-
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Sep 2023When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began in 1988, wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission was reported in 125 countries. Since 2017, Afghanistan and Pakistan remain...
When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began in 1988, wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission was reported in 125 countries. Since 2017, Afghanistan and Pakistan remain the only countries with uninterrupted endemic WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission. This report describes activities and progress toward polio eradication in Afghanistan during January 2022-June 2023. Two WPV1 cases were reported during January-December 2022 and five during January-June 2023 (as of August 26), all from three provinces in the southeast and east regions bordering Pakistan. All five 2023 patients had reportedly received ≥16 oral poliovirus vaccine doses. WPV1 was detected in sewage samples from a site in the south region in May 2023 and one in the north region in June 2023, the first detections since February 2021 and March 2020, respectively. Restrictions on house-to-house vaccination limit the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in parts of the south and northeast regions. Because of population movement, the risk for transmission in Afghanistan and Pakistan will remain if WPV1 circulation continues in either country. Despite operational improvements in vaccination activities, interruption of WPV1 transmission in Afghanistan will require committed, uninterrupted efforts, including ongoing coordination with Pakistan on polio eradication activities, to address vaccination coverage gaps that sustain WPV1 circulation.
PubMed: 37733636
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7238a1 -
PloS One 2024Polio eradication is a current and common strategy throughout the globe. The study of the newly introduced inactivated poliovirus vaccine provides a grasp on the current...
INTRODUCTION
Polio eradication is a current and common strategy throughout the globe. The study of the newly introduced inactivated poliovirus vaccine provides a grasp on the current status of immunization and identifies any disparities in the implementation of the vaccine throughout Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the spatial distribution, coverage, and determinants of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia.
METHOD
Spatial distribution and determinants of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia were conducted using Ethiopian mini-demographic and health survey 2019 data. A total of 2,056 weighted children aged 12 to 35 months were included in the analysis. The association between the outcome and explanatory variables was determined by commuting the adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of less than 0.05 was used to declare factors as significantly associated with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization.
RESULT
The weighted national coverage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia was 51.58% at a 95% confidence interval (49.42, 53.74). While the rates of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization were observed to be greater in Addis Ababa, Tigiray, Amahara, and Benishangul Gumuz provinces and lower in the Somali, Afar, and SNNPR provinces of Ethiopia, Antenatal care follow-up, place of delivery, place of residence, and region were significantly associated with inactivated poliovirus immunization in Ethiopia.
CONCLUSION
The distribution of inactivated poliovirus immunization was spatially variable across Ethiopia. Only about half of the children aged twelve to thirty-five months received the inactivated poliovirus vaccine in the country. The factors, both at the individual and community level, were significantly associated with inactivated poliovirus immunization. Therefore, policies and strategies could benefit from considering antenatal care follow-up, place of delivery, place of residence, and region while implementing inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Female; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Male; Child, Preschool; Vaccination Coverage; Vaccination; Immunization Programs; Immunization
PubMed: 38820454
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301933 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023This Phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), via subcutaneous (SC) or... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This Phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), via subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) administration, in healthy Japanese infants 3 months of age. A total of 133 participants were randomized to receive four doses (3 + 1 regimen) of V114-SC ( = 44), V114-IM ( = 45), or 13-valent PCV (PCV13)-SC ( = 44) at 3, 4, 5, and 12-15 months of age. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis-inactivated poliovirus (DTaP-IPV) vaccine was administered concomitantly at all vaccination visits. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of V114-SC and V114-IM. Secondary objectives were to assess the immunogenicity of PCV and DTaP-IPV at 1-month post-dose 3 (PD3). On days 1-14 following each vaccination, the proportions of participants with systemic adverse events (AEs) were comparable across interventions, whereas injection-site AEs were higher with V114-SC (100.0%) and PCV13-SC (100.0%) than with V114-IM (88.9%). Most AEs were mild or moderate in severity and no vaccine-related serious AEs or deaths were reported. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response rates at 1-month PD3 were comparable across groups for most shared serotypes between V114 and PCV13. For additional V114 serotypes 22F and 33F, IgG response rates were higher with V114-SC and V114-IM than with PCV13-SC. DTaP-IPV antibody response rates at 1-month PD3 for V114-SC and V114-IM were comparable with PCV13-SC. Findings suggest that vaccination with V114-SC or V114-IM in healthy Japanese infants is generally well tolerated and immunogenic.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Antibodies, Bacterial; East Asian People; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunoglobulin G; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Tetanus Toxoid; Vaccines, Conjugate; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 36882898
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2180973 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Nov 2023Combining oral (OPV) and inactivated (IPV) poliovirus vaccines prevents importation of poliovirus and emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. We measured...
