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Water Research Mar 2021Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represents a promising technology for wastewater nitrogen removal. Organics management is critical to achieving efficient and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represents a promising technology for wastewater nitrogen removal. Organics management is critical to achieving efficient and stable performance of anammox or integrated processes, e.g., denitratation-anammox. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the multifaceted impacts of organics on wastewater anammox community structure and function. Both exogenous and endogenous organics are discussed with respect to their effects on the biofilm/granule structure and function, as well as the interactions between anammox bacteria (AnAOB) and a broad range of coexisting functional groups. A global core community consisting of 19 taxa is identified and a co-occurrence network is constructed by meta-analysis on the 16S rDNA sequences of 149 wastewater anammox samples. Correlations between core taxa, keystone taxa, and environmental factors, including COD, nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and C/N ratio are obtained. This review provides a holistic understanding of the microbial responses to different origins and types of organics in wastewater anammox reactors, which will facilitate the design and operation of more efficient anammox-based wastewater nitrogen removal process.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Bioreactors; Denitrification; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Wastewater
PubMed: 33461083
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116817 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Sep 2020The genus , belonging to the phylum is one of the most important genera and comprises thermophilic bacteria. The genus was erected with the taxonomic reclassification...
The genus , belonging to the phylum is one of the most important genera and comprises thermophilic bacteria. The genus was erected with the taxonomic reclassification of various species. Taxonomic studies of remain in progress. However, there is no comprehensive review of the characteristic features, taxonomic status and study of various applications of this interesting genus. The main aim of this review is to give a comprehensive account of the genus . At present the genus acomprises 25 taxa, 14 validly published (with correct name), nine validly published (with synonyms) and two not validly published species. We describe only validly published species of the genera and . Vegetative cells of species are Gram-strain-positive or -variable, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, obligately thermophilic and chemo-organotrophic. Growth occurs in the pH range 6.08.5 and a temperature of 37-75 °C. The major cellular fatty acids are iso-C15:o, iso-C16:0 and iso-C17:o. The main menaquinone type is MK-7. The G-+C content of the DNA ranges between 48.2 and 58 mol%. The genus is widely distributed in nature, being mostly found in many extreme locations such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, marine trenches, hay composts, etc. species have been widely exploited in various industrial and biotechnological applications, and thus are promising candidates for further studies in the future.
Topics: Bacillaceae; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biofuels; Biological Evolution; Biotechnology; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Extreme Environments; Geobacillus; Industrial Microbiology; Phylogeny; Temperature
PubMed: 32744496
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000945 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Jun 2021Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal, gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacillus that resides in the dermis. Historically thought to be a contaminant when identified... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal, gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacillus that resides in the dermis. Historically thought to be a contaminant when identified on cultured specimens, recent advances in diagnostic technology have now implicated it as the most common organism responsible for postoperative shoulder infections. Despite a recognition of the role of this organism and a significant research interest in recent years, there is clear lack of consensus guideline on strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat postoperative shoulder infection.
METHOD
The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in March 2020. All experimental and nonexperimental studies that investigate C acnes in shoulder surgery were included. Inclusion was limited to articles published after 2000 and written in English; reviews, gray literature, or abstracts were excluded. A total of 70 studies were included in this review. This scoping review was performed in accordance with the Extended Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).
RESULTS
Standard surgical prophylactic regimens such as intravenous antibiotics and topical chlorhexidine are ineffective at removing C acnes from the deep layer of the dermis, and there is a shift toward using topical benzoyl peroxide with significantly improved efficacy. An improved understanding of the bacteria has demonstrated that a prolonged culture time of up to 14 days is needed, especially in cases of established infection. Advances in diagnostics such as sonication and molecular-based testing are promising. Although usually thought to be susceptible to a broad range of antibiotics, resistance is emerging to clindamycin. An improved understanding of its ability to form a biofilm highlights the difficulty in treating an established infection.
CONCLUSION
The role of C acnes causing postoperative infection following shoulder surgery is being increasingly recognized. Strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have been outlined from both an antimicrobial and surgical perspective. A number of these strategies are emerging and require further research to demonstrate efficacy before implementation into clinical guidelines.
