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Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Jan 2024Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, which are filled with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (non-coding RNAs, mRNA, DNA), can be... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, which are filled with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (non-coding RNAs, mRNA, DNA), can be released by donor cells to subsequently modulate the function of recipient cells. Skin photoaging is the premature aging of the skin structures over time due to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) which is evidenced by dyspigmentation, telangiectasias, roughness, rhytides, elastosis, and precancerous changes. Exosomes are associated with aging-related processes including, oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence. Anti-aging features of exosomes have been implicated in various in vitro and pre-clinical studies. Stem cell-derived exosomes can restore skin physiological function and regenerate or rejuvenate damaged skin tissue through various mechanisms such as decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), increased collagen and elastin production, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways as well as, intercellular communication. All these evidences are promising for the therapeutic potential of exosomes in skin photoaging. This review aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and the effects of exosomes in photoaging.
Topics: Skin Aging; Exosomes; Ultraviolet Rays; Skin; Collagen; Fibroblasts
PubMed: 38217034
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01451-3 -
Nutrients Jun 2023Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone, acting through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms, obtainable via two main sources: diet and exposure to ultraviolet B rays...
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone, acting through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms, obtainable via two main sources: diet and exposure to ultraviolet B rays [...].
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Diet; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 37447228
DOI: 10.3390/nu15132902 -
Cells Nov 2023Keratoconus (KC) is characterized by localized, central thinning and cone-like protrusion of the cornea. Its precise etiology remains undetermined, although both genetic... (Review)
Review
Keratoconus (KC) is characterized by localized, central thinning and cone-like protrusion of the cornea. Its precise etiology remains undetermined, although both genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to disease susceptibility. Due to KC's complex nature, there is currently no ideal animal model to represent both the corneal phenotype and underlying pathophysiology. Attempts to establish a KC model have involved mice, rats, and rabbits, with some additional novel animals suggested. Genetic animal models have only been attempted in mice. Similarly, spontaneously occurring animal models for KC have only been discovered in mice. Models generated using chemical or environmental treatments have been attempted in mice, rats, and rabbits. Among several methods used to induce KC in animals, ultraviolet radiation exposure and treatment with collagenase are some of the most prevalent. There is a clear need for an experimental model animal to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the development and progression of keratoconus. An appropriate animal model could also aid in the development of treatments to slow or arrest the disorder.
Topics: Rabbits; Animals; Mice; Rats; Keratoconus; Ultraviolet Rays; Cornea; Models, Animal; Phenotype
PubMed: 38067109
DOI: 10.3390/cells12232681 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common eye disease complication of diabetes, and hypovitaminosis D is mentioned as one of the risk factors. Vitamin D2... (Review)
Review
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common eye disease complication of diabetes, and hypovitaminosis D is mentioned as one of the risk factors. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are the best-known forms of vitamin D. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D, with the sun being one of its main sources. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin by exposure to sunlight without protective factors, but care must be taken to avoid the development of sunburn. It not only plays an important role in maintaining healthy bones and immune system but has also been highlighted in numerous studies to have an influence on various diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. A large number of people suffer from vitamin D hypovitaminosis worldwide, and diagnosis is made by measuring the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in serum. Its deficiency can cause numerous diseases and, as such, supplementation is necessary. Clinical studies have proven the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, but with a doctor's recommendation and supervision due to possible negative side effects.
PubMed: 37569392
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512014 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the ideal food in the first six months of life; however, paradoxically, vitamin D content in human breast milk is clearly low and... (Review)
Review
Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the ideal food in the first six months of life; however, paradoxically, vitamin D content in human breast milk is clearly low and insufficient to obtain the recommended intake of 400 IU daily. This article summarizes the extraordinary metabolism of vitamin D during pregnancy and its content in human breast milk. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women and/or nursing mothers and its potential maternal-fetal consequences are analyzed. The current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants to prevent hypovitaminosis D in breastfed infants are detailed. Low vitamin D content in human breast milk is probably related to active changes in human lifestyle habits (reduced sunlight exposure).
Topics: Infant; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Vitamin D; Breast Feeding; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins; Vitamin D Deficiency; Rickets; Milk, Human
PubMed: 37569256
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511881 -
JAMA Dermatology Jan 2024Biologics used for plaque psoriasis have been reported to be associated with an atopic dermatitis (AD) phenotype, or paradoxical eczema, in some patients. The risk...
IMPORTANCE
Biologics used for plaque psoriasis have been reported to be associated with an atopic dermatitis (AD) phenotype, or paradoxical eczema, in some patients. The risk factors for this are unknown.
OBJECTIVE
To explore risk of paradoxical eczema by biologic class and identify factors associated with paradoxical eczema.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This prospective cohort study used data from the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register for adults treated with biologics for plaque psoriasis who were seen at multicenter dermatology clinics in the UK and Ireland. Included participants were registered and had 1 or more follow-up visits between September 2007 and December 2022.
EXPOSURES
Duration of exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, interleukin (IL) 17 inhibitors, IL-12/23 inhibitors, or IL-23 inhibitors until paradoxical eczema onset, treatment discontinuation, last follow-up, or death.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Incidence rates of paradoxical eczema, paradoxical eczema risk by biologic class, and the association of demographic and clinical variables with risk of paradoxical eczema were assessed using propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models.
RESULTS
Of 56 553 drug exposures considered, 24 997 from 13 699 participants were included. The 24 997 included exposures (median age, 46 years [IQR, 36-55 years]; 57% male) accrued a total exposure time of 81 441 patient-years. A total of 273 exposures (1%) were associated with paradoxical eczema. The adjusted incidence rates were 1.22 per 100 000 person-years for IL-17 inhibitors, 0.94 per 100 000 person-years for TNF inhibitors, 0.80 per 100 000 person-years for IL-12/23 inhibitors, and 0.56 per 100 000 person-years for IL-23 inhibitors. Compared with TNF inhibitors, IL-23 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of paradoxical eczema (hazard ratio [HR], 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.81), and there was no association of IL-17 inhibitors (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.74-1.42) or IL-12/23 inhibitors (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.66-1.16) with risk of paradoxical eczema. Increasing age (HR, 1.02 per year; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03) and history of AD (HR, 12.40; 95% CI, 6.97-22.06) or hay fever (HR, 3.78; 95% CI, 1.49-9.53) were associated with higher risk of paradoxical eczema. There was a lower risk in males (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45-0.78).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this study, in biologic-treated patients with psoriasis, paradoxical eczema risk was lowest in patients receiving IL-23 inhibitors. Increasing age, female sex, and history of AD or hay fever were associated with higher risk of paradoxical eczema. The overall incidence of paradoxical eczema was low. Further study is needed to replicate these findings.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Biological Factors; Biological Products; Dermatitis, Atopic; Eczema; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-23; Prospective Studies; Psoriasis; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
PubMed: 38055239
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.4846 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Apr 2024UVR is a skin carcinogen, yet no studies link sun exposure to increased all-cause mortality. Epidemiological studies from the United Kingdom and Sweden link sun exposure... (Review)
Review
UVR is a skin carcinogen, yet no studies link sun exposure to increased all-cause mortality. Epidemiological studies from the United Kingdom and Sweden link sun exposure with reduced all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Vitamin D synthesis is dependent on UVB exposure. Individuals with higher serum levels of vitamin D are healthier in many ways, yet multiple trials of oral vitamin D supplementation show little benefit. Growing evidence shows that sunlight has health benefits through vitamin D-independent pathways, such as photomobilization of nitric oxide from cutaneous stores with reduction in cardiovascular morbidity. Sunlight has important systemic health benefit as well as risks.
PubMed: 38661623
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.027