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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jan 2024Neural degeneration is a hallmark of healthy aging and can be associated with specific cognitive impairments. However, neural degeneration per se is not matched by... (Review)
Review
Neural degeneration is a hallmark of healthy aging and can be associated with specific cognitive impairments. However, neural degeneration per se is not matched by unremitting declines in cognitive abilities. Instead, middle-aged and older adults typically maintain surprisingly high levels of cognitive functioning, suggesting that the human brain can adapt to structural degeneration by neural compensation. Here, we summarize prevailing theories and recent empirical studies on neural compensation with a focus on often neglected contributing factors, such as lifestyle, metabolism and neural plasticity. We suggest that these factors moderate the relationship between structural integrity and neural compensation, maintaining psychological well-being and behavioral functioning. Finally, we discuss that a breakdown in neural compensation may pose a tipping point that distinguishes the trajectories of healthy vs pathological aging, but conjoint support from psychology and cognitive neuroscience for this alluring view is still scarce. Therefore, future experiments that target the concomitant processes of neural compensation and associated behavior will foster a comprehensive understanding of both healthy and pathological aging.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Aged; Aging; Brain; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cognitive Neuroscience
PubMed: 38040075
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105489 -
Psychological Research Oct 2023Research in social psychology and experimental philosophy has investigated lay people's free will beliefs (FWB). Using different approaches (i.e. experimental...
Research in social psychology and experimental philosophy has investigated lay people's free will beliefs (FWB). Using different approaches (i.e. experimental manipulations and vignette studies), they investigated how FWB relate to other concepts, and whether changing FWB has an impact on downstream processes such as social behavior. However, both approaches have shortcomings. While experimental manipulations used in social psychology suffer from demand effects, vignettes used in experimental philosophy are often highly abstract. Across two pre-registered studies, we developed a new approach by merging them in an online video game setting. Using this novel, experience-based FWB manipulation, we found that decreasing FWB impacted variables such as perceived control and responsibility in both studies. While the experience-based manipulation influenced participants' beliefs in free will within the context of the experience ("Within the context of the scenario, would the agent believe in free will?") in the first study, this manipulation effect did not transfer to participants' general FWB ("Do you believe in free will?") in the second study. Overall, our findings suggest a way forward in studying laypeople's beliefs in free will.
Topics: Humans; Personal Autonomy; Social Behavior; Video Games
PubMed: 36967410
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01815-x -
Journal of Health Psychology Sep 2023The objective of this study was to investigate kidney recipients' experiences within deceased and living donation contexts and, in the latter, by donor relationship...
The objective of this study was to investigate kidney recipients' experiences within deceased and living donation contexts and, in the latter, by donor relationship type, to identify differences by context and mechanisms by which the relationship with the donor may impact recipients' psychosocial well-being. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 participants and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three themes emerged: (a) salience of and sensitivity toward sacrifice and loss, (b) honoring the sacrifice by honoring the gift, and (c) relational imbalance mirroring perceived burden of donation. Findings were contextualized in relation to the transplantation literature, and their clinical implications discussed.
Topics: Humans; Living Donors; Attitude to Health; Kidney Transplantation; Cognition; Kidney
PubMed: 36688379
DOI: 10.1177/13591053221149780 -
BMC Psychology Mar 2024As the primary domain of ideological and political education in higher education institutions, ideological and political courses must align with principles rooted in...
As the primary domain of ideological and political education in higher education institutions, ideological and political courses must align with principles rooted in human psychology and education. Integrating educational psychology into ideological and political teaching in universities enhances the scientific, targeted, and forward-thinking nature of such education. The burgeoning exploration of knowledge graph applications has extended to machine translation, semantic search, and intelligent question answering. Diverging from traditional text matching, the knowledge spectrum graph transforms information acquisition in search engines. This paper pioneers a predictive system for delineating the relationship between educational psychology and ideological and political education in universities. Initially, it extracts diverse psychological mapping relationships of students, constructing a knowledge graph. By employing the KNN algorithm, the system analyzes psychological characteristics to effectively forecast the relationship between educational psychology and ideological and political education in universities. The system's functionality is meticulously detailed in this paper, and its performance is rigorously tested. The results demonstrate high accuracy, recall rates, and F1 values. The F1 score can reach 0.95enabling precise sample classification. The apex of the average curve for system response time peaks at approximately 2.5 s, maintaining an average response time of less than 3 s. This aligns seamlessly with the demands of practical online teaching requirements. The system adeptly forecasts the relationship between educational psychology and ideological and political education in universities, meeting response time requirements and thereby fostering the scientific and predictive nature of ideological and political teaching in higher education institutions.