Topics: Benzoyl Peroxide; Clindamycin; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 33373684
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.11.011 -
Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and... Jan 2022The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available scientific evidence to validate the use of diode laser treatment as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available scientific evidence to validate the use of diode laser treatment as monotherapy for disinfection of root canals during endodontic treatment. Root canal disinfection is an integral step in successful endodontic therapy. Evidence suggests better clinical outcomes when diode laser treatment is opted as compared with conventional, root canal disinfection/irrigation protocols. However, there is currently no standard protocol for the use of diode lasers in disinfection of root canals. Four electronic databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, were systematically searched up to December 2020 to identify studies addressing the therapeutic efficacy of dental diode lasers in endodontic root canal disinfection as monotherapy. Two examiners assessed the eligibility and quality of relevant studies, and interobserver agreement was reached for each included study. The effect of laser treatment in reduction of bacterial growth (both aerobic and anaerobic) was studied and an appropriate forest plot was prepared. A meta-analysis of similar studies was performed by calculating the pooled weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model. Six and nine articles were included in the quantitative and qualitative analyses, respectively. Although moderate to high risk of bias was detected, high heterogeneity was found among the studies. Statistically significant reduction of microorganisms was observed when diode laser treatment was used for root canal disinfection; however, a small number of reported randomized clinical trials in humans with small sample sizes and high heterogeneity provide insufficient support toward its efficacy. There was no concluding evidence grade for recommendation of laser monotherapy for infected root canals. This does not necessarily invalidate the effect of laser therapy, but instead underscores the need for future high-quality studies.
Topics: Dental Pulp Cavity; Disinfection; Humans; Lasers, Semiconductor; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Therapy
PubMed: 34936823
DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0073 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2024Antibiotic residues in mariculture wastewater seriously affect the aquatic environment. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) produced under antibiotic stress flow through... (Review)
Review
A systematic review of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in mariculture wastewater: Antibiotics removal by microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system (MBSS), ARGs characterization on the metagenomic.
Antibiotic residues in mariculture wastewater seriously affect the aquatic environment. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) produced under antibiotic stress flow through the environment and eventually enter the human body, seriously affecting human health. Microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system (MBSS) can remove antibiotics from mariculture and reduce the flow of ARGs into the environment. This review encapsulates the present scenario of mariculture wastewater, the removal mechanism of MBSS for antibiotics, and the biomolecular information under metagenomic assay. When confronted with antibiotics, there was a notable augmentation in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content within MBSS, along with a concurrent elevation in the proportion of protein (PN) constituents within the EPS, which limits the entry of antibiotics into the cellular interior. Quorum sensing stimulates the microorganisms to produce biological responses (DNA synthesis - for adhesion) through signaling. Oxidative stress promotes gene expression (coupling, conjugation) to enhance horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in MBSS. The microbial community under metagenomic detection is dominated by aerobic bacteria in the bacterial-microalgal system. Compared to aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria had the significant advantage of decreasing the distribution of ARGs. Overall, MBSS exhibits remarkable efficacy in mitigating the challenges posed by antibiotics and resistant genes from mariculture wastewater.
Topics: Wastewater; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Microalgae; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Bacteria; Metagenomics; Aquaculture; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Symbiosis; Genes, Bacterial
PubMed: 38657817
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172601 -
Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Jun 2020One of the most important types of microorganisms in the oral cavity in both healthy and non-healthy individuals is Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although present as a normal...
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important types of microorganisms in the oral cavity in both healthy and non-healthy individuals is Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although present as a normal resident in the oral cavity, this Gram-negative pathogen is dominant in periodontal disease and it is involved in many invasive infections in the population, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as many adverse events with a fatal outcome.
AIM
To determine the role of F. nucleatum in the development of polymicrobial biofilms thus pathogenic changes in and out of the oral media.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A systematic review of the literature concerning the determination and role of F. nucleatum through available clinical trials, literature reviews, original research and articles published electronically at Pub Med and Google Scholar.
