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Acta Psychologica Sep 2023Social exclusion can induce negative emotions and aggression. While previous studies have investigated the effect of trait acceptance on emotional experience and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Social exclusion can induce negative emotions and aggression. While previous studies have investigated the effect of trait acceptance on emotional experience and aggression during social exclusion, it is still unclear how different forms of acceptance strategy can downregulate negative emotions and whether this potential reduction of negative emotions should mediate the effect of acceptance on aggression. To address these questions, 100 participants were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, N = 33), conscious acceptance group (CAG, N = 33) and unconscious acceptance group (UAG, N = 34). Negative emotions were induced by the cyberball game and measured by the modified PANAS. Aggressive behavior was assessed by the hot sauce allocation task. Results showed that anger, rather than other negative emotions, mediated the effect of acceptance on aggressive behavior. Conscious and unconscious acceptance both effectively regulated anger, hurt feelings and aggressive behavior during social exclusion. Compared to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance was associated with less reduction of positive emotion and had a better effect on reducing sadness. These findings highlight the advantage of applying unconscious acceptance strategy to regulating social exclusion-induced emotions for the purpose of reducing aggressive behavior.
Topics: Humans; Anger; Emotions; Aggression; Consciousness
PubMed: 37562322
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104000 -
Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) refers to performing intended actions at a specific time in the future. The TBPM task is very common in daily life, and whether it...
Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) refers to performing intended actions at a specific time in the future. The TBPM task is very common in daily life, and whether it can be successfully completed can affect our quality of life. Repeated behavior training can usually improve social cognitive performance, and this study focused on exploring whether TBPM performance could improve with repeated behavior training. Meanwhile, we also focused on whether behavior training could reduce attention consumption, both internal and external, attention on TBPM tasks. In this study, a single-factor between-subject design was adopted. Seventy-three undergraduates were assigned to three groups: the control group, the baseline group, and the experimental group. The baseline group only needs to perform ongoing tasks, so the ongoing task performance of the control group will not be affected by TBPM tasks. The control group needs to perform both ongoing and TBPM tasks without practice. The experimental group needs to perform both ongoing and TBPM tasks after 30 exercises. The ongoing task is a typical working memory task. The TBPM task was to press a "1" button every 1 min. The results showed that the performance of ongoing tasks in the baseline group, experimental group, and control group decreased sequentially, and the experimental group had less time monitoring than the control group. The results indicated that behavior training could reduce attention consumption in both internal attention and external attention, but it could not reach the level of automatic processing.
PubMed: 37754028
DOI: 10.3390/bs13090750 -
Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da U S P 2023To identify the social and health vulnerabilities of Venezuelan immigrants living in Boa Vista, Roraima.
OBJECTIVE
To identify the social and health vulnerabilities of Venezuelan immigrants living in Boa Vista, Roraima.
METHOD
Mixed methods research, with concomitant transformative strategy. In the quantitative phase, analysis of management documents for the state of Roraima and the capital Boa Vista were carried out. In the qualitative, open interviews with 16 Venezuelan immigrants, 14 nursing professionals and 8 public managers and a focus group with 12 nursing professionals. The webQDA software was used to organize the data and the content and discourse analyzes were based on Bardin and on dialectic-hermeneutics, according to Minayo.
RESULTS
The main vulnerabilities identified were the absence of public policies for immigrants, the fragility of links with health services and language differences.
CONCLUSION
The vulnerabilities of Venezuelan immigrants are linked to their ways of living and working. Health institutions and organizations are not fully qualified to serve them. Specific policies are needed for this social group and to qualify institutions and health professionals to implement these policies.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Emigrants and Immigrants; Focus Groups; Health Personnel; Hermeneutics
PubMed: 37738310
DOI: 10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2023-0074en -
Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi 2023The aim of this study was to examine Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities in patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) with and without Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD)...
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to examine Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities in patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) with and without Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD) comorbidity.
METHODS
A total of 55 patients with SAD, 25 patients with AvPD and SAD, who presented to the Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Unit and were diagnosed with SAD according to the Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic Criteria for DSM-5 and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form for SAD, Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and Dokuz Eylül Theory of Mind Index (DEToMI) were used.
RESULTS
The ToM positive-emotion scores measured by the RMET were higher in the control group than in the SAD and SAD+AvPD groups. The ToM negative-emotion scores were lower in the SAD+AvPD group than in the SAD and control groups. The ToM neutral-emotion scores were similar in all three groups. There were statistically significant differences in favor of the control group in the total score of DEToMI and its subtests among the three groups. There was no difference among the three groups in the faux pas comprehension test.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that AvPD comorbidity is associated with a decrease in many ToM skills, both in decoding and reasoning, and that this decrease is mainly related to the perception of mental states with an emotional load. More specific methods are needed for ToM problems observed in patients with SAD and AvPD.
