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Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Dec 2023Salivary gland neoplasms are rare lesions in the head and neck (H&N) pathology realm. There are more than 20 malignant and 15 benign salivary gland neoplasms in the 5th... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Salivary gland neoplasms are rare lesions in the head and neck (H&N) pathology realm. There are more than 20 malignant and 15 benign salivary gland neoplasms in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of H&N tumors. These neoplasms consist of heterogeneous groups of uncommon diseases that make diagnosis and treatment challenging for the clinical team. Using an algorithmic immunohistochemical approach-defined tumor origin and type has proven to be effective and advantageous. Immunohistochemistry may be used as sort of a "diagnostic looking glass," not as a positive or negative type tool, but as an indispensable complement to a hematoxylin-eosin morphologic pattern-based approach. Furthermore, the understanding of the novel discoveries of the salivary gland gene fusions and the molecular aspects of these tumors makes the process easier and improve the diagnosis as well as treatment aspects. This review reflects our experience with more recent diagnostic antibodies, which include MYB RNA, Pan-TRK, PLAG1, LEF1, and NR4A3. Each of these is linked with a specific type of neoplasm; for example, gene fusions involving the PLAG1 and HMGA2 oncogenes are specific for benign pleomorphic adenomas, and MYB is associated with adenoid cystic carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review these more recent antibodies, which highly enhance salivary gland neoplasm diagnosis.
DATA SOURCES.—
The study sources involved literature PubMed searches, including multiple review articles, case reports, selected book chapters, and Geisinger Medical Center cases.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Salivary gland tumors are a rare, varied group of lesions in H&N pathology. We need to have continuous readings and revisions of the molecular consequences of these fusion oncoproteins and their subsequent targets, which will eventually lead to the identification of novel driver genes in salivary gland neoplasms.
Topics: Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Salivary Glands; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Transcription Factors; Biomarkers, Tumor
PubMed: 37074867
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0461-RA -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology Dec 2023Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by the T-cell-mediated hyperactivation of B-cells and cytokine production. The... (Review)
Review
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by the T-cell-mediated hyperactivation of B-cells and cytokine production. The condition may evolve from an asymptomatic, indolent course, with glandular involvement, to extra-glandular systemic manifestations up to lymphoma development. On tissue level, the typical feature is the lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary gland by B-, T- and antigen presenting cells, as mirrored by the diagnostic cornerstone role of minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsy. Recently, increasing research focused on the investigation of mechanisms underlying the complex pathogenesis of the disease and highlighted the multi-factorial nature of SS consisting of concomitant involvement of environmental, genetic, neuroendocrine and immune factors. In particular, many aspects have been investigated regarding genetic and epigenetics, the role of specific B- and T-cell phenotypes and the investigation of disease-specific biomarkers as predictors of disease development, activity, and lymphomagenesis. Surely, a deeper understanding of these multiple mechanisms may facilitate earlier diagnosis, enable subphenotyping of patients and open novel therapeutic possibilities to address the unmet needs of the disease in the upcoming years.In this review, following the others of this series, we will summarise the most recent literature on pSS pathogenesis and clinical features focusing in particular on new insights into pSS molecular stratification and therapeutic advances in the era of precision medicine.
Topics: Humans; Sjogren's Syndrome; Salivary Glands; Salivary Glands, Minor; B-Lymphocytes; Lymphoma
PubMed: 38149515
DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/255qsx -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of... (Review)
Review
Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.
PubMed: 38247905
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010028 -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Aug 2023To provide family physicians with a practical evidence-based approach to the management of patients with sialadenitis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To provide family physicians with a practical evidence-based approach to the management of patients with sialadenitis.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for English-language research on sialadenitis and other salivary gland disorders, as well as for relevant review articles and guidelines published between 1981 and 2021.
MAIN MESSAGE
refers to inflammation or infection of the salivary glands and is a condition that can be caused by a broad range of processes including infectious, obstructive, and autoimmune. History and physical examination play important roles in directing management, while imaging is often useful to establish a diagnosis. Red flags such as suspected abscess formation, signs of respiratory obstruction, facial paresis, and fixation of a mass to underlying tissue should prompt urgent referral to head and neck surgery or a visit to the emergency department.
CONCLUSION
Family physicians can play an important role in the diagnosis and management of sialadenitis. Prompt recognition and treatment of the condition can prevent the development of complications.
Topics: Humans; Sialadenitis; Diagnostic Imaging; Physical Examination
PubMed: 37582587
DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6908531