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EMBO Molecular Medicine Dec 2023Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable...
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Influenza, Human; Influenza A virus; COVID-19; Propylene Glycols; Mammals
PubMed: 37970627
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Sep 2023Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed...
HYPOTHESIS
Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed together to give a stable composite foam which brings together two immiscible liquids.
EXPERIMENTS
We have developed a mixed foam system comprised of an olive oil foam with bubbles stabilised using partially fluorinated particles and an aqueous foam with bubbles stabilised using hydrophobic silica particles. The aqueous phase is a mixture of water and propylene glycol. We have studied this system using bulk observations, confocal microscopy and rheology as we vary the proportions of the two foams, the silica particles and the propylene glycol, and the sample age.
FINDINGS
The composite foam resembles an emulsion of one foam within another and is stable for a week or more. The structure and flow properties depend on the proportions of the two phases and the quantities of both silica particles and propylene glycol. Inversion between water-in-oil and oil-in-water is observed, where both phases are foams, driven both by silica wettability and by adding increasing quantities of the dispersed foam. Composites formed at the inversion point are the least stable, showing significant phase separation in less than one week.
PubMed: 37224681
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.068 -
International Dental Journal Apr 2024Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any.
METHODS
The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined.
RESULTS
A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features.
CONCLUSIONS
The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Mouthwashes; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 37709645
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004 -
Journal of Cannabis Research Jun 2023Substance administration to laboratory animals necessitates careful consideration and planning in order to enhance agent distribution while reducing any harmful effects...
Propylene glycol and Kolliphor as solvents for systemic delivery of cannabinoids via intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes in preclinical studies: a comparative technical note.
BACKGROUND
Substance administration to laboratory animals necessitates careful consideration and planning in order to enhance agent distribution while reducing any harmful effects from the technique. There are numerous methods for administering cannabinoids; however, several parameters must be considered, including delivery frequency, volume of administration, vehicle, and the level of competence required for staff to use these routes properly. There is a scarcity of information about the appropriate delivery method for cannabinoids in animal research, particularly those that need the least amount of animal manipulation during the course of the investigation. This study aims to assess the feasibility and potential side effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection of CBD and THC using propylene glycol or Kolliphor in animal models. By evaluating the ease of use and histopathological side effects of these solvents, this study intends to help researchers better understand an accessible long-term delivery route of administration in animal experiments while minimizing the potential confounding effects of the delivery method on the animal.
METHODS
Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous methods of systemic cannabis administration were tested in rat models. Subcutaneous delivery via needle injection and continuous osmotic pump release were evaluated using propylene glycol or Kolliphor solvents. In addition, the use of a needle injection and a propylene glycol solvent for intraperitoneal (IP) administration was investigated. Skin histopathological changes were evaluated following a trial of subcutaneous injections of cannabinoids utilizing propylene glycol solvent.
DISCUSSION
Although IP delivery of cannabinoids with propylene glycol as solvent is a viable method and is preferable to oral treatment in order to reduce gastrointestinal tract degradation, it has substantial feasibility limitations. We conclude that subcutaneous delivery utilizing osmotic pumps with Kolliphor as a solvent provides viable and consistent route of administration for long-term systemic cannabinoid delivery in the preclinical context.
PubMed: 37340498
DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00194-9 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Jun 2023The 'propylene glycol ethers' (PGEs) are a group of chemical solvents and functional fluids produced through the reaction of propylene oxide (PO) and a monoalcohol. PGEs... (Review)
Review
The 'propylene glycol ethers' (PGEs) are a group of chemical solvents and functional fluids produced through the reaction of propylene oxide (PO) and a monoalcohol. PGEs form different structural isomers, with possible permutations increasing with the number of PO units in the molecule. The dominant isomers have only secondary hydroxyl groups and are not able to be metabolized to the acid structures that are associated with reproductive toxicity. There have been published claims that glycol ethers are human endocrine disruptors. This review systematically evaluates all the available and relevant in vitro and in vivo data across the propylene glycol ether family of substances using an approach based around the EFSA/ECHA 2018 guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors. The conclusion reached is that there is no evidence to show that PGEs target any endocrine organs or perturb endocrine pathways.
PubMed: 37394030
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105442 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2023Grazing in arid and semi-arid regions faces pregnant ewes with feed restrictions and hence affects the offspring muscle fibre characteristics. Using feed additives that...
Restricted maternal nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride during late pregnancy does not affect muscle fibre characteristics of offspring.
BACKGROUND
Grazing in arid and semi-arid regions faces pregnant ewes with feed restrictions and hence affects the offspring muscle fibre characteristics. Using feed additives that enhance nutrient availability during foetal muscle development is expected to alter offspring skeletal muscle characteristics.
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the effect of maternal restricted nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride on lamb's muscle fibre characteristics.
METHODS
Forty-eight Ghezel ewes were randomly allocated to one of six diets (N = 8) during the last 6 weeks of gestation: ad libitum feed intake (AL); restricted feeding (RF); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol (PG); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and monensin sodium (MS); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride (PMC). The muscle samples were obtained from the semitendinosus muscle of 2-week-old male lambs (n = 5/treatment) via biopsy and were stained and classified as fibre types I, IIA and IIB.
