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The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jul 2023Skeletal muscle consists of both fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Phospholipids are important structural components of cellular membranes, and the diversity of their fatty...
Skeletal muscle consists of both fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Phospholipids are important structural components of cellular membranes, and the diversity of their fatty acid composition affects membrane characteristics. Although some studies have shown that acyl chain species in phospholipids differ among various muscle fiber types, the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. To investigate this, we analyzed phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules in the murine extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles. In the EDL muscle, the vast majority (93.6%) of PC molecules was palmitate-containing PC (16:0-PC), whereas in the soleus muscle, in addition to 16:0-PC, 27.9% of PC molecules was stearate-containing PC (18:0-PC). Most palmitate and stearate were bound at the sn-1 position of 16:0- and 18:0-PC, respectively, and 18:0-PC was found in type I and IIa fibers. The amount of 18:0-PE was higher in the soleus than in the EDL muscle. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) increased the amount of 18:0-PC in the EDL. Lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (LPGAT1) was highly expressed in the soleus compared with that in the EDL muscle and was upregulated by PGC-1α. LPGAT1 knockout decreased the incorporation of stearate into PC and PE in vitro and ex vivo and the amount of 18:0-PC and 18:0-PE in murine skeletal muscle with an increase in the level of 16:0-PC and 16:0-PE. Moreover, knocking out LPGAT1 decreased the amount of stearate-containing phosphatidylserine (18:0-PS), suggesting that LPGAT1 regulated the acyl chain profiles of phospholipids, namely, PC, PE, and PS, in the skeletal muscle.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch; Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch; Muscle, Skeletal; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Stearates; Plasmalogens; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
PubMed: 37217003
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104848 -
World Journal of Gastrointestinal... Dec 2023Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 13% of the global population. However, the pathogenesis of GERD has not been fully elucidated. The...
BACKGROUND
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 13% of the global population. However, the pathogenesis of GERD has not been fully elucidated. The development of metabolomics as a branch of systems biology in recent years has opened up new avenues for the investigation of disease processes. As a powerful statistical tool, Mendelian randomization (MR) is widely used to explore the causal relationship between exposure and outcome.
AIM
To analyze of the relationship between 486 blood metabolites and GERD.
METHODS
Two-sample MR analysis was used to assess the causal relationship between blood metabolites and GERD. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 486 metabolites was the exposure, and two different GWAS datasets of GERD were used as endpoints for the base analysis and replication and meta-analysis. Bonferroni correction is used to determine causal correlation features ( < 1.03 × 10). The results were subjected to sensitivity analysis to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Using the MR Steiger filtration method to detect whether there is a reverse causal relationship between metabolites and GERD. In addition, metabolic pathway analysis was conducted using the online database based MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software.
RESULTS
In MR analysis, four blood metabolites are negatively correlated with GERD: Levulinate (4-oxovalerate), stearate (18:0), adrenate (22:4n6) and p-acetamidophenylglucuronide. However, we also found a positive correlation between four blood metabolites and GERD: Kynurenine, 1-linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine, butyrylcarnitine and guanosine. And bonferroni correction showed that butyrylcarnitine (odd ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.16, = 7.71 × 10) was the most reliable causal metabolite. In addition, one significant pathways, the "glycerophospholipid metabolism" pathway, can be involved in the pathogenesis of GERD.
CONCLUSION
Our study found through the integration of genomics and metabolomics that butyrylcarnitine may be a potential biomarker for GERD, which will help further elucidate the pathogenesis of GERD and better guide its treatment. At the same time, this also contributes to early screening and prevention of GERD. However, the results of this study require further confirmation from both basic and clinical real-world studies.
PubMed: 38173433
DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i12.2169 -
Research in Social & Administrative... Aug 2023Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global healthcare challenge that governments and health systems are tackling primarily through antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). This...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global healthcare challenge that governments and health systems are tackling primarily through antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). This should, improve antibiotic use, avoid inappropriate prescribing, reduce prescription numbers, aligning with national/international AMS targets. In primary care in the United Kingdom (UK) antibiotics are mainly prescribed for patients with urinary and respiratory symptoms (22.7% and 46% of all antibiotic prescriptions respectively). This study aimed to capture the time-series trends (2014-2022) for commonly prescribed antibiotics for respiratory and urinary tract infections in primary care in England. Trends for Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin sodium, Trimethoprim, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Erythromycin ethylsuccinate, Erythromycin stearate, Doxycycline hyclate, Doxycycline monohydrate and Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) were determined. In doing so providing evidence regarding meeting UK antibiotic prescribing rate objectives (a 15% reduction in human antibiotic use 2019-2024). Time series trend analysis of 62,949,272 antibiotic prescriptions from 6,370 General Practices in England extracted from the National Health Service (NHS) Business Services Authority web portal were explored. With additional investigation of prescribing rate trends by quintiles of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). Overall, there is a downwards trend in antibiotic prescribing for those explored. There is an association between IMD, geographical location, and higher antibiotic prescribing levels (prescribing hot spots). England has a well-documented North-South divide of health inequalities, this is reflected in antibiotic prescribing. The corona virus pandemic (COVID-19) impacted on AMS, with a rise in doxycycline and trimethoprim prescriptions notable in higher IMD areas. Since then, prescribing appears to have returned to pre-pandemic levels in all IMDs and continued to decline. AMS efforts are being adhered to in primary care in England. This study provides further evidence of the link between locality and poorer health outcomes (reflected in higher antibiotic prescribing). Further work is required to address antibiotic use in hot spot areas.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; State Medicine; COVID-19; Amoxicillin; Doxycycline; Inappropriate Prescribing; Penicillin V; Trimethoprim; Erythromycin; Primary Health Care; Practice Patterns, Physicians'
PubMed: 37183105
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.001 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Different structural composition ratios of sucrose stearates with hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HLB) values ranging from 1 to 16 on lipolysis in emulsion were...
