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Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Mar 2024Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a noninvasive squamous lesion that is a precursor of vulvar squamous cell cancer. Currently, no screening tests are available...
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a noninvasive squamous lesion that is a precursor of vulvar squamous cell cancer. Currently, no screening tests are available for detecting VIN, and a biopsy is performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Despite sharing many risk factors with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the diagnosis of VIN is poses challenges, contributing to its increasing prevalence. This study aimed to analyze the underlying risk factors that contribute to the development of VIN, identify specific populations at risk, and define appropriate treatment approaches. Differentiated VIN (dVIN) and usual VIN (uVIN) are the classifications of VIN. While dVIN is associated with other vulvar inflammatory disorders, such as lichen sclerosis, the more prevalent uVIN is associated with an underlying human papillomavirus infection. Patients with differentiated VIN have an increased risk of developing invasive malignancies. Few effective surveillance or management techniques exist for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, a preinvasive neoplasm of the vulva. For suspicious lesions, a thorough examination and focused biopsy are necessary. Depending on the specific needs of each patient, a combination of surgical and medical approaches can be used.
PubMed: 38262367
DOI: 10.5468/ogs.23274 -
Gynecologie, Obstetrique, Fertilite &... Jan 2024Describing the constitution of the FRANCOGYN group (a national French research group in Oncological and Gynecological Surgery) and present its current and future...
OBJECTIVES
Describing the constitution of the FRANCOGYN group (a national French research group in Oncological and Gynecological Surgery) and present its current and future development.
METHODS
Literature review using PUBMed database with the keyword "FRANCOGYN".
OBJECTIVES
Describing the constitution of the FRANCOGYN group (a national French research group in Oncological and Gynecological Surgery) and present its current and future development.
RESULTS
The FRANCOGYN group was formed in December 2015, bringing together over the years more than 17 gynecological and oncological surgical department in France. The group carries out clinical research on gynecological pelvic cancers by constituting retrospective cohorts. Its legitimacy allows it to lead or co-lead the drafting of recommendations for clinical practice in the field of gynecological cancers. It now offers prospective randomized research funded by national grants.
CONCLUSION
The FRANCOGYN network allows us to propose a national reflection on the surgical management of pelvic cancers in women, resulting in numerous international reference publications.
Topics: Female; Humans; Ovarian Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Pelvic Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; France
PubMed: 37839793
DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.10.005 -
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical... Jul 2023In recent years, incidence of vulvar cancer has been on the rise, whereas therapeutic options are still restricted. Therefore, new prognosticators and therapeutic...
PURPOSE
In recent years, incidence of vulvar cancer has been on the rise, whereas therapeutic options are still restricted. Therefore, new prognosticators and therapeutic targets are essential. Chronic inflammation plays an important role in carcinogenesis and COX-2, and its product prostaglandin E2 and its receptors EP1-4 are known to be important mediators in cancer initiation and progression.
METHODS
EP1 expression in vulvar cancer specimens (n = 129) was investigated via immunohistochemistry and evaluated using the well-established immunoreactive score (IRS). Subsequently, the values were correlated with clinicopathological parameters.
RESULTS
Our analysis did not reveal EP1 expression as a negative prognostic factor in overall and disease-free survival. However, in the subgroup of patients with lymph-node metastasis, overall survival was significantly shorter in tumors with high EP1 expression. Moreover, EP1 expression correlated positively with good differentiation of the tumor, but not with p16 status or COX-2 expression.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shed first light on EP1 expression in vulvar carcinoma. EP1 expression correlated significantly with the grading of the tumor, suggesting that it influences cell differentiation. Further research on EP1 signaling may lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Vulvar Neoplasms; Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 36436093
DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04487-z -
Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease Oct 2023Sexual gender minority (SGM) populations are at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers of the anogenital tract and oropharynx and often face barriers to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Sexual gender minority (SGM) populations are at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers of the anogenital tract and oropharynx and often face barriers to health care. The goals of this document are to clarify language to provide inclusive care for SGM populations and to provide recommendations for screening and prevention of HPV-related cancers in SGM populations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An expert committee convened by the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology performed a narrative review of the literature through February 2023. A comprehensive MEDLINE database search was performed for relevant studies. The literature review was divided into categories by organ/topic and by SGM population. Given the variability in available data for several of the categories, recommendations were made based on national guidelines where appropriate or expert opinion where there were less data to support risk-based guidelines.
RESULTS
Definitions and terminology relevant to SGM populations are presented. The authors advocate the adoption of sexual orientation gender identity data collection and an organ-based screening approach, which is possible with knowledge of patient anatomy, sexual behaviors, and clinical history. This includes screening for cervical cancer per national recommendations, as well as screening for anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oral cancers based on risk factors and shared clinical decision making. The authors recommend consideration of HPV vaccination in all SGM individuals up to age 45 years old who are at risk.
