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Frontiers in Immunology 2022Mammalian neuraminidases (NEUs), also known as sialidases, are enzymes that cleave off the terminal neuraminic, or sialic, acid resides from the carbohydrate moieties of...
Mammalian neuraminidases (NEUs), also known as sialidases, are enzymes that cleave off the terminal neuraminic, or sialic, acid resides from the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids and glycoproteins. A rapidly growing body of literature indicates that in addition to their metabolic functions, NEUs also regulate the activity of their glycoprotein targets. The simple post-translational modification of NEU protein targets-removal of the highly electronegative sialic acid-affects protein folding, alters protein interactions with their ligands, and exposes or covers proteolytic sites. Through such effects, NEUs regulate the downstream processes in which their glycoprotein targets participate. A major target of desialylation by NEUs are mucins (MUCs), and such post-translational modification contributes to regulation of disease processes. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of NEU-modified MUCs as coordinators of disease pathogenesis in fibrotic, inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Special attention is placed on the most abundant and best studied NEU1, and its recently discovered important target, mucin-1 (MUC1). The role of the NEU1 - MUC1 axis in disease pathogenesis is discussed, along with regulatory contributions from other MUCs and other pathophysiologically important NEU targets.
Topics: Animals; Glycoproteins; Immune System Diseases; Mammals; Mucins; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Neuraminidase
PubMed: 35479093
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883079 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are a group of drugs that inhibit gastric juice secretion in gastrointestinal diseases. However, there is evidence to suggest that H2...
Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are a group of drugs that inhibit gastric juice secretion in gastrointestinal diseases. However, there is evidence to suggest that H2 blockers have a broader spectrum of activity. The antioxidant properties of H2 blockers have not been fully elucidated, and their anti-glycation potential has not been studied to date. Therefore, this is the first study to compare the antioxidant and antiglycation potentials of the most popular H2 antagonists (ranitidine, cimetidine, and famotidine) on protein glycoxidation in vitro. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was glycated using sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose) as well as aldehydes (glyoxal and methylglyoxal). In the analyzed group of drugs, ranitidine was the only H2 blocker that significantly inhibited BSA glycation in all tested models. The contents of protein carbonyls, protein glycoxidation products (↓dityrosine, ↓N-formylkynurenine), and early (↓Amadori products) and late-stage (↓AGEs) protein glycation products decreased in samples of glycated BSA with the addition of ranitidine relative to BSA with the addition of the glycating agents. The anti-glycation potential of ranitidine was comparable to those of aminoguanidine and Trolox. In the molecular docking analysis, ranitidine was characterized by the lowest binding energy for BSA sites and could compete with protein amino groups for the addition of carbonyl groups. H2 blockers also scavenge free radicals. The strongest antioxidant properties are found in ranitidine, which additionally has the ability to bind transition metal ions. The systematic literature review also revealed that the anti-glycation effects of ranitidine could be attributed to its antioxidant properties. Ranitidine showed anti-glycation and antioxidant properties. Further research is needed, particularly in patients with diseases that promote protein glycation.