Topics: Humans; Psychology, Positive; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Schools; Students; Universities
PubMed: 38528609
DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01654-4 -
PloS One 2023Productivity loss in the workplace due to physical or mental health problems, which is called presenteeism, leads to large financial losses. Personal and work...
AIM
Productivity loss in the workplace due to physical or mental health problems, which is called presenteeism, leads to large financial losses. Personal and work environment factors, as well as physical and mental illnesses are associated with presenteeism, but the detailed underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of perceived childhood rearing on the presenteeism of adult workers, and the mediating effects of trait anxiety and depressive rumination.
METHODS
In 2017 and 2018, a cross-sectional paper-based survey was conducted, and written consent from 447 adult workers was obtained. Demographic information and results from the Parental Bonding Instrument, trait anxiety of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Work Limitations Questionnaire were surveyed. Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling were conducted.
RESULTS
The low perceived quality of rearing from parents in childhood, i.e., low care and high overprotection, indirectly worsened current presenteeism via trait anxiety and depressive rumination. Presenteeism was directly worsened by trait anxiety and depressive rumination, and the low perceived quality of rearing from parents directly affected trait anxiety and depressive rumination, and trait anxiety affected depressive rumination.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study clarified the long-term influences of the low perceived quality of rearing experienced in childhood on adulthood presenteeism via trait anxiety and depressive rumination. Therefore, assessing the quality of childhood rearing, trait anxiety, and depressive rumination of individuals may help to elucidate the causes of presenteeism in the workplace, and how to manage it effectively.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Presenteeism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37535680
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289559 -
PloS One 2023Discrimination is pernicious in many ways, but there are inconsistent findings regarding whether it is harmful to cognitive function in later life. To address the...
Discrimination is pernicious in many ways, but there are inconsistent findings regarding whether it is harmful to cognitive function in later life. To address the inconsistency, we use two closely related concepts of everyday discrimination to predict cognitive trajectories in a diverse sample. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we examine whether the frequency of discrimination, measured at baseline with six questions, is related to poorer cognitive function and change in function over time (2008-2016). Age at baseline ranged from 53 to 100. Growth curve models of initial cognitive function and change in function were estimated. Everyday global discrimination was associated with poorer initial cognition and slower declines over time, and these relationships were not moderated by race and ethnicity. By contrast, the relationship between everyday racial discrimination and cognition was moderated by race: more frequent everyday racial discrimination was associated with better initial cognitive function among Black adults but not among Hispanic and White adults. Discrimination is a multifaceted concept, and specific types of discrimination manifest lower or higher cognitive function during later life for White, Black, and Hispanic adults.
Topics: Humans; Black or African American; Cognition; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; Racism; White; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Time Factors; Age Factors
PubMed: 37878577
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292617 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Guided by Beck's cognitive model of depression, this study comprehensively explores the mechanisms linking harsh parenting, rumination, and victimization to the...
Guided by Beck's cognitive model of depression, this study comprehensively explores the mechanisms linking harsh parenting, rumination, and victimization to the development of adolescent depression. A total of 5047 adolescents were assessed using the Harsh Parenting Scale, Rumination Scale, Olweus Bullying/Victimization Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. The results indicated that harsh parenting positively influences adolescent depression. Moreover, rumination emerged as an important mediator between harsh parenting and adolescent depression, similar to victimization. Additionally, we found that both rumination and victimization act as chain mediators in the relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent depression. These findings demonstrate that harsh parenting impacts adolescent depression mediated by rumination and victimization. By shedding light on these mechanisms, this study improves our comprehension of how harsh parenting influences adolescent depression and offers valuable insights for designing interventions to alleviate depression in this population.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Parenting; Depression; Bullying; Surveys and Questionnaires; Crime Victims
PubMed: 38001270
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48138-w -
Soins; La Revue de Reference Infirmiere Dec 2023Anorexia nervosa affects people of all ages, and has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders, following medical complications inherent in the disease or...
