel antioxidant containing four hydroxyl groups, namely 2,2'-(2-methylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(hydroquinone) (MPBHQ), was synthesized using hydroquinone and methylallyl alcohol as the raw materials, phosphoric acid as the catalyst, and toluene as the solvent system. The structure of MPBHQ was characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that MPBHQ has a good radical scavenging effect, as measured by the ORAC assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABST radical scavenging assay, and Rancimat test. In fatty acid methyl ester and lard without exogenous antioxidants, MPBHQ showed better antioxidant performance than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydroquinone (HQ), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG), meeting the need for a new antioxidant with better properties to ensure the oxidative stability of lipids and biodiesel.
PubMed: 37508011
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071473