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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Aldehydes, particularly acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic molecules and their concentrations in foodstuffs should be controlled to avoid upper aerodigestive tract (UADT)... (Review)
Review
Aldehydes, particularly acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic molecules and their concentrations in foodstuffs should be controlled to avoid upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and liver cancers. Highly reactive, acetaldehyde forms DNA and protein adducts, impairing physiological functions and leading to the development of pathological conditions. The consumption of aged beer, outside of the ethanol metabolism, exposes habitual drinkers to this carcinogen, whose concentrations can be over-increased due to post-brewing chemical and biochemical reactions. Storage-related changes are a challenge faced by the brewing industry, impacting volatile compound formation and triggering flavor instability. Aldehydes are among the volatile compounds formed during beer aging, recognized as off-flavor compounds. To track and understand aldehyde formation through multiple pathways during beer storage, consequent changes in flavor but particularly quality losses and harmful compound formation, this systematic review reunited data on volatile compound profiles through gas chromatography analyses from 2011 to 2021. Conditions to avoid flavor instability and successful methods for reducing beer staling, and consequent acetaldehyde accumulation, were raised by exploring the dynamic conversion between free and bound-state aldehydes. Future research should focus on implementing sensory analyses to investigate whether adding aldehyde-binding agents, e.g., cysteine and bisulfite, would contribute to consumer acceptance, restore beer flavor, and minimize acetaldehyde-related health damage.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Acetaldehyde; Aldehydes; Beer; Carcinogens; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 36430619
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214147 -
Cancer Epidemiology Oct 2023Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered a multifactorial disease and has been associated with microbial infections, although the association with Candida spp.... (Review)
Review
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered a multifactorial disease and has been associated with microbial infections, although the association with Candida spp. is still controversial. This systematic review focused on clinical trials which evaluated the relation between oral Candida spp colonization and OSCC. PubMed; Scopus; Embase; Web of Science and Scientific Direct were assessed. Independent reviewers conducted the diagram steps. For data extraction the PRISMA protocol was followed. The quality analysis of case-control studies was performed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the frequency of Candida spp and the levels of microbial acetaldehyde production (MAP) being odds ratio (OR) the effect-measure applied. Eight and six studies were included in the qualitative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. It was noted that there was a significantly higher frequency of Candida species (p = 0.0003/OR = 9.50) in patients diagnosed with OSCC than healthy patients, especially Candida krusei (p = 0.0167/OR=4.62). Candida spp., from oral cancer patients demonstrated significantly greater biofilm, biofilm metabolic activity, phospholipase, proteinase activity and a higher production of MAP (p = 0.0111/OR = 2.67). Candida species may have a potential role in OSCC development. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of Candida spp and others risk factors in the development of OSCC.
PubMed: 37716154
DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102451 -
Indoor Air Sep 2022The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China.... (Review)
Review
The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. However, indoor VOC pollution across China has not been well characterized and documented. This study is a systematic review of field measurements of eight target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, butadiene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in residences, offices, and schools in China from 2000 to 2021. The results show that indoor pollution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes has been more serious in China than in other countries. Spatiotemporal distribution shows lower indoor VOC levels in east and south-east regions and a declining trend from 2000 to 2021. Moving into a dwelling more than 1 year after decoration and improving ventilation could significantly reduce exposure to indoor VOCs. Reducing benzene exposure is urgently needed because it is associated with greater health risks (4.5 × 10 for lifetime cancer risk and 8.3 for hazard quotient) than any other VOCs. The present study enriches the database of indoor VOC levels and provides scientific evidence for improving national indoor air quality standards as well as estimating the attributable disease burden caused by VOCs in China.
Topics: Acetaldehyde; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Benzene; Butadienes; China; Environmental Monitoring; Risk Assessment; Schools; Tetrachloroethylene; Toluene; Trichloroethylene; Volatile Organic Compounds; Xylenes
PubMed: 36168233
DOI: 10.1111/ina.13091 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2024Chronic exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can result in several adverse effects including cancers. We review reports of levels of VOCs in offices and...
Exposure to volatile organic compounds in offices and in residential and educational buildings in the European Union between 2010 and 2023: A systematic review and health risk assessment.
Chronic exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can result in several adverse effects including cancers. We review reports of levels of VOCs in offices and in residential and educational buildings in the member states of the European Union (EU) published between 2010 and 2023. We use these data to assess the risk to population health by estimating lifetime exposure to indoor VOCs and resulting non-cancer and cancer risks and, from that, the burden of cancer attributable to VOC exposure and associated economic losses. Our systematic review identified 1783 articles, of which 184 were examined in detail, with 58 yielding relevant data. After combining data on VOC concentrations separately for EU countries and building types, non-cancer and cancer risks were assessed in terms of hazard quotient and lifetime excess cancer risk (LECR) using probabilistic Monte Carlo Simulations. The LECR was used to estimate disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from VOC-related cancers and associated costs. We find that the LECR associated with formaldehyde exposure was above the acceptable risk level (ARL) in France and Germany and that of from exposure to benzene was also above the ARL in Spanish females. The sum of DALYs and related costs/1,000,000 population/year from exposure to acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene were 4.02 and €41,010, respectively, in France, those from exposure to acetaldehyde, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene were 3.91 and €39,590 in Germany, and those from exposure to benzene were 0.1 and €1030 in Spain. Taken as a whole, these findings show that indoor exposure to VOCs remains a public health concern in the EU. Although the EU has set limits for certain VOCs, further measures are needed to restrict the use of these chemicals in consumer products.
PubMed: 38897460
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173965 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Jan 2020Oral and pharynx cancer represent a serious global problem, reaching an incidence of half a million cases annually. The role of tobacco and alcohol have been studied and...