Anorexia nervosa affects people of all ages, and has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders, following medical complications inherent in the disease or suicide. Early and appropriate treatment is crucial to prevent the risk of chronic disease, which may affect one in two anorexics. Severe undernutrition linked to a complex psychopathology calls for the necessary theoretical and clinical knowledge on the part of the caregiver, applied to the dynamics of care, ideally conceived in a transdisciplinary way and involving nursing teams.
Topics: Humans; Anorexia Nervosa
PubMed: 38070976
DOI: 10.1016/j.soin.2023.10.005 -
Eye (London, England) Oct 2023We present a novel comprehensive literature review of studies of the psychosocial functioning (PF) and quality of life (QoL) of patients with childhood glaucoma and... (Review)
Review
We present a novel comprehensive literature review of studies of the psychosocial functioning (PF) and quality of life (QoL) of patients with childhood glaucoma and their caregivers. Our findings demonstrate variable study quality and approach, as well as inconsistent results relating to the association of glaucoma-specific factors and sociodemographic variables with measured PF and QoL. Future studies should focus on the development of culturally cognizant and standardized assessment tools, execution of multi-center longitudinal studies with global representation, evaluation of PF and QoL among siblings and childhood glaucoma providers, and implementation of interventions to improve patient and caregiver PF and QoL.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Psychosocial Functioning; Glaucoma; Siblings; Caregivers
PubMed: 36949247
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02492-1 -
BMC Geriatrics Sep 2023Social frailty has not been comprehensively studied in China. Our objective is to investigate the prevalence of social frailty among the older population in China, as... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Social frailty has not been comprehensively studied in China. Our objective is to investigate the prevalence of social frailty among the older population in China, as well as identify relevant factors and urban-rural differences.
METHODS
We obtained data from the Fourth Sample Survey of the Aged Population in Urban and Rural China (SSAPUR) database. The study employed a multistage, stratified, cluster-sampling method, recruiting a total of 224,142 adults aged 60 years or older. Participants were interviewed to gather demographic data and information on family, health and medical conditions, health care service status, living environment conditions, social participation, protected rights status, spiritual and cultural life, and health. Social frailty was assessed using the HALFE Social Frailty Index. A score of three or above indicated social frailty.
RESULTS
We analyzed a total of 222,179 cases, and the overall prevalence of social frailty was found to be 15.2%. The highest prevalence was observed among participants aged 75-79 years (18.0%). The prevalence of social frailty was higher in rural older populations compared to urban older populations (19.9% in rural vs. 10.9% in urban, P < 0.0001). In urban areas, women had a higher prevalence than men (11.7% in women vs. 9.9% in men, P < 0.0001), while in rural areas, men had a higher prevalence than women (20.6% in men vs. 19.2% in women, P < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that living in a rural/urban environment (OR 1.789, 95% CI 1.742-1.837), absence of a spouse/spousal presence (OR 4.874, 95% CI 4.743-5.009), self-assessed unhealthy/health status (OR 1.696, 95% CI 1.633-1.761), and housing dissatisfaction/satisfaction (OR 2.303, 95% CI 2.233-2.376) were all significantly associated with social frailty.
CONCLUSIONS
Using the HALFE social frailty index, we found a prevalence of 15.2% among older people in China, with the highest prevalence observed in the 75-79 age group. Social frailty was more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. Various factors, including spousal presence, housing satisfaction, health status, and urban-rural residential differences, were significantly associated with social frailty. These findings highlight the modifiable and non-modifiable factors that contribute to social frailty among older individuals in China.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Asian People; Cross-Sectional Studies; East Asian People; Frailty; Prevalence; Middle Aged; Urban Population; Rural Population; China; Psychosocial Functioning; Social Behavior
PubMed: 37658332
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04241-1