CONCLUSIONS
An organ-based screening approach is part of a global strategy to create an inclusive care environment and mitigate barriers to screening and prevention of HPV-mediated cancers in SGM populations.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Early Detection of Cancer; Gender Identity; Health Disparate Minority and Vulnerable Populations; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Sexual Behavior; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Adult
PubMed: 37729043
DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000763 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Dec 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Vulvar Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Paget Disease, Extramammary
PubMed: 37657980
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.08.113 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology Mar 2024The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation (KAUTII) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency updated the guidelines for human... (Review)
Review
The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation (KAUTII) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency updated the guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine against sexually transmitted HPV infections in Korea to respond to changing epidemiologic trends, evolving scientific evidence, and advances in laboratory diagnostics and research. Main purpose and recommendation of vaccination against HPV are as follows: (1) the purpose of HPV vaccine is to reduce the risk of genital warts and HPV-related cancers including cervical and vulvar cancer, head and neck cancer, anal cancer, and penile cancer; (2) in Korea, bivalent (16, 18) vaccines, quadrivalent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18), and 9-valent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) are used depending on the type of HPV; (3) bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are national immunizations targeting girls aged 11-12 years and low-income young females aged 18-26 years (age and range of inoculation: routinely administered at 11 or 12 years of age, 2 doses at 0 and 6 months for 12-14 years of age; for females aged 15-26 years, 3 doses depending on the type of vaccine; vaccination can be given to those aged up to 45 years through consultation with a clinician); (4) in the case of administering 2 doses, at least 5 months apart; in the case of administering 3 doses, it is recommended to keep 4 weeks between the 1st and 2nd doses, 12 weeks between the 2nd and 3rd doses, and 5 months between the 1st and 3rd doses; (5) immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV, malignant neoplasms, and autoimmune diseases, and those undergoing transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy should receive 3 doses. HPV vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Inflammation; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Republic of Korea; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination; Child; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38454819
DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230385 -
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical... Aug 2023Vulvar cancer is the fourth most common malignancy of the female genital tract after endometrial, ovarian, and cervical carcinoma and affects mainly elderly women. In...
PURPOSE
Vulvar cancer is the fourth most common malignancy of the female genital tract after endometrial, ovarian, and cervical carcinoma and affects mainly elderly women. In 2020 there were registered more than 17,000 deaths worldwide related to vulvar carcinoma. Data about target-based therapies and predictive biomarkers for vulva carcinomas are rare so far. The metastasis-associated gene MTA1 is a transcriptional repressor with a potential effect on cancer. Expression of MTA1 was found to be significantly enhanced in gynecological malignancies as breast or ovarian cancer tissues with advanced cancer stages and higher FIGO grading, indicating an important role of MTA1 in the progression of those tumor entities. Due to the lack of information around MTA1 and its significance regarding vulvar carcinoma, this study focuses on the expression of MTA1 in vulvar carcinoma and its correlation to clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis.
METHODS
A total of 157 paraffin-embedded vulvar cancer tissues were immunohistochemically stained and examined for MTA1 expression by using the immunoreactive score. Subsequently, the values were correlated with clinicopathological parameters.
RESULTS
MTA1 was found to be expressed in 94% of the patients in the cytoplasm and 91% in the nucleus. Cytoplasmatic expression of MTA1 was significantly increased in non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and in vulvar carcinoma of the condylomatous type, compared to keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar carcinoma of the verrucous type. High MTA1 expression in the nucleus was associated with advanced tumor size as well as higher FIGO grading. In addition, p16 negative vulvar carcinomas showed a higher nuclear expression of MTA1 compared to p16 positive vulvar carcinomas. Suprisingly, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly lower disease-free survival in tumor samples without a nuclear expression of MTA1.