Combining oral (OPV) and inactivated (IPV) poliovirus vaccines prevents importation of poliovirus and emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. We measured the coverage with IPV and third dose of OPV (OPV-3) and identified determinants of coverage inequality in the most at-risk populations in Ethiopia. A national survey representing 10 partly overlapping underserved populations-pastoralists, conflict-affected areas, urban slums, hard-to-reach settings, developing regions, newly formed regions, internally displaced people (IDPs), refugees, and districts neighboring international and interregional boundaries-was conducted among children 12 to 35 months old (N = 3,646). Socioeconomic inequality was measured using the concentration index (CIX) and decomposed using a regression-based approach. One-third (95% CI: 31.5-34.0%) of the children received OPV-3 and IPV. The dual coverage was below 50% in developing regions (19.2%), pastoralists (22.0%), IDPs (22.3%), districts neighboring international (24.1%) and interregional (33.3%) boundaries, refugees (27.0%), conflict-affected areas (29.3%), newly formed regions (33.5%), and hard-to-reach areas (38.9%). Conversely, coverage was better in urban slums (78%). Children from poorest households, living in villages that do not have health posts, and having limited health facility access had increased odds of not receiving the vaccines. Low paternal education, dissatisfaction with vaccination service, fear of vaccine side effects, living in female-headed households, having employed and less empowered mothers were also risk factors. IPV-OPV3 coverage favored the rich (CIX = -0.161, P < 0.001), and causes of inequality were: inaccessibility of health facilities (13.3%), dissatisfaction with vaccination service (12.8%), and maternal (4.9%) and paternal (4.9%) illiteracy. Polio vaccination coverage in the most at-risk populations in Ethiopia is suboptimal, threatening the polio eradication initiative.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Ethiopia; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 37748762
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0319 -
American Journal of Cancer Research 2023Radiotherapy (RT) is a commonly used treatment option for patients with cancer because it can effectively control tumor growth and kill tumor cells. However, the impact...
Radiotherapy (RT) is a commonly used treatment option for patients with cancer because it can effectively control tumor growth and kill tumor cells. However, the impact of RT goes beyond direct tumor cell killing because it can change the tumor microenvironment by altering surrounding tissues and infiltrating cells and modulating the expression of immune checkpoints. Poliovirus receptor (PVR, cluster of differentiation (CD)155), a member of the nectin-like molecule family, is overexpressed in many human cancers. However, its role in the tumor growth and T-cell immune responses of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. In the present study, we observe that radiation exposure increases PVR expression in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells. Silencing PVR not only inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells but also significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) compared with the control or RT groups. Treatment of T cells with PVR decreased CD8 T cells, increased CD4 T cells, and induced PVR ligands such as T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain, CD226, and CD96. However, after treatment with PVR, CTL responses decreased and secretion of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10 was significantly inhibited. In contrast, PVR knockdown increased the production of these cytokines, illustrating the immunosuppressive function of PVR. Suppression of PVR using an anti-PVR antibody inhibited 4T1 tumor growth by increasing immune cell infiltration. These results provide new insights into the role of PVR in TNBC and highlight its potential as a target for T cell-mediated immunotherapy in breast cancer.
PubMed: 38187056
DOI: No ID Found -
Vaccines Sep 2023The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been the mainstay of polio eradication, especially in low-income countries, and its use has eliminated wild poliovirus type 2....
The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been the mainstay of polio eradication, especially in low-income countries, and its use has eliminated wild poliovirus type 2. However, the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is safer than OPV, as IPV protects against paralytic poliomyelitis without producing adverse reactions. The present study compared mucosal and humoral responses to poliovirus vaccines administered to previously OPV-immunized children to assess the immunity gap in children in areas of high poliovirus transmission. A cluster-randomized trial was implemented in three high-risk districts of Pakistan-Karachi, Kashmore, and Bajaur-from June 2013 to May 2014. This trial was community-oriented and included three arms, focusing on healthy children below five years of age. The study involved the randomization of 387 clusters, of which 360 were included in the final analysis. The control arm (A) received the routine polio program bivalent poliovirus vaccine (bOPV). The second arm (B) received additional interventions, including health camps providing routine vaccinations and preventive maternal and child health services. In addition to the interventions in arm B, the third arm (C) was also provided with IPV. Blood and stool samples were gathered from children to evaluate humoral and intestinal immunity. The highest levels of poliovirus type 1 serum antibodies were observed in Group C (IPV + OPV). The titers for poliovirus type 2 (P2) and poliovirus type 3 (P3) were noticeably higher in those who had received a routine OPV dose than in those who had not across all study groups and visits. Providing an IPV booster after at least two OPV doses could potentially fill immunity gaps in regions where OPV does not show high efficacy. However, IPV only marginally enhances humoral immunity and fails to offer intestinal immunity, which is critical to stop the infection and spread of live poliovirus in populations that have not been exposed before.
PubMed: 37766121
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091444 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2024To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV,...
BACKGROUND
To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV, wIPV).
METHODS
A cross-sectional investigation was conducted at four sites in Chongqing, China, healthy infants aged 60-89 days were conveniently recruited and divided into four groups according to their received primary polio vaccination schedules (2sIPV + bOPV, 2wIPV + bOPV, 3sIPV, and 3wIPV). The sero-protection and neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus serotypes (type 1, 2, and 3) were compared after the last dose.
