-
Nutrients Aug 2021Chocolate has a history of human consumption tracing back to 400 AD and is rich in polyphenols such as catechins, anthocyanidins, and pro anthocyanidins. As chocolate...
Chocolate has a history of human consumption tracing back to 400 AD and is rich in polyphenols such as catechins, anthocyanidins, and pro anthocyanidins. As chocolate and cocoa product consumption, along with interest in them as functional foods, increases worldwide, there is a need to systematically and critically appraise the available clinical evidence on their health effects. A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) using a search strategy and keywords. Among the many health effects assessed on several outcomes (including skin, cardiovascular, anthropometric, cognitive, and quality of life), we found that compared to controls, chocolate or cocoa product consumption significantly improved lipid profiles (triglycerides), while the effects of chocolate on all other outcome parameters were not significantly different. In conclusion, low-to-moderate-quality evidence with short duration of research (majority 4-6 weeks) showed no significant difference between the effects of chocolate and control groups on parameters related to skin, blood pressure, lipid profile, cognitive function, anthropometry, blood glucose, and quality of life regardless of form, dose, and duration among healthy individuals. It was generally well accepted by study subjects, with gastrointestinal disturbances and unpalatability being the most reported concerns.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Cacao; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Chocolate; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Polyphenols; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Skin; Triglycerides
PubMed: 34578786
DOI: 10.3390/nu13092909 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Dietary polyphenol treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a novel direction, and the existing clinical studies have little effective evidence for its... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Dietary polyphenol treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a novel direction, and the existing clinical studies have little effective evidence for its therapeutic effect, and some studies have inconsistent results. The effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of NAFLD is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral dietary polyphenols in patients with NAFLD.
METHODS
The literature (both Chinese and English) published before 30 April 2022 in PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, CNKI, and other databases on the treatment of NAFLD with dietary polyphenols was searched. Manual screening, quality assessment, and data extraction of search results were conducted strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The RCTs included in this study involved dietary supplementation with eight polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, catechin, silymarin, and genistein) and 2,173 participants. This systematic review and meta-analysis found that 1) curcumin may decrease body mass index (BMI), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Triglycerides (TG) total cholesterol (TC), and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to placebo; and curcumin does not increase the occurrence of adverse events. 2) Although the meta-analysis results of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not reveal significant positive changes, individual RCTs showed meaningful results. 3) Naringenin significantly decreased the percentage of NAFLD grade, TG, TC, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) but had no significant effect on AST and ALT, and it is a safe supplementation. 4) Only one team presents a protocol about anthocyanin (from L. fruit extract) in the treatment of NAFLD. 5) Hesperidin may decrease BMI, AST, ALT, TG, TC, HOMA-IR, and so on. 6) Catechin may decrease BMI, HOMA-IR, and TG level, and it was well tolerated by the patients. 7) Silymarin was effective in improving ALT and AST and reducing hepatic fat accumulation and liver stiffness in NAFLD patients.
CONCLUSION
Based on current evidence, curcumin can reduce BMI, TG, TC, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance; catechin can reduce BMI, insulin resistance, and TG effectively; silymarin can reduce liver enzymes. For resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, and catechin, more RCTs are needed to further evaluate their efficacy and safety.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Anthocyanins; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Catechin; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Curcumin; Dietary Supplements; Genistein; Hesperidin; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Resveratrol; Silymarin; Triglycerides
PubMed: 36159792
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949746 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Mar 2023Anthocyanins are a subclass of flavonoids responsible for color in some fruits and vegetables with potent antioxidative capacity. During digestion, a larger proportion...
Anthocyanins are a subclass of flavonoids responsible for color in some fruits and vegetables with potent antioxidative capacity. During digestion, a larger proportion of dietary anthocyanins remains unabsorbed and reach the large intestine where they interact with the gut microbiota. Anthocyanins can modulate gut microbial populations to improve diversity and the proportion of beneficial populations, leading to alterations in short chain fatty acid and bile acid production. Some anthocyanins can be degraded into colonic metabolites, such as phenolic acids, which accumulate in the body and regulate a range of biological activities. Here we provide an overview of the effects of dietary anthocyanin consumption on gut microbial interactions, metabolism, and composition. Progression of chronic diseases has been strongly associated with imbalances in gut microbial populations. We therefore focus on the role of the gut microbiota as the 'mediator' that facilitates the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins against various chronic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease and osteoarthritis.
