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Stem Cell Reports Sep 2023The laboratory culture of human stem cells seeks to capture a cellular state as an in vitro surrogate of a biological system. For the results and outputs from this... (Review)
Review
The laboratory culture of human stem cells seeks to capture a cellular state as an in vitro surrogate of a biological system. For the results and outputs from this research to be accurate, meaningful, and durable, standards that ensure reproducibility and reliability of the data should be applied. Although such standards have been previously proposed for repositories and distribution centers, no widely accepted best practices exist for laboratory research with human pluripotent and tissue stem cells. To fill that void, the International Society for Stem Cell Research has developed a set of recommendations, including reporting criteria, for scientists in basic research laboratories. These criteria are designed to be technically and financially feasible and, when implemented, enhance the reproducibility and rigor of stem cell research.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Stem Cell Research
PubMed: 37703820
DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.08.003 -
Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy Jan 2024Saliva can be used for screening and diagnostic purposes. Although multiple saliva collection methods are available, their use in children can be limited due to lack of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Saliva can be used for screening and diagnostic purposes. Although multiple saliva collection methods are available, their use in children can be limited due to lack of cooperation, developmental stage, and age. The aim of this scoping review was to comprehensively appraise the different methods of saliva collection among both children and adolescents by assessing the available scientific literature.
METHODS
A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Eligible studies on saliva collection methods among children and adolescents were included for this review.
RESULTS
The literature search identified 249 eligible articles, of which 205 had a cross-sectional study design. Four distinct saliva collection methods have surfaced: the drooling method, the absorption method, the spitting method, and the suction method. Among infants or children under the age of 6 years, the suction and absorption methods were most preferred. The drooling and spitting methods were only applicable among children above the age of 3 years. When children were not willing to cooperate, the absorption method was most feasible. In adolescents and older children, no specific method was found to be preferred over another method.
CONCLUSION
Overall, saliva collection is well tolerated by children and adolescents, with the absorption and suction methods being preferred with young and uncooperative children.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Cross-Sectional Studies; Saliva; Sialorrhea
PubMed: 37950136
DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00684-9 -
Frontiers in Dentistry 2023Enlarged adenoids can lead to obstruction of the nasopharyngeal airway and subsequent oral respiration. Oral breathing can cause dry mouth, dehydration in gingival...
Enlarged adenoids can lead to obstruction of the nasopharyngeal airway and subsequent oral respiration. Oral breathing can cause dry mouth, dehydration in gingival tissue, and resistance to plaque accumulation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of tonsillectomy on oral health status, salivary pH and flow rate, and common complications caused by tonsillar hypertrophy in children. An analytical before-and-after study was conducted on 60 children aged 5-12 years who required tonsillectomy. We gathered data through a questionnaire and collected unstimulated saliva using the spitting method for five minutes. Salivary pH was measured by a pH meter and its volume was determined with a calibrated test tube. The plaque index, bleeding index and modified gingival index were determined using a disclosing tablet, Williams' probe and observational examination, respectively. All measurements were repeated one month after tonsillectomy. Paired t-test was used for data analysis. We found a significant increase in mean pH and salivary flow rate after tonsillectomy and observed a decrease in oral health indices among the children one month after surgery. Over half of the children who reported complications such as dry mouth, itchy nose and throat, snoring, night sweats, and sleep disturbances experienced complete recovery after tonsillectomy. Based on the results obtained in the present study, children with enlarged adenoids showed significant improvements in salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and oral health indices, one month after tonsillectomy.
PubMed: 37701649
DOI: 10.18502/fid.v20i24.13168 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Aug 2023Envenomations by African snakes represent a high burden in the sub-Sahara region. The design and fabrication of polyspecific antivenoms with a broader effectiveness,...