PubMed: 38077841
DOI: 10.29399/npa.28368 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023When deciding what images we prefer, our brain must weigh many aesthetic variables, such as symmetry and complexity. To date, aesthetic research has mainly focused on...
When deciding what images we prefer, our brain must weigh many aesthetic variables, such as symmetry and complexity. To date, aesthetic research has mainly focused on investigating one variable at a time. In this article, we use symmetry and complexity to study the problem of multi aesthetic-variable interactions. For symmetry and complexity, there are two simple interaction hypotheses. The independence hypothesis proposes that the evaluation of aesthetic variables is mutually independent. Meanwhile, Birkhoff's aesthetic-measure hypothesis predicts that people prefer images high in symmetry and low in complexity, and dislike the opposite. To test these hypotheses, we generated images that systematically varied in levels of symmetry and complexity. We then compared the subjects' preference maps to identify regions of likes and dislikes. Unlike the predictions from these hypotheses, we found that most, but not all subjects, formed two distinct natural clusters, termed "islands," in terms of likes and dislikes. We also found that people with more art exposure were less likely to belong to an island. If someone did belong to an island, their gender influenced which cluster they belonged to. We discuss alternate hypotheses, possible mechanisms for the occurrence of islands, and their possible social implications.
Topics: Humans; Social Group; Esthetics; Brain; Emotions
PubMed: 38057345
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47835-w -
Human Genetics Aug 2023Leveraging genome-wide association statistics generated from a large study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 29,612 cases and 122,656 controls) and UK Biobank (UKB;...
Leveraging genome-wide association statistics generated from a large study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 29,612 cases and 122,656 controls) and UK Biobank (UKB; 4,024 phenotypes, up to 361,194 participants), we conducted a phenome-wide analysis of ALS genetic liability and identified 46 genetically correlated traits, such as fluid intelligence score (r = - 0.21, p = 1.74 × 10), "spending time in pub or social club" (r = 0.24, p = 2.77 × 10), non-work related walking (r = - 0.25, p = 1.95 × 10), college education (r = - 0.15, p = 7.08 × 10), "ever diagnosed with panic attacks (r = 0.39, p = 4.24 × 10), and "self-reported other gastritis including duodenitis" (r = 0.28, p = 1.4 × 10). To assess the putative directionality of these genetic correlations, we conducted a latent causal variable analysis, identifying significant genetic causality proportions (gĉp) linking ALS genetic liability to seven traits. While the genetic component of "self-reported other gastritis including duodenitis" showed a causal effect on ALS (gĉp = 0.50, p = 1.26 × 10), the genetic liability to ALS is potentially causal for multiple traits, also including an effect on "ever being diagnosed with panic attacks" (gĉp = 0.79, p = 5.011 × 10) and inverse effects on "other leisure/social group activities" (gĉp = 0.66, p = 1 × 10) and prospective memory result (gĉp = 0.35, p = 0.005). Our subsequent Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that some of these associations may be due to bidirectional effects. In conclusion, this phenome-wide investigation of ALS polygenic architecture highlights the widespread pleiotropy linking this disorder with several health domains.
Topics: Humans; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Genome-Wide Association Study; Duodenitis; Phenotype; Gastritis; Mendelian Randomization Analysis
PubMed: 36773064
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02525-5 -
Acta Psychologica Jul 2023Third-party punishment (TPP) effectively promotes social cooperation and maintains social norms in which equity plays a decisive role. When third-party and players are...
Third-party punishment (TPP) effectively promotes social cooperation and maintains social norms in which equity plays a decisive role. When third-party and players are affiliated with different groups, there are two distinct phenomena-in-group favoritism (IGF) and black sheep effect (BSE)-in a certain environment. Equity loses its function as a benchmark when the environment is uncertain (de Kwaadsteniet et al., 2013). Thus, we hypothesized that individuals have a stronger IGF because there is more room for interpretations of their behaviors when an uncertain environment results in ambiguous social norms. We utilized a common resource dilemma (CRD) to manipulate the environmental uncertainty by varying the range of the resource size: a certain environment is represented by a resource size of fixed tokens (i.e., 500 tokens) and an uncertain one is represented by that of 300 to 700 tokens. Additionally, group affiliation is manipulated by the alumni relation between the third-party and players. The present study revealed that the uncertain environment led to stricter costly punishment. The experiment confirms the IGF rather than the BSE. We found boundary conditions between IGF and out-group derogation (OGD). When the players' harvest was not obviously violated, the size of TPP for a control group without group affiliation manipulation anchored those of the in-group and OGD occurred. Opposite, when the harvest was obviously violated, the size of TPP for the control group anchored those of the out-group and IGF occurred. The gender of the third-party affects its decision to punish, with men anchoring the control group's punishment to the in-group and showing OGD, whereas women anchoring the control group's punishment to the out-group and showing IGF.