Different structural composition ratios of sucrose stearates with hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HLB) values ranging from 1 to 16 on lipolysis in emulsion were investigated using a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Results showed a direct correlation between the HLB values of sucrose stearates and the lipolysis rate of emulsions, and a lower HLB value led to diminished lipolysis in the GIT simulation model. Mechanism study indicated that poor emulsifying capacity of sucrose stearates and lipolysis of sucrose stearates with lower HLB value inhibited the digestive behavior of oil. In addition, monoester was mainly hydrolyzed in the gastric phase, whereas sucrose polyesters caused lipolysis in the intestinal phase using an in vitro digestive model and HPLC analysis, further suppressing lipid digestion. Furthermore, a decrease in cell cytotoxicity and proinflammatory effects on Caco-2 and Raw264.7 were observed post-digestion, respectively. This work offers important insights into the effects of the degree of esterification of sucrose stearate on lipid digestion behavior in oil-in-water emulsions.
PubMed: 38201202
DOI: 10.3390/foods13010175 -
BMC Gastroenterology Jan 2024Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and changes in bowel habits. The mechanism...
BACKGROUND
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and changes in bowel habits. The mechanism underlying IBS remains unclear, and little evidence exists for clarifying the causal relationship between blood metabolites and IBS.
METHODS
We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study using two samples. Exposure data for 7824 Europeans were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on metabolite levels. The IBS GWAS data from the GWAS database were used for the initial analysis. The primary analysis of causal relationships was conducted using inverse-variance weighting (IVW) with MR-Egger and weighted medians as supplementary analyses. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a combination of the Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, and leave-one-out analysis. For significant associations, replication and meta-analyses were performed using additional independent IBS case GWAS data released by the FinnGen Consortium R9. To identify the metabolites, score regression, confounding analysis, and reverse MR were performed to further assess the causal relationships between the metabolites.
RESULTS
After rigorous screening, we identified four known metabolites to be associated with IBS (stearate, odds ratio [OR]: 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.92; arginine, OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.74; 1-palmitoylglycerol, OR:1.49, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07; 1-palmitoylglycerophosphoinositol, OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.99).
CONCLUSIONS
MR analysis revealed a causal relationship between the four metabolites and IBS, providing preliminary evidence for the pathogenesis of IBS. Our results provide novel insights into the potential biomarkers of IBS.
Topics: Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Abdominal Pain; Causality
PubMed: 38182988
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-03111-9 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Food emulsifier are mostly prepared from a lipophilic lipid tail with a hydrophilic sugar head. In this study, the lipophilic tail was obtained from apricot kernels,...
Food emulsifier are mostly prepared from a lipophilic lipid tail with a hydrophilic sugar head. In this study, the lipophilic tail was obtained from apricot kernels, which are food waste, and the hydrophilic head was gluconic acid instead of sugar, in order to draw attention to the non-cyclic poly hydroxyl compounds. Thus, oleic acid of apricot kernel was used as the lipophilic moiety of the prepared surfactant. So, apricot kernel was grinned and dried, oil was extracted using soxhlet apparatus, Physical and chemical parameters and fatty acids composition of the extracted oil had been determined. The extracted oil was then hydrolyzed into glycerol and a mixture of free fatty acids. The fatty acids mixture was separated. Then, oleic acid was extracted individually in pure form using supercritical CO extractor, it was then confirmed according to its melting point, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after esterification, elemental analysis, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) to detect the corresponding molecular ion peak. The pure individual oleic acid was converted to hydroxy stearic acid, which was then converted to an amphiphilic compound (surfactant) via esterification reaction with the hydrophilic gluconic acid, and afforded a new surfactant known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-((9-((-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoyl) oxy)octadecanoyl) oxy)hexanoic acid or stearyl gluconate for simplification. The structures elucidation of all synthesized compound was established according to elemental analysis and spectral data (Fourier transform infrared IR, H NMR, C NMR and MS). Moreover, the prepared compound was tasted for its antibacterial activity, and showed good activities against some types of bacteria. The surface-active properties, foamability, foaming stability and emulsion stability of stearyl gluconate were studied and compared with the properties of the well-known surfactant sucrose stearate, and it was clear that, the activity of stearyl gluconate as a surfactant was higher than that of sucrose stearate. Moreover, establishment of safety of this compound was performed using albino rats by acute oral toxicity and kidney and liver functions of these mice. On the other hand, the prepared surfactant was used in the production of low fat-free cholesterol mayonnaise as egg replacer. Texture properties and the sensory evaluation of the prepared mayonnaise showed that the properties were improved by using the new prepared surfactant. Thus, the prepared gluconyl stearate can be used as a safe food additive.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Animals; Prunus armeniaca; Surface-Active Agents; Food; Refuse Disposal; Plant Oils; Fatty Acids; Gluconates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Sugars; Oleic Acids
PubMed: 38057365
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48404-x -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The common, commercial reversible thermochromic (RT) melamine-formaldehyde resin microcapsules containing formaldehyde are very harmful to human health. To address this...