BACKGROUND
Envenomations by African snakes represent a high burden in the sub-Sahara region. The design and fabrication of polyspecific antivenoms with a broader effectiveness, specially tailored for its use in sub-Saharan Africa, require a better understanding of the immunological features of different Naja spp. venoms of highest medical impact in Africa; and to select the most appropriate antigen combinations to generate antivenoms of wider neutralizing scope.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Rabbit-derived monospecific antisera were raised against the venoms of five spitting cobras and six non-spitting cobras. The effects of immunization in the animal model were assessed, as well as the development of antibody titers, as proved by immunochemical assays and neutralization of lethal, phospholipase A2 and dermonecrotic activities. By the end of the immunization schedule, the immunized rabbits showed normal values of all hematological parameters, and no muscle tissue damage was evidenced, although alterations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) suggested a degree of hepatic damage caused mainly by spitting cobra venoms. Immunologic analyses revealed a considerable extent of cross-reactivity of monospecific antisera against heterologous venoms within the spitting and no-spitting cobras, yet some antisera showed more extensive cross-reactivity than others. The antisera with the widest coverage were those of anti-Naja ashei and anti-N. nigricollis for the spitting cobras, and anti-N. haje and anti-N. senegalensis for the non-spitting cobras.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
The methods and study design followed provide a rationale for the selection of the best combination of venoms for generating antivenoms of high cross-reactivity against cobra venoms in sub-Saharan Africa. Results suggest that venoms from N. ashei, N. nigricollis within the spitting cobras, and N. haje and N. senegalensis within the non-spitting cobras, generate antisera with a broader cross-reactivity. These experimental results should be translated to larger animal models used in antivenom elaboration to assess whether these predictions are reproduced.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Naja; Elapidae; Antivenins; Immune Sera; Elapid Venoms; Lagomorpha
PubMed: 37582064
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011545 -
Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Jul 2023: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. : This study included 32 patients with...
: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. : This study included 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy examinees for the control group. Saliva was collected using the spitting method, and on the same day blood was also drawn from the examinees to determine serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The salivary values of uric acid, urea, creatinine and albumin were determined with a spectrophotometer, as well as the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. : Our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between salivary and serum levels of urea and creatinine in patients with CKD (Pearson's correlation coefficient for urea was r =0.6527, p = 0.000, while for creatinine it was r = 0.5486, p = 0.001). We detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the salivary levels of urea and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.4667, p = 0.007). We did not register a significant correlation between the salivary levels of creatinine and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.1643, p = 0.369). : Salivary urea is a valid marker for determining kidney function and a potential salivary marker for screening and monitoring kidney function. Salivary creatinine can be used as a qualitative marker, only indicating the existence of a disease.
Topics: Humans; Creatinine; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Saliva; Urea
PubMed: 37453126
DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2023-0033 -
Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam,... Sep 2023Snake venoms possess a range of pharmacological and toxicological activities. Here we evaluated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against...
Snake venoms possess a range of pharmacological and toxicological activities. Here we evaluated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant (MSSA and MRSA) of venoms from the Samar spitting cobra and the Puff adder Both venoms prevented biofilm production by pathogenic in a growth-independent manner, with the venom being most potent. Fractionation showed the active molecule to be heat-labile and >10 kDa in size. Proteomic profiles of venom revealed neurotoxins and cytotoxins, as well as an abundance of serine proteases and three-finger toxins, while serine proteases, metalloproteinases and C-lectin types were abundant in venom. These enzymes may have evolved to prevent bacteria colonising the snake venom gland. From a biomedical biotechnology perspective, they have valuable potential for anti-virulence therapy to fight antibiotic resistant microbes.
PubMed: 37559690
DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00810 -
African Journal of Emergency Medicine :... Dec 2023Snakebites are a neglected tropical disease. In many areas, envenoming incidence and antivenom administration rates are unknown. This study compared antivenom (AV)...
INTRODUCTION
Snakebites are a neglected tropical disease. In many areas, envenoming incidence and antivenom administration rates are unknown. This study compared antivenom (AV) availability to rates of envenoming and recommendations to treat (RTT) in South Africa.
METHODS
This retrospective study identified, extracted, and reviewed all cases of envenoming (snake bites and spits) reported to the Poisons Information Helpline of the Western Cape of South Africa (PIHWC) from June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2020 by public hospitals in the Western Cape. A standardized interview was administered to the pharmacies of the 40 hospitals in winter and summer to determine how many vials of monovalent and polyvalent AV they had on hand at the time of the call and their expiration dates Descriptive analysis was used to compare rates of envenoming and recommendations to treat to antivenom stock in winter and summer and by hospital type and location.
RESULTS
Public hospitals reported 300 envenomings, 122 from snakes. The PIHWC recommended antivenom administration in 26% of cases ( = 32). All hospital pharmacies queried answered our questions. Our study demonstrates urban district hospitals have higher ratios of AV vials compared to mean annual rates of envenoming and RTT than rural district hospitals at both the winter and summer timepoints.
CONCLUSION
This study evaluates antivenom supply and demand in a province of South Africa. The findings suggest South African urban hospitals have a relative excess of antivenom, and thus more capacity to meet demand, than their rural counterparts. It supports consideration of a redistribution of antivenom supply chains to match seasonal and local rates of envenoming. It indicates a need for higher quality, prospective data characterizing envenoming incidence and treatment.
PubMed: 37745277
DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2023.08.002