CONCLUSION
The presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum is commonly associated with the health status of individuals. These anaerobic bacteria plays a key role in oral pathological conditions and has been detected in many systemic disorders causing complex pathogenethic changes probably due to binding ability to various cells thus several virulence mechanisms. Most common diseases and conditions in the oral cavity associated with F.nucleatum are gingivitis (G), chronic periodontitis (CH), aggressive periodontitis (AgP), endo-periodental infections (E-P), chronic apical periodontitis (PCHA). The bacterium has been identified and detected in many systemic disorders such as coronary heart disease (CVD) pathological pregnancy (P); polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), high-risk pregnancy (HRP), colorectal cancer (CRC); pre-eclampsia (PE); rheumatoid arthritis (RA); osteoarthritis (OA).
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biofilms; Chronic Disease; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coronary Disease; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouth; Osteoarthritis; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, High-Risk
PubMed: 32573481
DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2020-0026 -
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2021Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment of recurrent infection (rCDI) and is being applied experimentally in other diseases. Encapsulated...
BACKGROUND
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment of recurrent infection (rCDI) and is being applied experimentally in other diseases. Encapsulated administration may be equivalent in efficacy to delivery through other routes.
METHODS
A systematic review was undertaken of studies using encapsulated FMT up to 26 October 2020. Data on indication, clinical outcomes, safety, treatment protocol and capsule preparation were collected and reported. Pooled rates of clinical efficacy in rCDI were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. The impact of single variables on clinical efficacy was evaluated using univariate meta-regression.
RESULTS
A total of 35 studies reporting the treatment of 960 patients with encapsulated FMT for eight different indications met the inclusion criteria. Most studies ( = 18, 51%) and patients ( = 755, 79%) were from studies on rCDI. Cure rates after single and multiple courses of treatments with encapsulated FMT in rCDI were 85% (95% CI: 82%-88%) and 93% (95% CI: 88%-96%) respectively. The treatment outcome was not significantly affected by dose, number of delivered capsules, anaerobic/aerobic processing, single/multi-donor treatment, lyophilisation, or any other single factor in the production or delivery of encapsulated FMT. Promising but non-comparable results from the treatment of ulcerative colitis and multidrug-resistant organisms were reported.
CONCLUSIONS
Encapsulated FMT is an effective and safe treatment of rCDI, with cure rates comparable to FMT delivered through other routes. The treatment is effective despite variations in donor screening, preparation and treatment protocol. For other indications, the role of FMT capsules is still not sufficiently examined, although some studies show promising results.
PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY
The bacteria and other microorganisms of the gut is different in patient with various diseases in comparison with healthy subjects.Therefore, ways to change the microorganisms of the gut in a beneficial direction has been the subject of various research projects within recent years.Faecal microbiota transplantation often referred as FMT is a method of transferring microorganisms from healthy donors to patients with various diseases and is seen as one way to change the microbial community of the gut in a beneficial direction.Faecal microbiota transplantation can be performed in different ways such as through endoscopy, enemas or capsules. The transfer through capsules is preferred by the patients and has advantages since it can be administered long-term and can be delivered to the patients in their home. In this paper, we evaluated all accessible research reporting treatment with encapsulated faecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of various diseases. We report the following major findings:-Treatment with capsules is safe when guidelines for screening donors and testing faecal material is followed.-The treatment is highly effective in the treatment of recurrent infection, a disease with high mortality often caused by repeated antibiotic treatments. The treatment was effective in 596 of 723 patients following one course of capsule treatment.-Faecal microbiota transplantation delivered through capsules is as effective as treatment delivered through other routes in the treatment of infection.-The treatment is effective in the treatment of infection across studies and countries, despite great differences in the ways the capsules were prepared and delivered.-Increasing the amount of faecal material used in the production did not affect the efficacy of the treatment.-There are promising results in the treatment of other diseases such as liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease and the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
PubMed: 34484424
DOI: 10.1177/17562848211041004 -
BMJ Open Sep 2020The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly prescribed in UK primary care.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and AMED, all years up to May 2020 including all study designs, collecting and analysing data on the effect of antibiotics prescribed for respiratory and urinary tract infections. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane standard methods. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Narrative synthesis was used to report the themes emerging from the data.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcomes were antibiotic-induced changes in the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota. Secondary outcome was the time for the microbiota to return to baseline.