The common, commercial reversible thermochromic (RT) melamine-formaldehyde resin microcapsules containing formaldehyde are very harmful to human health. To address this issue, we successfully prepared a novel formaldehyde-free microcapsule via interfacial polymerization using RT compositions as the core and poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) as the shell. The core material consisted of a color former (crystal violet lactone), a developer (bisphenol AF), and a solvent (methyl stearate). To optimize the synthesis of the microcapsules, an L (3) orthogonal design and single-factor experiments were employed to analyze the effects of four factors (N3300-to-L75 shell material mass ratio, core-to-shell material mass ratio, emulsifier concentration, and shear rate during emulsification) on the encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that the optimal parameter values were as follows: a shear rate of 2500 rpm, N3300-to-L75 shell material mass ratio of 1:4, core-to-shell material mass ratio of 11:5, and emulsifier concentration of 3.5%. The influence of the shear rate on the particle size and distribution, surface morphology, dispersibility, and reversible thermochromic properties of the microcapsules was investigated. Furthermore, analyses on the phase-change characteristics, thermal stability, ultraviolet aging, and solvent and acid-base resistances of the microcapsules were conducted systematically. Finally, a reversible thermochromic mark containing the RTPUU microcapsules was designed and fabricated, which could be used against falsification. Moreover, these RTPUU microcapsules can be potentially used for anticounterfeiting applications.
PubMed: 37512425
DOI: 10.3390/ma16145150 -
The EMBO Journal Sep 2023
PubMed: 37496466
DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114802 -
PloS One 2024Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional bowel disorders and dysmetabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of disease.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional bowel disorders and dysmetabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of information regarding the causal relationship between circulating metabolites and IBS. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the causal relationship between genetically proxied 486 blood metabolites and IBS.
METHODS
A two-sample MR analysis was implemented to assess the causality of blood metabolites on IBS. The study utilized a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to examine 486 metabolites as the exposure variable while employing a GWAS study with 486,601 individuals of European descent as the outcome variable. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used to estimate the causal relationship of metabolites on IBS, while several methods were performed to eliminate the pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Another GWAS data was used for replication and meta-analysis. In addition, reverse MR and linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) were employed for additional assessment. Multivariable MR analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the direct impact of metabolites on IBS.
RESULTS
Three known and two unknown metabolites were identified as being associated with the development of IBS. Higher levels of butyryl carnitine (OR(95%CI):1.10(1.02-1.18),p = 0.009) and tetradecanedioate (OR(95%CI):1.13(1.04-1.23),p = 0.003)increased susceptibility of IBS and higher levels of stearate(18:0)(OR(95%CI):0.72(0.58-0.89),p = 0.003) decreased susceptibility of IBS.
CONCLUSION
The metabolites implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS possess potential as biomarkers and hold promise for elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms of this condition.
Topics: Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Carnitine; Causality
PubMed: 38568932
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298963 -
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation Sep 2023Vegetables are crucial to a human diet as they supply the body with essential vitamins, minerals, etc. Heavy metals that accumulate in plants consequently enter the food...
Vegetables are crucial to a human diet as they supply the body with essential vitamins, minerals, etc. Heavy metals that accumulate in plants consequently enter the food chain and endanger people's health. Studying the spatial distribution and chemical forms of elements in plant/vegetable tissues is vital to comprehending the potential interactions between elements and detoxification mechanisms. In this study, leek plants and soil from vegetable gardens near lead-zinc mines were collected and cultivated with 500 mg L PbNO solutions for three weeks. Micro X-ray fluorescence was used to map the distribution of Pb and other chemical elements in leek roots, and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy was used to assess the Pb speciation in leek roots and leaves. These findings demonstrated that Pb, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ti and Fe were detected in the outer rings of the root's cross section, and high-intensity points were observed in the epidermis. Zn, K and Ca, on the other hand, were distributed throughout the root's cross section. Leek root and leaf contained significant quantities of lead phosphate and basic lead carbonate at more than 80%, followed by lead sulfide (19%) and lead stearate (11.1%). The capacity of leek roots to convert ambient lead into precipitated lead and fix it on the root epidermis and other inner surfaces is a key mechanism for reducing the toxic effects of Pb.
Topics: Humans; X-Rays; Onions; Fluorescence; Lead; Radiography
PubMed: 37615637
DOI: 10.1107/S1600577523006616