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Viruses Jul 2023Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in...
Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018-2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5' untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within (RV-A) (RV-B) and (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5'UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Phylogeny; Bulgaria; Pandemics; Picornaviridae Infections; COVID-19; Genotype; Enterovirus Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; 5' Untranslated Regions
PubMed: 37515294
DOI: 10.3390/v15071608 -
Mucosal Immunology Aug 2023Rhinoviruses infect ciliated airway epithelial cells, and rhinoviruses' nonstructural proteins quickly inhibit and divert cellular processes for viral replication....
Rhinoviruses infect ciliated airway epithelial cells, and rhinoviruses' nonstructural proteins quickly inhibit and divert cellular processes for viral replication. However, the epithelium can mount a robust innate antiviral immune response. Therefore, we hypothesized that uninfected cells contribute significantly to the antiviral immune response in the airway epithelium. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that both infected and uninfected cells upregulate antiviral genes (e.g. MX1, IFIT2, IFIH1, and OAS3) with nearly identical kinetics, whereas uninfected non-ciliated cells are the primary source of proinflammatory chemokines. Furthermore, we identified a subset of highly infectable ciliated epithelial cells with minimal interferon responses and determined that interferon responses originate from distinct subsets of ciliated cells with moderate viral replication. These findings suggest that the composition of ciliated airway epithelial cells and coordinated responses of infected and uninfected cells could determine the risk of more severe viral respiratory illnesses in children with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and genetically susceptible individuals.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cells, Cultured; Interferons; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Innate; Gene Expression; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 36796588
DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.008 -
Microbiology Spectrum Sep 2023Rhinovirus (RV) is the leading pathogen causing childhood wheezing, with rhinovirus C (RV-C) species reported to cause asthma exacerbation. Allele A of single-nucleotide...
Rhinovirus (RV) is the leading pathogen causing childhood wheezing, with rhinovirus C (RV-C) species reported to cause asthma exacerbation. Allele A of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) _rs6967330 upregulates epithelial expression of RV-C receptors which results in more severe asthma exacerbations in children. Nevertheless, there are limited data on interactions between variants and their impact on severity of RV-related pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Medical records of RV-related RTIs in children aged below 18 years who were hospitalized in two public hospitals in 2015-2016 were independently reviewed by two paediatricians. Archived nasopharyngeal aspirates were retrieved for RV detection and sequencing as well as genotyping. HaploView v.5.0 and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analysis were employed for haplotypic assignment and gene-environment interaction analyses. Among 1019 studied cases, our results confirmed the relationship between RV-C species and more severe RTIs. Besides the top risk variant rs6967330-A, we identified rs140154310-T to be associated with RV-C susceptibility under the additive model [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95% CI 1.15-5.56; = 0.021]. Rs140154310 was associated with wheezing illness (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.12-5.04; = 0.024), with such association being stronger in subjects who wheezed due to RV-C infections (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.32-5.58; = 0.007). Haplotype GAG constructed from rs4730125, rs6967330, and rs73195665 was associated with increased risk of RV-C infection (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.11-2.65; = 0.016) and oxygen supplementation (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.13-3.30; = 0.016). GMDR analyses revealed epistatic interaction between rs140154310 and rs6967330 of for RV-C infection ( = 0.001), RV-C-associated lower RTI ( = 0.004), and RV-C-associated wheeze ( = 0.007). There was synergistic gene-environmental interaction between rs3887998 and RV-C for more severe clinical outcomes ( < 0.001). To conclude, rs140154310-T is another risk variant for RV-C susceptibility and more severe RTIs. Synergistic epistatic interaction is found between SNPs and RV-C for RTI severity, which is likely mediated by susceptibility to RV-C. Haplotypic analysis and GMDR should be included in identifying prediction models of for childhood asthma and RTIs. IMPORTANCE This case-control study investigated the interaction between CDHR3 genotypes and rhinovirus (RV) species on disease severity in Hong Kong children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection (RTI). There were synergistic effects between RV-C and CDHR3 SNPs for RTI severity, which was mainly driven by RV-C. Specifically, rs6967330 and rs140154310 alone and their epistatic interaction were associated with RV-C-related and severe RTIs in our subjects. Therefore, genotyping of CDHR3 SNPs may help physicians formulate prediction models for severity of RV-associated RTIs.
PubMed: 37750685
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01181-23 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Apr 2024Rhinovirus-A was previously shown to cause false-positive results in a Japanese SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. We report that a false-positive result was obtained in a...
Rhinovirus-A was previously shown to cause false-positive results in a Japanese SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. We report that a false-positive result was obtained in a specimen with rhinovirus C-32 that had been tested using an American SARS-CoV-2 antigen test.
PubMed: 38526094
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00172-24