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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Porphyrin-based compounds are an attractive and versatile class of molecules that have attracted significant attention across different scientific disciplines [...].
Porphyrin-based compounds are an attractive and versatile class of molecules that have attracted significant attention across different scientific disciplines [...].
PubMed: 37894586
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207108 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Jul 2023Detection of hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells in urine (hematuria) is characterized by a large number of pitfalls. Clinicians and laboratory specialists must be... (Review)
Review
Detection of hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells in urine (hematuria) is characterized by a large number of pitfalls. Clinicians and laboratory specialists must be aware of these pitfalls since they often lead to medical overconsumption or incorrect diagnosis. Pre-analytical issues (use of vacuum tubes or urine tubes containing preservatives) can affect test results. In routine clinical laboratories, hematuria can be assayed using either chemical (test strips) or particle-counting techniques. In cases of doubtful results, Munchausen syndrome or adulteration of the urine specimen should be excluded. Pigmenturia (caused by the presence of dyes, urinary metabolites such as porphyrins and homogentisic acid, and certain drugs in the urine) can be easily confused with hematuria. The peroxidase activity (test strip) can be positively affected by the presence of non-Hb peroxidases (e.g. myoglobin, semen peroxidases, bacterial, and vegetable peroxidases). Urinary pH, haptoglobin concentration, and urine osmolality may affect specific peroxidase activity. The implementation of expert systems may be helpful in detecting preanalytical and analytical errors in the assessment of hematuria. Correcting for dilution using osmolality, density, or conductivity may be useful for heavily concentrated or diluted urine samples.
Topics: Humans; Hematuria; Peroxidase; Hemoglobins; Erythrocytes; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 37079906
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0260 -
Annual Review of Medicine Jan 2024The porphyrias are a group of rare diseases, each resulting from a defect in a different enzymatic step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. They can be broadly divided... (Review)
Review
The porphyrias are a group of rare diseases, each resulting from a defect in a different enzymatic step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. They can be broadly divided into two categories, hepatic and erythropoietic porphyrias, depending on the primary site of accumulation of heme intermediates. These disorders are multisystemic with variable symptoms that can be encountered by physicians in any specialty. Here, we review the porphyrias and describe their clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. We discuss novel therapies that are approved or in development. Early diagnosis is key for the appropriate management and prevention of long-term complications in these rare disorders.
Topics: Humans; Porphyrias; Heme
PubMed: 37540847
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042921-123602 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023The luminescent and photophysical properties of the etioporphyrin-I complex with indium(III) chloride, InCl-EtioP-I were experimentally studied at room and liquid...
The luminescent and photophysical properties of the etioporphyrin-I complex with indium(III) chloride, InCl-EtioP-I were experimentally studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures in pure and mixed toluene solutions. At 77 K, in a 1:2 mixture of toluene with diethyl ether, the quantum yield of phosphorescence reaches 10.2%, while the duration of phosphorescence is 17 ms. At these conditions, the ratio of phosphorescence-to-fluorescence integral intensities is equal to 26.1, which is the highest for complexes of this type. At 298 K, the quantum yield of the singlet oxygen generation is maximal in pure toluene (81%). Quantum-chemical calculations of absorption and fluorescence spectra at temperatures of 77 K and 298 K qualitatively coincide with the experimental data. The InCl-EtioP-I compound will further be used as a photoresponsive material in thin-film optoelectronic devices.
Topics: Luminescence; Etioporphyrins; Chlorides; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Toluene
PubMed: 37894849
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015168 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Aug 2023Independent of etiology, hemolytic diseases are associated with thrombosis, inflammation and immune dysregulation, all together contributing to organ damage and poor... (Review)
Review
Independent of etiology, hemolytic diseases are associated with thrombosis, inflammation and immune dysregulation, all together contributing to organ damage and poor outcome. Beyond anemia and the loss of the anti-inflammatory functions of red blood cells, hemolysis leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns including ADP, hemoglobin, and heme, which act through multiple receptors and signaling pathways fostering a hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable state. Extracellular free heme is promiscuous alarmin capable of triggering oxido-inflammatory and thrombotic events by inducing the activation of platelets, endothelial and innate cells as well as the coagulation and complement cascades. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms by which hemolysis and, in particular, heme, drive this thrombo-inflammatory milieu and discuss the consequences of hemolysis on the host response to secondary infections.
Topics: Humans; Hemolysis; Hemoglobins; Erythrocytes; Heme; Inflammation
PubMed: 37317847
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.318780 -
Annual Review of Medicine Jan 2024Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to 50,000-100,000 emergency room visits and 1,500-2,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Even with treatment, survivors... (Review)
Review
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to 50,000-100,000 emergency room visits and 1,500-2,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Even with treatment, survivors often suffer from long-term cardiac and neurocognitive deficits, highlighting a clear unmet medical need for novel therapeutic strategies that reduce morbidity and mortality associated with CO poisoning. This review examines the prevalence and impact of CO poisoning and pathophysiology in humans and highlights recent advances in therapeutic strategies that accelerate CO clearance and mitigate toxicity. We focus on recent developments of high-affinity molecules that take advantage of the uniquely strong interaction between CO and heme to selectively bind and sequester CO in preclinical models. These scavengers, which employ heme-binding scaffolds ranging from organic small molecules to hemoproteins derived from humans and potentially even microorganisms, show promise as field-deployable antidotes that may rapidly accelerate CO clearance and improve outcomes for survivors of acute CO poisoning.
Topics: Humans; United States; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Heme
PubMed: 37582490
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020045 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Apr 2024Heme is an iron-containing prosthetic group necessary for the function of several proteins termed "hemoproteins." Erythrocytes contain most of the body's heme in the... (Review)
Review
Heme is an iron-containing prosthetic group necessary for the function of several proteins termed "hemoproteins." Erythrocytes contain most of the body's heme in the form of hemoglobin and contain high concentrations of free heme. In nonerythroid cells, where cytosolic heme concentrations are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower, heme plays an essential and often overlooked role in a variety of cellular processes. Indeed, hemoproteins are found in almost every subcellular compartment and are integral in cellular operations such as oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Growing evidence reveals the participation of heme in dynamic processes such as circadian rhythms, NO signaling, and the modulation of enzyme activity. This dynamic view of heme biology uncovers exciting possibilities as to how hemoproteins may participate in a range of physiologic systems. Here, we discuss how heme is regulated at the level of its synthesis, availability, redox state, transport, and degradation and highlight the implications for cellular function and whole organism physiology.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Circadian Rhythm; Heme; Hemeproteins; Oxidation-Reduction; Signal Transduction; Intracellular Space; Cell Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38432636
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107132 -
RSC Advances Aug 2023At present, porphyrin is developing rapidly in the fields of medicine, energy, catalysts, More and more reports on its application are being published. This paper... (Review)
Review
At present, porphyrin is developing rapidly in the fields of medicine, energy, catalysts, More and more reports on its application are being published. This paper mainly takes the ingenious utilization of porphyrin derivatives in perovskite solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and lithium batteries as the background to review the design idea of functional materials based on the porphyrin structural unit in the energy sector. In addition, the modification and improvement strategies of porphyrin are presented by visually showing the molecular structures or the design synthesis routes of its functional materials. Finally, we provide some insights into the development of novel energy storage materials based on porphyrin frameworks.
PubMed: 37601600
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04345b