CONCLUSIONS
MTA1 was identified as a negative prognostic marker for vulvar carcinoma associated with advanced tumor stage and FIGO grading. A possible explanation could be that the antibody used for this study does not bind to a possible mutation in the C terminal region of MTA leading to negative immunohistochemical staining and this can be correlated with early recurrence in patients with vulvar carcinoma.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prognosis; Transcription Factors; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 36689059
DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04579-4 -
Medicine Oct 2023Long-stranded noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs >200 nucleotides in length. Polycytidine binding protein 1 antisense LncRNA is abbreviated as LncRNA... (Review)
Review
Long-stranded noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs >200 nucleotides in length. Polycytidine binding protein 1 antisense LncRNA is abbreviated as LncRNA polycytosine binding protein 1 antisense1 (PCBP1-AS1). Since studies in recent years have revealed the importance of PCBP1-AS1 in human genetic analysis, it is an important member of the LncRNA family. Genetically engineered group analysis of PCBP1-AS1 regulates the progression of cancer in biology. Therefore, it may be an important RNA in the regulation of human cancer. This article summarizes the molecular mechanism and clinical role of PCBP1-AS1 in various tumor types. Taking "PCBP1-AS1" and "cancer" as keywords, this paper analyzed the relationship between PCBP1-AS1 and various tumors by searching PubMed and Geen Medical, and summarized the related regulatory mechanism of PCBP1-AS1. PCBP1-AS1 is a valuable tumor-associated LncRNA that plays different biological roles in different cancers. Overall, it can both promote and inhibit the development of cancer. For example, abnormally high expression in castration-resitant prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, glioma, and colorectal cancer promotes the proliferation and progression of these cancers; in contrast, PCBP1-AS1 inhibits cancer proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and recurrence when highly expressed in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. PCBP1-AS1 regulates the development of multiple tumors, and the specific mechanism needs to be further investigated, which may become a new tumor marker and potential therapeutic target.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glioma; Liver Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA-Binding Proteins; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 37904442
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035631 -
Cancer Medicine Dec 2023Recent calls to action highlight the need to address gaps in our understanding of survivorship for those living with advanced gynecological cancer to support optimal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recent calls to action highlight the need to address gaps in our understanding of survivorship for those living with advanced gynecological cancer to support optimal care. To ensure future research fills these knowledge gaps, we need to understand the breadth of existing survivorship research in this patient group, including the outcomes assessed, the populations included and the duration and retention in follow-up.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic scoping review searching PubMed, PsychINFO, and CINAHL during the month of November 2022 to identify prospective cohort studies measuring survivorship outcomes among participants with advanced (stage III-IV) gynecological cancer, or in cohorts in which ≥50% of participants had advanced cancer, or which provide results separately for patients with advanced cancer. Articles were screened, and data extracted using a standard form.
RESULTS
We assessed 33 articles from 21 unique studies, which overall included 6023 participants with gynecological cancer. Of these, 45% had cervical cancer, 44% ovarian, 10% endometrial/uterine, and 1% vaginal/vulvar cancer. The most frequently measured survivorship outcome was quality of life. Of the 33 articles, most reported on participant age (n = 31), but relatively few reported on comorbidities (n = 10), physical status (n = 6), ethnic background (n = 4), the country of birth (n = 2), or the area of participant residence (n = 2). None included details on indigenous status. Recruitment proportions ranged from 48% to 100%. Retention proportions ranged from 15% to 97%.
CONCLUSION
Our findings highlight gaps in survivorship research for advanced gynecological cancers and emphasize the need for future studies to include and describe the experiences of diverse and underrepresented groups.
Topics: Female; Humans; Survivorship; Quality of Life; Prospective Studies; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Cohort Studies
PubMed: 38009995
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6744 -
Experimental and Molecular Pathology Jun 2024Shallow whole genome sequencing (Shallow-seq) is used to determine the copy number aberrations (CNA) in tissue samples and circulating tumor DNA. However, costs of NGS...
BACKGROUND
Shallow whole genome sequencing (Shallow-seq) is used to determine the copy number aberrations (CNA) in tissue samples and circulating tumor DNA. However, costs of NGS and challenges of small biopsies ask for an alternative to the untargeted NGS approaches. The mFAST-SeqS approach, relying on LINE-1 repeat amplification, showed a good correlation with Shallow-seq to detect CNA in blood samples. In the present study, we evaluated whether mFAST-SeqS is suitable to assess CNA in small formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens, using vulva and anal HPV-related lesions.
METHODS
Seventy-two FFPE samples, including 36 control samples (19 vulva;17 anal) for threshold setting and 36 samples (24 vulva; 12 anal) for clinical evaluation, were analyzed by mFAST-SeqS. CNA in vulva and anal lesions were determined by calculating genome-wide and chromosome arm-specific z-scores in comparison with the respective control samples. Sixteen samples were also analyzed with the conventional Shallow-seq approach.
RESULTS
Genome-wide z-scores increased with the severity of disease, with highest values being found in cancers. In vulva samples median and inter quartile ranges [IQR] were 1[0-2] in normal tissues (n = 4), 3[1-7] in premalignant lesions (n = 9) and 21[13-48] in cancers (n = 10). In anal samples, median [IQR] were 0[0-1] in normal tissues (n = 4), 14[6-38] in premalignant lesions (n = 4) and 18[9-31] in cancers (n = 4). At threshold 4, all controls were CNA negative, while 8/13 premalignant lesions and 12/14 cancers were CNA positive. CNA captured by mFAST-SeqS were mostly also found by Shallow-seq.
CONCLUSION
mFAST-SeqS is easy to perform, requires less DNA and less sequencing reads reducing costs, thereby providing a good alternative for Shallow-seq to determine CNA in small FFPE samples.
Topics: Humans; Female; DNA Copy Number Variations; Paraffin Embedding; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Formaldehyde; Tissue Fixation; Whole Genome Sequencing; Vulvar Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Anus Neoplasms
PubMed: 38820761
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104906