RESULTS
Pre-parturient maternal feed restriction and administration of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride had no significant effect on fibre-type composition, fibre density of muscle, muscle cross-sectional area and volume density of fibres (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Either maternal dietary restriction or supplementation of nutrient flux-involved additives during late pregnancy did not alter muscle fibre development and had no short-term effects on muscle properties of the resulting offspring as myogenesis occurs in early and mid-gestation, not late gestation. Therefore, maternal nutrition may not be a problematic issue in sheep production in arid and semi-arid areas.
Topics: Pregnancy; Animals; Sheep; Female; Male; Monensin; Choline; Rumen; Propylene Glycol; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37556348
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1239 -
Environment International Sep 2023E-cigarettes, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), are mainly used among adolescents and young adults. Similar to traditional cigarettes, different...
E-cigarettes, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), are mainly used among adolescents and young adults. Similar to traditional cigarettes, different concentrations of nicotine are also added to E-cigarette's liquid (E-liquid), but due to the supplementation of chemicals such as propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG) and flavors, it is difficult to determine the risk after using E-cigarettes. And given to the specificity of the aerosol particle composition and atomization process of E-cigarettes, it is necessary to assess the neurotoxic effects of long-term E-cigarettes use. In this study, two commercial nicotine-containing (5%) and nicotine-free E-liquids were diluted to investigate the neurobehavioral changes and addictive tendencies of developing C. elegans after sub-chronic exposure to E-liquid. The results showed that sub-chronic exposure of E-liquid could lead to impaired growth and development of nematodes, abnormal general neuromotor behavior and advanced learning and memory behavior, and nicotine-containing E-liquid could also lead to increased addiction tendency of nematodes. Although the damage effect of nicotine free E-liquid is smaller than that of the nicotine-containing group, its toxic effect cannot be ignored. Further analysis of the neurotoxicity mechanism found that redox imbalance-mediated mitochondrial stress and aging may be important causes of E-liquid-induced biological damage. The biosafety of e-cigarette aerosols was also included in the assessment. The study found that the heated atomization process did not alter the E-liquid components, and E-cigarette aerosols still have the effect of interfering with the growth and development of nematodes and neurobehavior, and its addictive nature is also of concern. This study can provide new ideas for future studies on the neurotoxic effects and safety assessment of the E-cigarettes, and provide theoretical reference for the study on the injury mechanism of E-cigarettes.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Young Adult; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Nicotine; Aerosols; Aging; Neurotoxicity Syndromes
PubMed: 37690220
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108180 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Binary ethosome vesicles have been developed as flexible lipid vesicles for the enhanced physicochemical stability and skin delivery of drugs. This work aimed to prepare...
Binary ethosome vesicles have been developed as flexible lipid vesicles for the enhanced physicochemical stability and skin delivery of drugs. This work aimed to prepare phloretin-loaded propylene glycol ethosomes (PHL-PGEs) to improve their stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity. PHL-PGEs were prepared via the ethanol injection method and optimized using different weight ratios of ethanol to propylene glycol (PG). When the ethanol/PG mass ratio changed from 10:0 to 0:10, the encapsulation efficiency and stability of ethosomes increased. At a PHL concentration of 1mg/mL, the EE% was 89.42 ± 2.42 and the DL% was 4.21 ± 0.04, which exhibited their highest values. The encapsulation of the PHL in the PHL-PGEs was strengthened via XRD analysis and FTIR analysis. The results of the in vitro percutaneous permeability test demonstrated that the combined use of ethanol and PG exhibited a notable enhancement in skin permeability, and the skin retention of PHL-PGEs was 1.06 times that of PHL-ethosomes (PHL-Es) and 2.24 times that of the PHL solution. An in vitro antioxidant activity study indicated that solubility and antioxidant activity was potentiated via the nanoencapsulation of phloretin. Therefore, these results confirm the potential of this nanocarrier to enhance physicochemical stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ethanol; Permeability; Phloretin; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 38202649
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010066 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained significant attention in the field of fluid dynamics and fluid flows due to their unique properties and the potential to enhance...
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained significant attention in the field of fluid dynamics and fluid flows due to their unique properties and the potential to enhance various aspects of fluid transport features. This article explores the behavior of Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Propylene glycol [Formula: see text] submerged single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The flow features are examined over stretched preamble surface of sheet. Energy relation is acquired in manifestation of thermal radiation and Joule heating. Aspects of Arrhenius kinetics and chemical reaction are assimilated in mass transport relation. Furthermore, effects of intermolecular fluid friction is accounted. Flow prevailing mathematical model is acquired by implementing boundary layer assumptions. Transformations procedure is adapted to alter the dimensional model into non-dimensional one and then tackled through Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method (RKF-45) in Mathematica. Effective consequences of influential flow controlling parameters on fluid velocity, thermal transport and concentration are inspected by plotting. Numerical computations for interesting engineering quantities like skin friction coefficient, mass and heat transfer rates are tabulated and investigated. It is noticed that thermal field boosts versus curvature variable, Eckert and Hartmann numbers. Retardation in mass concentration is noticed via Schmidt number and activation energy variable. Velocity field shows decreasing trend through porosity parameter, Hartmann number and Darcy-Forchheimer variable. Furthermore, it is noticed that magnitude of skin friction coefficient is higher for SWCNT as compared to MWCNT.
PubMed: 38071275
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49150-w