Topics: Humans; Female; Cooperative Behavior; Uncertainty; Punishment; Social Behavior; Social Norms
PubMed: 37329843
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103957 -
Food Science & Nutrition Nov 2023Social media have emerged as a promising communication channel for promoting breastfeeding among a new generation of mothers. Yet, there is no published study reporting...
Social media have emerged as a promising communication channel for promoting breastfeeding among a new generation of mothers. Yet, there is no published study reporting the effects of a large-scale social media intervention on key breastfeeding-related perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. As a component of its breastfeeding promotion campaign, the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program implemented a 12-month intervention using Facebook and Instagram and subsequently evaluated the outcomes by surveying WIC-participating women ( = 832) twice, immediately before and after the intervention. Based on their level of exposure to the intervention messages, the women were retrospectively classified into two groups, resulting in a two-group (no-low exposure vs. medium-high exposure) quasi-experiment. Women in the medium-high exposure group, in comparison with women in the no-low exposure group, exhibited higher campaign awareness ( < .001), visits to the campaign website ( < .001), and engagement with the website content ( < .001). They also reported more positive breastfeeding attitudes ( = 17.26 vs. = 16.51, < .05), self-efficacy ( = 54.48 vs. = 49.94, < .01), and social support ( = 27.37 vs. = 25.11, < .001). But they did not differ from women in the no-low exposure group in breastfeeding initiation ( > .05) and duration ( > .05). In conclusion, a social media-based intervention resulted in more positive breastfeeding attitudes, higher self-efficacy, and higher perceived social support. Future studies need to investigate the optimal level of intervention message dosage that prompts significant behavioral changes.
PubMed: 37970423
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3620 -
Heliyon Nov 2023This paper examined the learning experiences of a group of undergraduate business students from a Thai business school in a social business course. The key point to...
This paper examined the learning experiences of a group of undergraduate business students from a Thai business school in a social business course. The key point to examine in this study is learning and teaching approaches for social business education that can promote understanding of gender diversity. To understand the experiences of stakeholders in social business education, a qualitative approach was adopted wherein students, teaching staff and social entrepreneurs engaged with the researcher in a real-time, hands-on social business environment. We collected secondary data from assignments, feedback, and presentations from students and their social business coaches. We also collected primary data in the form of personal interviews with two social entrepreneurs who coached students in this course. The results suggest that the development of pedagogy for social business requires multidisciplinary collaboration and codesign among course coordinators, teachers, social business, and students. We also summarized four appropriate learning approaches, LGBTIQ + social business, in the Thai higher education context: advocacy, problem-based, research-based and practical-operational approaches. We suggest that social business should also be taught by academic staff and industry representatives to help students in the learning process. This study also suggests that a student-centered approach can help students synergize social impacts with the financial returns of social business by adopting inquiry-based activities, role plays, and talking with LGBTIQ + social entrepreneurs.
PubMed: 37964849
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21324 -
Journal of School Psychology Dec 2023Defending the victim in bullying situations is a moral behavior that has received increasing attention in the literature. However, important questions about the...
Defending the victim in bullying situations is a moral behavior that has received increasing attention in the literature. However, important questions about the development and maintenance of defending behaviors remain unanswered. The present study adopted a longitudinal design with two main goals: (a) identifying trajectories of change in individuals' defending behavior over time and (b) describing and comparing the initial levels and dynamics of change in normative and social adjustment and self-perceived popularity between the different defending trajectories. A total of 3303 students (49.8% girls; Wave 1 M = 12.61 years; SD = 1.47) participated in the study. Data were collected in four waves with self-report questionnaires. Using growth mixture modeling, we found four defending trajectories (84% stable-high, 5% decrease, 4% increase, and 7% stable-low). Growth mixture model multigroup and comparative analyses found that adolescents in the stable-high defending group exhibited the highest initial levels of normative adjustment (M = 5.47), social adjustment (M = 5.48), and self-perceived popularity (M = 5). Adolescents in the decrease defending group tended to reduce their normative adjustment over time (M = -0.09), whereas the increase defending group increased their social adjustment (M = 0.18) and self-perceived popularity (M = -0.04). The stable-low defending group showed low and stable levels of normative adjustment (M = 5.01), social adjustment (M = 5.03), and self-perceived popularity (M = 4.4). These results indicate a strong association between normative and social adjustment and self-perceived popularity and involvement in defending behaviors. Bullying prevention programs could improve by adding a stronger focus on the development of classroom dynamics that promote adjusted behaviors and class-group cohesion.
Topics: Female; Adolescent; Humans; Child; Male; Social Adjustment; Peer Group; Bullying; Morals; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37951667
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2023.101252