PubMed: 37765081
DOI: 10.3390/ph16091273 -
Biomolecules Apr 2022Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are heterogeneous compounds formed when excess sugars condense with the amino groups of nucleic acids and proteins. Increased AGEs... (Review)
Review
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are heterogeneous compounds formed when excess sugars condense with the amino groups of nucleic acids and proteins. Increased AGEs are associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control. Recently, inflamed periodontal tissues and certain oral bacteria were observed to increase the local and systemic AGE levels in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic individuals. Although hyperglycemia induced AGE and its effect on the periodontal tissues is known, periodontitis as an endogenous source of AGE formation is not well explored. Hence, this systematic review is aimed to explore, for the first time, whether inflamed periodontal tissues and periodontal pathogens have the capacity to modulate AGE levels in individuals with or without T2DM and how this affects the glycemic load. Six electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: (Periodontitis OR Periodontal disease OR Periodontal Inflammation) AND (Diabetes mellitus OR Hyperglycemia OR Insulin resistance) AND Advanced glycation end products. The results yielded 1140 articles, of which 13 articles were included for the review. The results showed that the mean AGE levels in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis (521.9 pg/mL) compared to healthy individuals with periodontitis (234.84 pg/mL). The serum AGE levels in normoglycemic subjects having periodontitis was higher compared to those without periodontitis (15.91 ng/mL vs. 6.60 ng/mL). Tannerella forsythia, a common gram-negative anaerobe periodontal pathogen in the oral biofilm, was observed to produce methylglyoxal (precursor of AGE) in the gingival tissues. Increased AGE deposition and activate of AGE receptors was noted in the presence of periodontitis in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic individuals. Hence, it can be concluded that periodontitis can modulate the local and systemic levels of AGE levels even in absence of hyperglycemia. This explains the bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and development of prediabetes, incident diabetes, poor glycemic control, and insulin resistance.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin Resistance; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 35625570
DOI: 10.3390/biom12050642 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jan 2024The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the diagnostic potential of salivary metabolomics in the detection of oral potentially malignant... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the diagnostic potential of salivary metabolomics in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review was performed in accordance with the 3rd edition of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Electronic searches for articles were carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The quality assessment of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) and the new version of the QUADOMICS tool. Meta-analysis was conducted whenever possible. The effect size was presented using the Forest plot, whereas the presence of publication bias was examined through Begg's funnel plot.
RESULTS
A total of nine studies were included in the systematic review. The metabolite profiling was heterogeneous across all the studies. The expression of several salivary metabolites was found to be significantly altered in OPMDs and OCs as compared to healthy controls. Meta-analysis was able to be conducted only for N-acetylglucosamine. There was no significant difference (SMD = 0.15; 95% CI - 0.25-0.56) in the level of N-acetylglucosamine between OPMDs, OC, and the control group.
CONCLUSION
Evidence for N-acetylglucosamine as a salivary biomarker for oral cancer is lacking. Although several salivary metabolites show changes between healthy, OPMDs, and OC, their diagnostic potential cannot be assessed in this review due to a lack of data. Therefore, further high-quality studies with detailed analysis and reporting are required to establish the diagnostic potential of the salivary metabolites in OPMDs and OC.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
While some salivary metabolites exhibit significant changes in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC) compared to healthy controls, the current evidence, especially for N-acetylglucosamine, is inadequate to confirm their reliability as diagnostic biomarkers. Additional high-quality studies are needed for a more conclusive assessment of salivary metabolites in oral disease diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Acetylglucosamine; Reproducibility of Results; Mouth Neoplasms; Mouth Diseases; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 38225483
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05481-6 -
Journal of Food Science Feb 2024This systematic review paper aims to discuss the trend in quality assessment properties and constituents of honey at different storage conditions and confer the possible... (Review)
Review
This systematic review paper aims to discuss the trend in quality assessment properties and constituents of honey at different storage conditions and confer the possible whys and wherefores associated with the significant changes. Initially, a literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus databases. In total, 43 manuscripts published between 2001 and 2023 that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen for the review. As an outcome of this review, prolonged honey storage could deteriorate sensory, nutritional, and antioxidant properties and promote fermentation, granulation, microbial growth, carcinogenicity, organotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. This systematic review also recognized that diastase activity, invertase activity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content, proline content, sugar content, amino acids, and vitamins could be used as indicators to distinguish fresh and stored honey based on the significant test (p-value) in the reported studies. However, all the reported studies used the simplest approach (one-way ANOVA) to identify the significant differences in the analyzed parameter during the storage period and none of them reported an approach to identify the most influential parameter at different storage conditions. In conclusion, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (supervised multivariate statistical tool) has to be employed in future studies to find the most influential parameter and could be used to potent chemical markers to distinguish fresh and stored honey because this analysis is incorporated with S-plot, variable importance of projection, and one-way ANOVA, which can produce the most accurate and precise results rather solely depending on one-way ANOVA.