PubMed: 36927343
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2187212 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Aug 2023Emerging evidence indicates the association between an unhealthy gut and chronic diseases. A healthy gut comprises an intact gut epithelium and balanced gut microbes.... (Review)
Review
Emerging evidence indicates the association between an unhealthy gut and chronic diseases. A healthy gut comprises an intact gut epithelium and balanced gut microbes. Diet is one of the critical factors that modulate gut health by positively or negatively affecting the intestinal barrier and gut microbes. Blueberries are an excellent source of health-promoting bioactive components, and this systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary blueberries on gut health. A literature search is conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to review relevant studies published between 2011 and 2022 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias (SYRCLE-RoB) tool is used for methodological quality assessments. Sixteen studies included from four countries are reviewed and the results are synthesized narratively. This data analysis indicates that blueberry supplementation improves gut health by improving intestinal morphology, reducing gut permeability, suppressing oxidative stress, ameliorating gut inflammation, and modulating the composition and function of gut microbes. However, there are significant knowledge gaps in this field. These findings indicate that further studies are needed to establish the beneficial effects of blueberries on gut health.
Topics: Animals; Blueberry Plants; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Diet; Health Status; Inflammation
PubMed: 37428472
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300096 -
Cancers Apr 2023Studies have suggested the chemopreventive effects of anthocyanins on breast cancer carcinogenesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins Reduce Cell Invasion and Migration through Akt/mTOR Downregulation and Apoptosis Activation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
BACKGROUND
Studies have suggested the chemopreventive effects of anthocyanins on breast cancer carcinogenesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of anthocyanins on triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) cultured in vitro.
METHODS
We searched for all relevant studies that evaluated the mechanisms of migration, invasion, Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, and apoptosis, using PubMed and Scopus. Means and standard deviation were used, and a randomized effects model was applied, with a confidence interval of 95%. Statistical heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Chi2 test and I2 statistics. All analyses were performed using RevMan software (version 5.4).
RESULTS
Eleven studies were included in the systematic review and ten in the meta-analysis, where the roles of anthocyanin-enriched extract or cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C-3-O-G) on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells were investigated.
DISCUSSION
There was a significant reduction in invasion (mean difference: -98.64; 95% CI: -153.98, -43.3; ˂ 0.00001) and migration (mean difference: -90.13; 95% CI: -130.57, -49.68; ˂ 0.00001) in TNBC cells after anthocyanins treatment. Anthocyanins also downregulated Akt (mean difference: -0.63; 95% CI: -0.70, -0.57; ˂ 0.00001) and mTOR (mean difference: -0.93; 95% CI: -1.58, -0.29; = 0.005), while JNK (mean difference: -0.06; 95% CI: -1.21, 1.09; = 0.92) and p38 (mean difference: 0.05; 95% CI: -1.32, 1.41; = 0.95) were not modulated. There was also an increase in cleaved caspase-3 (mean difference: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 2.16; = 0.03), cleaved caspase-8 (mean difference: 1.64; 95% CI: 0.05, 3.22; = 0.04), and cleaved PARP (mean difference: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.32). Although the difference between control and anthocyanin groups was not significant regarding apoptosis rate (mean difference: 3.63; 95% CI: -2.88, 10.14; = 0.27), the analysis between subgroups showed that anthocyanins are more favorable in inducing overall apoptosis ( ˂ 0.00001).
CONCLUSION
The results show that anthocyanins hold promise in fighting against TNBC, but their effects should not be generalized. In addition, further primary studies should be conducted so that more accurate conclusions can be drawn.
PubMed: 37190229
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082300 -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2023Aging is a complex and gradual biological process that represents the major risk factor with respect to the development of chronic degenerative diseases, often...
BACKGROUND
Aging is a complex and gradual biological process that represents the major risk factor with respect to the development of chronic degenerative diseases, often associated with disability. Diet and nu-trition, coupled with proper physical activity have a significant impact on the health status of the elderly with a decreased risk of disease being indicative of successful aging. Musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia are the most frequently reported disorders among the elderly community.
METHODS
This study presents a systematic review of the literature on the potential benefits of several nutra-ceuticals in promoting healthy aging and in reducing the risk of chronic diseases in elderly individuals.
RESULTS
Dietary components including vitamins (vitamin C, B vitamin and vitamin K) flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, and isoflavones), minerals (e.g., magnesium, zinc and potassium) and other nutrients such phytoestrogens, amino acids, and omega-3 fatty acids help in slowing the aging process, which ultimately results in increased lifespan and longevity.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper highlights the key nutrients and phytochemicals of nutraceutical importance for the healthy aging of the elderly population. Although the scientific literature provides evidences of therapeutic effectiveness of nutraceuticals, more in-depth clinical investigations are needed.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Healthy Aging; Anthocyanins; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins; Diet; Vitamin K
PubMed: 36515582
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2022.2552 -
Metabolites Dec 2022Low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are key mechanisms involved in obesity and related disorders. Polyphenols from blueberry (BB) and bilberries (BiB) might... (Review)
Review
Low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are key mechanisms involved in obesity and related disorders. Polyphenols from blueberry (BB) and bilberries (BiB) might protect against oxidative damage and inflammation. To summarize the effects of BiB or BB consumption in parameters related to obesity and its comorbidities, a search of the literature was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library repositories to identify all studies that evaluated associations of whole BB or BiB with obesity and associated disorders. Thirty-one studies were eligible for inclusion in this review: eight clinical trials and 23 animal studies. In humans, BB consumption only consistently decreased oxidative stress and improved endothelial function. In rodents, BB or BiB consumption caused positive effects on glucose tolerance, nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf-κb) activity, oxidative stress, and triglyceride (TG) content in the liver and hepatic steatosis. The high content of anthocyanins present in BB and BiB seems to attenuate oxidative stress. The decrease in oxidative stress may have a positive impact on glucose tolerance and endothelial function. Moreover, in rodents, these berries seem to protect against hepatic steatosis, through the decreased accumulation of hepatic TGs. BB and BiB might also attenuate inflammation by decreasing Nf-κb activity and immune cell recruitment into the adipose tissue.