RESULTS
Thirty-one articles with low or unclear risk of bias showed that antibiotics impact the gut microbiota by causing rapid and diminished levels of bacterial diversity and changes in relative abundances. After cessation of treatment, gut bacteria recover, in most individuals, to their baseline state within a few weeks. Some studies suggested longer term effects from 2 to 6 months. Considerable heterogeneity in methodology makes the studies prone to biases and other confounding factors. Doxycycline was associated with a marked short-term decrease in diversity. Clarithromycin decreased the populations of Enterobacteria, and the anaerobic bacteria sp and sp in numbers and diversity for up to 5 weeks. Phenoxymethylpenicillin, nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin had very little effect on the gut microbiome.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite substantial heterogeneity of the studies and small sample sizes, there is evidence that antibiotics commonly used in primary care influence the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Larger population-based studies are needed to fully understand how antibiotics modulate the microbiota, and to determine if these are associated with (longer term) health consequences.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42017073750.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Primary Health Care; United Kingdom
PubMed: 32958481
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035677 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Feb 2021Studies have suggested that in addition to antimicrobials, some non-antibiotics may alter the gut microbiome. This systematic review sought to determine if there is an...
INTRODUCTION
Studies have suggested that in addition to antimicrobials, some non-antibiotics may alter the gut microbiome. This systematic review sought to determine if there is an association between immunosuppressive agents used in recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) and alterations in the gut microbiome.
METHODS
English language PubMed and Scopus searches were conducted to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were defined as pertaining to solid organ transplantation, immunosuppression, and the gut microbiome. Articles were excluded if they contained only genetic microbiota descriptions, narrative reviews of bacteria, or described bacteria as a pathogen for infections. PRISMA reporting was used to guide this literature review.
RESULTS
A preliminary search identified 665 articles, of which 75 articles met the inclusion criteria, and 10 articles remained after application of exclusion criteria. Seventy-one percent of articles discussed calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus, 38% included mycophenolate mofetil, and 52% included steroids, such as prednisone. Some studies utilized a combination of immunosuppressants or had multiple study arms. Seventy percent of the articles indicated changes in quantities of anaerobic bacteria including Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Clostridiales. Combinations of immunosuppressant agents were associated with an increase in colonization of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp.
CONCLUSION
Some immunosuppressants are associated with changes in gut flora, but the impact on clinical outcomes is unknown. Robust clinical trials delineating the direct effect of immunosuppressants on the gut microbiome as well as the impact on clinical outcomes are warranted.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mycophenolic Acid; Organ Transplantation; Tacrolimus
PubMed: 32609940
DOI: 10.1111/tid.13397 -
Vox Sanguinis Apr 2021Septic transfusion reactions are a principal cause of transfusion-related mortality. The frequency of detectable bacterial contamination is greater in platelets compared... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Septic transfusion reactions are a principal cause of transfusion-related mortality. The frequency of detectable bacterial contamination is greater in platelets compared to other blood components because platelets are stored at room temperature. Most strategies outlined in the September 2019 FDA guidance require both aerobic culture (AC) and anaerobic culture (AnC) testing. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in an effort to provide the best available estimate of the effectiveness of AnC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our analysis was performed according to published guidelines. Broad and context-specific meta-analyses of bacterial detection rates in platelets by AnC were performed to assess the practical effectiveness of AnC as a risk control measure.
RESULTS
Seven studies with a total of 1 767 014 tested platelet components were included for analysis. With exclusion of positives due to Cutibacterium/Propionibacterium species and redundancy due to AC results, AnC detected 0·06 contamination events per thousand (EPT) components tested, twofold lower than the AC (0·12 EPT).
CONCLUSION
Excluding Cutibacterium/Propionibacterium species, AnC detects occasional bacterial contamination events that are not detected by AC (~1 in 17 000 platelet components).
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood Platelets; Blood Safety; Drug Contamination; Humans; Platelet Transfusion; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 32996621
DOI: 10.1111/vox.13013