Did you mean: strongyloides
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Biomolecules Oct 2023Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and... (Review)
Review
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and host antiviral immunity; however, 5-10% of carriers lose this balance and develop ATL. Coinfection with promotes ATL development, suggesting that the immunological status of infected individuals is a determinant of HTLV-1 pathogenicity. As CD4+ T cells play a central role in host immunity, the deregulation of their function and differentiation via HTLV-1 promotes the immune evasion of infected T cells. During ATL development, the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key host immunity-related genes further disturbs the immunological balance. Various approaches are available for treating these abnormalities; however, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only treatment with the potential to cure ATL. The patient's immune state may contribute to the treatment outcome. Additionally, the activity of the anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody, mogamulizumab, depends on immune function, including antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection in ATL and discuss the clinical findings that should be considered when developing treatment strategies for ATL.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lymphoma
PubMed: 37892225
DOI: 10.3390/biom13101543 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2024The availability of high-quality data of helminth genomes provided over the past two decades has supported and accelerated large-scale 'omics studies and, consequently,... (Review)
Review
The availability of high-quality data of helminth genomes provided over the past two decades has supported and accelerated large-scale 'omics studies and, consequently, the achievement of a more in-depth molecular characterization of a number of pathogens. This has also involved spp. and since their genome was made available transcriptomics has been rather frequently applied to investigate gene expression regulation across their life cycle. proteomics characterization has instead been somehow neglected, with only a few reports performing high-throughput or targeted analyses associated with protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. Such investigations are however necessary in order to discern important aspects associated with human strongyloidiasis, including understanding parasite biology and the mechanisms of host-parasite interaction, but also to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review article, we will give an overview of the published proteomics studies investigating strongyloidiasis at different levels, spanning from the characterization of the somatic proteome and excretory/secretory products of different parasite stages to the investigation of potentially immunogenic proteins. Moreover, in the effort to try to start filling the current gap in host-proteomics, we will also present the first serum proteomics analysis in patients suffering from human strongyloidiasis. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ': omics to worm-free populations'.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides; Strongyloidiasis; Proteomics; Parasites; Host-Parasite Interactions
PubMed: 38008115
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0447 -
Cureus Oct 2023Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection affecting 613.9 million people annually, mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The reported seroprevalence in the United States... (Review)
Review
Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection affecting 613.9 million people annually, mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The reported seroprevalence in the United States is 4% with most of the cases reported in immigrants. Human T-lympho-tropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunosuppressant use - particularly steroid use, alcoholism, and malnutrition have been associated with an increased risk of strongyloidiasis. Recently, cases of strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome have been described in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated with steroids as well. This brief review discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention of strongyloidiasis including some facts about the infection in pregnancy, transplant recipients, and COVID-19 patients. We conducted an online search using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Strongyloidiasis can be asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms. is known to cause autoinfection. In immunocompromised individuals, it can present with severe symptoms, hyperinfection, or disseminated disease. Reported mortality in cases of disseminated Strongyloidiasis is 87.1%. Serology and detection of larvae in stool by direct microscopy are the most commonly used methods to diagnose strongyloidiasis. The drug of choice for the treatment is ivermectin. However, the use of ivermectin in human pregnancy is not well studied, and its teratogenic risks are unknown. Proactive screening of strongyloidiasis is necessary in immunocompromised individuals to prevent severe disease.
PubMed: 37954715
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46908 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2024The genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected... (Review)
Review
The genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease. Here, a community of researchers have posed thirteen major questions about biology and infection that sets a research agenda for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ': omics to worm-free populations'.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides; Life Cycle Stages
PubMed: 38008122
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0004 -
Retinoic acid drives intestine-specific adaptation of effector ILC2s originating from distant sites.The Journal of Experimental Medicine Dec 2023Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate...
Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from various organs are equally effective in repopulating ILC2 niches in other anatomical locations where they adapt tissue-specific phenotypes of target organs. Single-cell transcriptomics of ILC2 populations revealed upregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in ILC2s during adaptation to the small intestinal microenvironment, and RA signaling mediated reprogramming of kidney effector ILC2s toward the small intestinal phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of intestinal ILC2 adaptation by blocking RA signaling impaired worm expulsion during Strongyloides ratti infection, indicating functional importance of ILC2 tissue imprinting. In conclusion, this study highlights that effector ILC2s retain the ability to adapt to changing tissue-specific microenvironments, enabling them to exert tissue-specific functions, such as promoting control of intestinal helminth infections.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Immunity, Innate; Tretinoin; Lymphocytes; Intestines; Inflammation; Cytokines
PubMed: 37773047
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221015 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2023Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by , and can cause... (Review)
Review
Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by , and can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including , and ., are also common in dairy calves. is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. . can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include , and . These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.
PubMed: 38058381
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S442374 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2024Among nematodes, the free-living model organism boasts the most advanced portfolio of high-quality omics data. The resources available for parasitic nematodes,... (Review)
Review
Among nematodes, the free-living model organism boasts the most advanced portfolio of high-quality omics data. The resources available for parasitic nematodes, including spp., however, are lagging behind. While remains the most tractable nematode and has significantly advanced our understanding of many facets of nematode biology, is not suitable as a surrogate system for the study of parasitism and it is important that we improve the omics resources available for parasitic nematode species. Here, we review the omics data available for spp and compare the available resources to those for and other parasitic nematodes. The advancements in omics offer a blueprint for improving omics-led research in . We suggest areas of priority for future research that will pave the way for expansions in omics resources and technologies. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ': omics to worm-free populations'.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Strongyloides; Nematoda
PubMed: 38008117
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0437