PubMed: 36676944
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010019 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Jan 2024This study aims to systematically review observational studies investigating the relation between dietary (poly)phenol consumption and various cognitive outcomes. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
SCOPE
This study aims to systematically review observational studies investigating the relation between dietary (poly)phenol consumption and various cognitive outcomes.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Embase and PubMed databases are searched from inception to April 2023 for observational studies investigating the relation between dietary (poly)phenol intake and cognitive outcomes. For quantitative analyses, random effects models, subgroup analyses, and dose-response analyses are performed. A total of 37 studies are included in the systematic review. Among (poly)phenols, a higher intake of flavonoids is associated with better cognitive function and lower odds of cognitive decline (although with some exceptions). A quantitative meta-analysis shows an overall inverse association with cognitive impairment and reduced association with the incidence of dementia or related disorders for total flavonoids (relative risk (RR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76, 0.89), anthocyanins (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.89), flavones (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.94), flavan-3-ols (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.91), and flavonols (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96). Data on other (poly)phenolic compounds (i.e., phenolic acids) are promising but too preliminary.
CONCLUSION
Habitual inclusion of flavonoids in the diet may play a preventive role against cognitive disorders.
Topics: Humans; Phenols; Anthocyanins; Phenol; Diet; Cognitive Dysfunction; Flavonoids; Risk Factors; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37888840
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300472 -
Food & Function Jan 2023Anthocyanins have multiple health benefits. However, they are prone to degradation during gastrointestinal digestion, impeding their utilization. Various encapsulation... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Anthocyanins have multiple health benefits. However, they are prone to degradation during gastrointestinal digestion, impeding their utilization. Various encapsulation systems have been proposed to improve their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This review aims to provide a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of published studies examining the effect of microencapsulation on the bioaccessibility of anthocyanins. A comprehensive and systematic literature search of three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) was conducted. Studies were selected according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria and were reviewed independently by two investigators. Overall, 34 articles were included in the systematic review and 24 were included in the meta-analysis. The fold changes in bioaccessibility between encapsulated and non-encapsulated anthocyanins from eligible studies were calculated. The median and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the fold changes for spray-drying (median 1.23, 95% CI 0.91-1.92), freeze-drying (median 1.19, 95% CI 0.61-1.28), simple coacervation (median 1.80, 95% CI 1.41-3.20), and complex coacervation (median 1.61, 95% CI 0.21-25.00) were calculated. Simple coacervation showed a promising protection against degradation during digestion. However, when a large number of anthocyanins cannot be released from the microparticles during digestion, encapsulation impedes the bioaccessibility of anthocyanins.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Freeze Drying
PubMed: 36594512
DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01997c -
Inflammopharmacology Feb 2022Flavonoids are an important class of natural polyphenolic compounds reported to exert beneficial effects in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer, autoimmune and... (Review)
Review
Flavonoids are an important class of natural polyphenolic compounds reported to exert beneficial effects in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer, autoimmune and neurological disorders. Flavonoids possess potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and immuno-modulation properties. Intriguingly, the importance of flavonoids in different neurological disorders is gaining more attention due to the safety, better pharmacokinetic profile and blood-brain barrier penetration, cost-effectiveness and readiness for clinical uses/trials. Many in vitro and in vivo research studies have established the neuroprotective mechanism of flavonoids in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The present review summarizes the benefits of various classes of flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavanols), chemical nature, classification, their occurrence and distribution, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. The manuscript also presents available evidences relating to the role of flavonoids in regulating key signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT) pathway, Toll-like receptors (TLR) pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway involved in neuroinflammation associated with major neurological disorders. Literature search was conducted using electronic databases like Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed central, Springer search and Web of science. Chemical structures used in the present analysis were drawn using Chemdraw Professional 15.0 software. This collective information provides comprehensive knowledge on disease pathways and therapeutic benefits of flavonoids in neurological disorders, druggability and future scope for research.
Topics: Flavonoids; Flavonols; Humans; NF-kappa B; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35031904
DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00895-8