Topics: Honey; Antioxidants; Carbohydrates; Amino Acids; Proline
PubMed: 38224177
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16921 -
Bone & Joint Research Mar 2020Metabolic profiling is a top-down method of analysis looking at metabolites, which are the intermediate or end products of various cellular pathways. Our primary... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Metabolic profiling is a top-down method of analysis looking at metabolites, which are the intermediate or end products of various cellular pathways. Our primary objective was to perform a systematic review of the published literature to identify metabolites in human synovial fluid (HSF), which have been categorized by metabolic profiling techniques. A secondary objective was to identify any metabolites that may represent potential biomarkers of orthopaedic disease processes.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines using the MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. Studies included were case series, case control series, and cohort studies looking specifically at HSF.
RESULTS
The primary analysis, which pooled the results from 17 published studies and four meeting abstracts, identified over 200 metabolites. Seven of these studies (six published studies, one meeting abstract) had asymptomatic control groups and collectively suggested 26 putative biomarkers in osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthropathies, and trauma. These can broadly be categorized into amino acids plus related metabolites, fatty acids, ketones, and sugars.
CONCLUSION
The role of metabolic profiling in orthopaedics is fast evolving with many metabolites already identified in a variety of pathologies. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to the presence of multiple confounding factors in many of the studies. Future research should include largescale epidemiological metabolic profiling studies incorporating various confounding factors with appropriate statistical analysis to account for multiple testing of the data. 2020;9(3):108-119.
PubMed: 32435463
DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.93.BJR-2019-0167.R1 -
Clinical Rheumatology Dec 2019This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of treatments for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of treatments for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).
METHOD
We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, reference lists and published systematic reviews and registries of ongoing trials through May 2015 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of treatments for KBD. Outcomes of interest were pain, function, stiffness, overall clinical improvement, radiographic improvement (X-ray) and adverse events. Frequentist network meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects consistency model to assess the efficacy of treatments for KBD.
RESULTS
Forty-four RCTs with 9815 participants were included in the review. In children or adolescents, selenium (risk ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-2.33), vitamin C (2.03, 1.40-2.95) and aspirin (2.14, 1.12-4.08) were effective for radiographic structure improvement. In adults, chondroitin plus glucosamine was the best for pain (standardised mean difference 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-1.85), followed by intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (IAH) (1.09, 0.70-1.48), chondroitin (0.84, 0.47-1.21), diclofenac (0.63, 1.18-1.08), naproxen (0.55, 0.12-0.98), meloxicam (0.52, 0.03-1.01) and glucosamine (0.40, 0.13-0.67) compared to placebo, with similar results for other clinical outcomes in adults. However, the strength of most evidence was limited by the small number of trials with low to moderate quality.
CONCLUSIONS
Selenium supplement has demonstrated some benefits for structural improvement of the disease in children. Chondroitin, glucosamine, IAH and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for symptom improvements of KBD in adults. Evidence of surgical and complementary treatments for symptoms and aspirin and vitamin C for structure has yet to be established.Key Points• There were 23 nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and surgical and complementary treatments assessed for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in randomised trials.• Among the 23 treatments, chondroitin, glucosamine, IAH and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs are more effective than placebo to relieve symptoms for adults with KBD.• Selenium supplement is more effective than placebo for radiographic improvement in children or adolescents.• The efficacy of surgeries, aspirin, vitamin C and complementary treatments for KBD has not been established yet.
Topics: Chondroitin; Dietary Supplements; Glucosamine; Humans; Kashin-Beck Disease; Pain Management; Selenium
PubMed: 31376086
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04704-0 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Temperature, water, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO concentration are the main abiotic factors that are changing in the course of global warming. These abiotic...