BACKGROUND
Oral and pharynx cancer represent a serious global problem, reaching an incidence of half a million cases annually. The role of tobacco and alcohol have been studied and proven to be one of its risk factors. We also know that mouthwashes contain a variable percentage of alcohol, so there is a reasonable concern about their role in carcinogenesis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To answer the PICOS (Population; Intervention; Comparison; Outcomes; Study) question: Do patients (Population) who use alcohol-based mouthwashes (Intervention) compared to those who do not use them (Comparison) have higher acetaldehyde levels in saliva or higher risk of oral cancer development? (Outcomes) Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, and prospective and retrospective cohort studies were included (Study). Two independent authors conducted literature screening through MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library, and they also conducted article and data extraction to undertake quality analyses. The main outcome measures were salivary acetaldehyde levels or the risk of oral cancer development. The most relevant data was extracted and the risk of bias from the studies included was also evaluated.
RESULTS
Out of 497 potentially eligible papers, 8 studies were included in the qualitative analysis which include a total of 43,499 subjects: two meta-analyses, a clinical trial, three case-control studies and two cohort studies. One study (n = 3,926) found a relationship between alcohol mouthwash and oral cancer, two studies (n = 25,033) found this relationship when a high frequency of mouthwash was present, three studies (n = 14,482) failed to find this relationship and 2 studies (n = 58) found a temporary increase of acetaldehyde levels in saliva after alcohol mouthwash.
CONCLUSIONS
It cannot be guaranteed that the use of mouthwash represents an independent risk factor for the development of head and neck cancer. However, the risk does increase when it occurs in association with other carcinogenic risk factors.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Mouthwashes; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31655832
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23085 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Feb 2021Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays an important role in the alcohol detoxification and acetaldehyde metabolism. Published studies have demonstrated some inconsistent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays an important role in the alcohol detoxification and acetaldehyde metabolism. Published studies have demonstrated some inconsistent associations between ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk.
METHODS
A meta-analysis was performed to provide pooled data on the association between the ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism and HNC risk. Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine the pooled effect size of each genetic model. In addition, heterogeneity test, accumulative analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were conducted to test the statistical power.
RESULTS
Thirteen publications (14 independent case-control studies) involving 10,939 subjects were selected. The stratified analysis indicated that both light/moderated drinking (e.g., GA vs. GG: OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.86, p < 0.01, I = 81.1%) and heavy drinking would increase HNC risk with rs671 G>A mutation (e.g., GA vs. GG: OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.77, p = 0.03, I = 81.9%).
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, this meta-analysis suggested that the ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism may play an important synergistic effect in the pathogenesis of HNC development in East Asians.
Topics: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Asian People; Case-Control Studies; Asia, Eastern; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 33283290
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14527 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dec 2020Dysbiosis has been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of an electronic research that was...
PURPOSE
Dysbiosis has been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of an electronic research that was carried out on articles published between January 2008 and September 2018.
METHODS
Eight studies were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
All articles targeted the hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. At the phylum level, it was found reduction of Bacteroidetes (2/8 studies) and increase of Firmicutes (2/8 studies). At the genus level, Rothia increased (1/8 studies) and decreased (2/8 studies) in tumor samples, and Streptococcus also was found increased (3/8 studies) and reduced (3/8 studies). Fusobacterium only increased in OSCC samples (3/8 studies). At species level, an increase in F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum was more associated to OSCC (2/8 studies) than with controls, as was P. aeruginosa (3/8 studies).
CONCLUSION
In summary, the results corroborated dysbiosis in OSCC patients, with enrichment of microbial taxa that are associated with inflammation and production of acetaldehyde. However, variations of study design and sample size were observed among the studies, as well as a shortage of more detailed analyses of possible correlations between risk habits and OSCC. This lack of more detailed analysis may be the cause of the inconsistencies in regard of the alterations reported for certain genera and species. In conclusion, there is an association between OSCC and oral microbiota dysbiosis, but its role in oral carcinogenesis needs to be clarified in more detail.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth Neoplasms; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 32621033
DOI: 10.1007/s10006-020-00873-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) had reported as a prominent role in the development of cardiometabolic diseases among Asians. Our study aims to investigate the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) had reported as a prominent role in the development of cardiometabolic diseases among Asians. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between ALDH2 polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in East Asian population.
METHOD
We searched databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase updated to Oct 30, 2023. We extracted data of BMI, Hypertension, SBP, DBP, T2DM, FBG, PPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C.
RESULT
In total, 46 studies were finally included in our meta-analysis, containing, 54068 GG and, 36820 GA/AA participants. All outcomes related to blood pressure revealed significant results (hypertension OR=0.83 [0.80, 0.86]; SBP MD=-1.48 [-1.82, -1.14]; DBP MD=-1.09 [-1.58, -0.61]). FBG showed a significant difference (MD=-0.10 [-0.13, -0.07]), and the lipid resulted significantly in some outcomes (TG MD=-0.07 [-0.09, -0.04]; LDL-C MD=-0.04 [-0.05, -0.02]). As for subgroups analysis, we found that in populations without severe cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs), GG demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of T2DM (T2DM OR=0.88 [0.79, 0.97]), while the trend was totally opposite in population with severe CCVDs (T2DM OR=1.29 [1.00, 1.66]) with significant subgroup differences.
CONCLUSION
Our updated meta-analysis demonstrated that ALDH2 rs671 GG populations had significantly higher levels of BMI, blood pressure, FBG, TG, LDL-C and higher risk of hypertension than GA/AA populations. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, we first report GG had a higher risk of T2DM in population without severe CCVDs, and GA/AA had a higher risk of T2DM in population with severe CCVDs. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023389242.
Topics: Humans; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Asian People; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; East Asian People; Hypertension
PubMed: 38567307
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1333595