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Bio-protocol Jun 2023Cycloheximide (CHX) is a small molecule derived from that acts as fungicide. As a ribosome inhibitor, CHX can restrict the translation elongation of eukaryotic protein...
Cycloheximide (CHX) is a small molecule derived from that acts as fungicide. As a ribosome inhibitor, CHX can restrict the translation elongation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Once protein synthesis is inhibited by CHX, the level of intracellular proteins decreases by degradation through the proteasome or lysosome system. Thus, the CHX chase assay is widely recognized and used to observe intracellular protein degradation and to determine the half-life of a given protein in eukaryotes. Here, we present a complete experimental procedure of the CHX chase assay. Graphical overview.
PubMed: 37323633
DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.4690 -
Cell Host & Microbe Jul 2023Glycosylation of eukaryotic virus particles is common and influences their uptake, trafficking, and immune recognition. In contrast, glycosylation of bacteriophage...
Glycosylation of eukaryotic virus particles is common and influences their uptake, trafficking, and immune recognition. In contrast, glycosylation of bacteriophage particles has not been reported; phage virions typically do not enter the cytoplasm upon infection, and they do not generally inhabit eukaryotic systems. We show here that several genomically distinct phages of Mycobacteria are modified with glycans attached to the C terminus of capsid and tail tube protein subunits. These O-linked glycans influence antibody production and recognition, shielding viral particles from antibody binding and reducing production of neutralizing antibodies. Glycosylation is mediated by phage-encoded glycosyltransferases, and genomic analysis suggests that they are relatively common among mycobacteriophages. Putative glycosyltransferases are also encoded by some Gordonia and Streptomyces phages, but there is little evidence of glycosylation among the broader phage population. The immune response to glycosylated phage virions in mice suggests that glycosylation may be an advantageous property for phage therapy of Mycobacterium infections.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Mycobacteriophages; Glycosylation; Bacteriophages; Virion; Glycosyltransferases; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 37329881
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.028 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Apr 2024Streptomyces are a large genus of multicellular bacteria best known for their prolific production of bioactive natural products. In addition, they play key roles in the... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces are a large genus of multicellular bacteria best known for their prolific production of bioactive natural products. In addition, they play key roles in the mineralisation of insoluble resources, such as chitin and cellulose. Because of their multicellular mode of growth, colonies of interconnected hyphae extend over a large area that may experience different conditions in different parts of the colony. Here, we argue that within-colony phenotypic heterogeneity can allow colonies to simultaneously respond to divergent inputs from resources or competitors that are spatially and temporally dynamic. We discuss causal drivers of heterogeneity, including competitors, precursor availability, metabolic diversity and division of labour, that facilitate divergent phenotypes within Streptomyces colonies. We discuss the adaptive causes and consequences of within-colony heterogeneity, highlight current knowledge (gaps) and outline key questions for future studies.
Topics: Streptomyces; Phenotype
PubMed: 38447313
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102448 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023In the search for new crop protection microbial biocontrol agents, isolates from the genus are commonly found with promising attributes. are natural soil dwellers and... (Review)
Review
In the search for new crop protection microbial biocontrol agents, isolates from the genus are commonly found with promising attributes. are natural soil dwellers and have evolved as plant symbionts producing specialised metabolites with antibiotic and antifungal activities. biocontrol strains can effectively suppress plant pathogens via direct antimicrobial activity, but also induce plant resistance through indirect biosynthetic pathways. The investigation of factors stimulating the production and release of bioactive compounds is commonly conducted , between sp. and a plant pathogen. However, recent research is starting to shed light on the behaviour of these biocontrol agents , where the biotic and abiotic conditions share little similarity to those of controlled laboratory conditions. With a focus on specialised metabolites, this review details (i) the various methods by which biocontrol agents employ specialised metabolites as an additional line of defence against plant pathogens, (ii) the signals shared in the tripartite system of plant, pathogen and biocontrol agent, and (iii) an outlook on new approaches to expedite the identification and ecological understanding of these metabolites under a crop protection lens.
PubMed: 37389291
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151912 -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Jun 2024have a uniquely complex developmental life cycle that involves the coordination of morphological differentiation with the production of numerous bioactive specialized... (Review)
Review
have a uniquely complex developmental life cycle that involves the coordination of morphological differentiation with the production of numerous bioactive specialized metabolites. The majority of spp. are soil-dwelling saprophytes, while plant pathogenicity is a rare attribute among members of this genus Phytopathogenic are responsible for economically important diseases such as common scab, which affects potato and other root crops. Following the acquisition of genes encoding virulence factors, pathogens are expected to have specifically adapted their regulatory pathways to enable transition from a primarily saprophytic to a pathogenic lifestyle. Investigations of the regulation of pathogenesis have primarily focused on and the principal pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin A. The coordination of growth and thaxtomin A production in this species is controlled in a hierarchical manner by cluster-situated regulators, pleiotropic regulators, signalling and plant-derived molecules, and nutrients. Although the majority of phytopathogenic produce thaxtomins, many also produce additional virulence factors, and there are scab-causing pathogens that do not produce thaxtomins. The development of effective control strategies for common scab and other plant diseases requires a more in-depth understanding of the genetic and environmental factors that modulate the plant pathogenic lifestyle of these organisms.
Topics: Streptomyces; Plant Diseases; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Plants; Solanum tuberosum; Indoles; Piperazines
PubMed: 38190652
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0171