Temperature, water, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO concentration are the main abiotic factors that are changing in the course of global warming. These abiotic factors govern the synthesis and degradation of primary (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, etc.) and secondary (phenolic and volatile flavor compounds and their precursors) metabolites directly, via the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways, or indirectly, via their effects on vine physiology and phenology. Several hundred secondary metabolites have been identified in the grape berry. Their biosynthesis and degradation have been characterized and have been shown to occur during different developmental stages of the berry. The understanding of how the different abiotic factors modulate secondary metabolism and thus berry quality is of crucial importance for breeders and growers to develop plant material and viticultural practices to maintain high-quality fruit and wine production in the context of global warming. Here, we review the main secondary metabolites of the grape berry, their biosynthesis, and how their accumulation and degradation is influenced by abiotic factors. The first part of the review provides an update on structure, biosynthesis, and degradation of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) and major aroma compounds (terpenes, thiols, methoxypyrazines, and C13 norisoprenoids). The second part gives an update on the influence of abiotic factors, such as water availability, temperature, radiation, and CO concentration, on berry secondary metabolism. At the end of the paper, we raise some critical questions regarding intracluster berry heterogeneity and dilution effects and how the sampling strategy can impact the outcome of studies on the grapevine berry response to abiotic factors.
PubMed: 33828576
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643258 -
Nutrition & Metabolism 2020Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important threats to human health in the twenty-first century. The use of complementary and alternative medicine to prevent,... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important threats to human health in the twenty-first century. The use of complementary and alternative medicine to prevent, control, and reduce the complications of diabetes mellitus is increasing at present. Glutamine amino acid is known as a functional food. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the potential role of glutamine supplementation on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus. For this review, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception through April 2020. All clinical trial and animal studies assessing the effects of glutamine on diabetes mellitus were eligible for inclusion. 19 studies of 1482 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the 19 studies, nine studies reported a significant increase in serum GLP-1 levels. Also, eight studies showed reducing in serum levels of fasting blood sugar, four studies reducing in postprandial blood sugar, and triglyceride after glutamine supplementation. Although glutamine resulted in a significant increase in insulin production in seven studies, the findings on Hb-A1c levels were inconclusive. In addition to, despite of the results was promising for the effects of glutamine on weight changes, oxidative stress, and inflammation, more precise clinical trials are needed to obtain more accurate results. In conclusion, glutamine supplementation could improve glycemic control and levels of incretins (such as GLP-1 and GIP) in diabetes mellitus. However, more studies are needed for future studies.
PubMed: 32983244
DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00503-6 -
Recent Patents on Biotechnology 2020There are several methods for the quantification of biomass in SSF, such as glucosamine measurement, ergosterol content, protein concentration, change in dry weight or...
Systematic Review and Study of S Curves for Biomass Quantification in Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) Applied to Biomass Measurement in Food Processes.
BACKGROUND
There are several methods for the quantification of biomass in SSF, such as glucosamine measurement, ergosterol content, protein concentration, change in dry weight or evolution of CO2 production. However, all have drawbacks when obtaining accurate data on the progress of the SSF due to the dispersion in cell growth on the solid substrate, and the difficulty encountered in separating the biomass. Studying the disadvantages associated with the process of biomass quantification in SSF, the monitoring of the growth of biomass by a technique known as digital image processing (DIP), consists of obtaining information on the production of different compounds during fermentation, using colorimetric methods based on the pixels that are obtained from photographs.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to know about the state of the technology and the advantages of DIP.
METHODS
The methodology employed four phases; the first describes the search equations for the SSF and the DIP. A search for patents related to SSF and DIP carried out in the Free Patents Online and Patent inspiration databases. Then there is the selection of the most relevant articles in each of the technologies. As a third step, modifications for obtaining the best adjustments were also carried out. Finally, the analysis of the results was done and the inflection years were determined by means of six mathematical models widely studied.
RESULTS
For these models, the inflection years were 2018 and 2019 for both the SSF and the DIP. Additionally, the main methods for the measurement of biomass in SSF were found, and are also indicated in the review, as DIP measurement processes have already been carried out using the same technology.
CONCLUSION
In addition, the DIP has shown satisfactory results and could be an interesting alternative for biomass measurement in SSF, due to its ease and versatility.
Topics: Biomass; Biotechnology; Carbon Dioxide; Colorimetry; Databases, Bibliographic; Ergosterol; Fermentation; Food Technology; Fungi; Glucosamine; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Models, Statistical; Patents as Topic; Proteins
PubMed: 32164521
DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666200312094447