RESULTS
There were 408 infants completed the protocol. The observed seropositivity was more than 96% against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 in all groups. IPV-only groups induced higher antibody titers(GMT) against poliovirus type 2 (Median:192, QR: 96-384, P<0.05) than the "2IPV + bOPV" group. While the "2IPV + bOPV" group induced significantly higher antibody titers against poliovirus type 1 (Median:2048, QR: 768-2048, P<0.05)and type 3 (Median:2048, QR: 512-2048, P<0.05) than the IPV-only group.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings have proved that the two doses of IPV with one dose of bOPV is currently the best polio routine immunization schedule in China.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliomyelitis; Infant; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Male; Immunization Schedule; Female; Antibodies, Viral; Cross-Sectional Studies; China; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Poliovirus; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 38807038
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09389-8 -
Cancer Science Oct 2023Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors induces a durable response in some patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, but eventually gives rise to drug resistance....
Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors induces a durable response in some patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, but eventually gives rise to drug resistance. Upregulation of CD155 expression is implicated as one mechanism of resistance to programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors, and it is therefore important to characterize the mechanisms underlying regulation of CD155 expression in tumor cells. The aim of this study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that might regulate CD155 expression at the posttranscriptional level in lung cancer. Comprehensive miRNA screening with target prediction programs and a dual-luciferase reporter assay identified miR-346, miR-328-3p, miR-326, and miR-330-5p as miRNAs that bind to the 3'-UTR of CD155 mRNA. Forced expression of these miRNAs suppressed CD155 expression in lung cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of CD155 in tissue specimens from 57 patients with lung adenocarcinoma revealed the median tumor proportion score for CD155 to be 68%. The abundance of miR-326 in these specimens with a low level of CD155 expression was significantly greater than in specimens with a high level (p < 0.005). Our results thus suggest that miR-326 negatively regulates CD155 expression in lung adenocarcinoma and might therefore play a role in the development of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; MicroRNAs; Adenocarcinoma of Lung; B7-H1 Antigen; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
PubMed: 37565582
DOI: 10.1111/cas.15921 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild...
INTRODUCTION
in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. The National Polio Emergency Operations Center instituted in 2012 to coordinate and manage Nigerian polio eradication efforts reviewed the epidemiology of WPV cases during 2000-2020 to document lessons learned.
METHODS
we analyzed reported WPV cases by serotype based on age, oral poliovirus vaccine immunization history, month and year of reported cases, and annual geographic distribution based on incidence rates at the Local Government Area level. The observed trends of cases were related to major events and the poliovirus vaccines used during mass vaccination campaigns within the analysis period.
RESULTS
a total of 3,579 WPV type 1 and 1,548 WPV type 3 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported with onset during 2000-2020. The highest WPV incidence rates per 100,000 population in Local Government Areas were 19.4, 12.0, and 11.3, all in 2006. Wild poliovirus cases were reported each year during 2000-2014; the endemic transmission went undetected throughout 2015 until the last cases in 2016. Ten events/milestones were highlighted, including insurgency in the northeast which led to a setback in 2016 with four cases from children previously trapped in security-compromised areas.
CONCLUSION
Nigeria interrupted WPV transmission despite the challenges faced because of the emergency management approach, implementation of mass vaccination campaigns, the commitment of the government agencies, support from global polio partners, and special strategies deployed to conduct vaccination and surveillance in the security-compromised areas.
Topics: Child; Humans; Poliovirus; Nigeria; Population Surveillance; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Immunization Programs; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 38370099
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38079 -
The Journal of Infection May 2024In this study, we investigated the causes of measles-like illnesses (MLI) in the Uganda national surveillance program in order to inform diagnostic assay selection and...
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we investigated the causes of measles-like illnesses (MLI) in the Uganda national surveillance program in order to inform diagnostic assay selection and vaccination strategies.
METHODS
We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (M-NGS) on the Illumina platform to identify viruses associated with MLI (defined as fever and rash in the presence of either cough, coryza or conjunctivitis) in patient samples that had tested IgM negative for measles between 2010 and 2019.
RESULTS
Viral genomes were identified in 87/271 (32%) of samples, of which 44/271 (16%) contained 12 known viral pathogens. Expected viruses included rubella, human parvovirus B19, Epstein Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6B, human cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus and measles virus (detected within the seronegative window-period of infection) and the blood-borne hepatitis B virus. We also detected Saffold virus, human parvovirus type 4, the human adenovirus C2 and vaccine-associated poliovirus type 1.
CONCLUSIONS
The study highlights the presence of undiagnosed viruses causing MLI in Uganda, including vaccine-preventable illnesses. NGS can be used to monitor common viral infections at a population level, especially in regions where such infections are prevalent, including low and middle income countries to guide vaccination policy and optimize diagnostic assays.
Topics: Humans; Uganda; Child, Preschool; Measles; Infant; Child; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Male; Female; Adolescent; Viruses; Genome, Viral; Adult; Young Adult; Virus Diseases; Metagenomics; Measles virus
PubMed: 38588959
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106148