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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that has become a public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations. A systematic review and time-free meta-analysis... (Review)
Review
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that has become a public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations. A systematic review and time-free meta-analysis of the publications on the molecular detection of syphilis and mutations associated with antibiotic resistance, CORE group, and syphilis genotypes in PubMed databases, Scielo, and Cochrane was performed, and the last search was conducted in June 2022. Proportions were calculated, and standard errors and confidence intervals were reported for all results of interest. We included 41 articles for quantitative extraction and data synthesis. An increase was observed in the proportion of subjects diagnosed with syphilis and the presence of the A2058G mutation during the 2018−2021 period compared to 2006 (70% 95%CI 50−87 vs. 58% 95%CI 12−78), and we observed that the greater the proportion of the population participating in men who have sex with men (MSM) (<50% and >50%) syphilis increased (78% 95%CI 65−90 vs. 33% 95%CI 19−49). In conclusion, we suggest that there are a set of characteristics that are contributing to the resurgence of syphilis and the selective pressure of bacteria. The MSM population could be a vulnerable factor for this scenario and the global presence of A2058G and A2059G mutations that confer resistance to macrolides.
PubMed: 36558880
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121546 -
SAGE Open Medicine 2022Antimicrobial resistance is one of the serious threats in the world, including Ethiopia. Even though several studies were conducted to estimate common bacteria and their... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the serious threats in the world, including Ethiopia. Even though several studies were conducted to estimate common bacteria and their antibiotic-resistance profile in Ethiopia, it is difficult to estimate the overall resistant patterns due to the lack of a nationwide study. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria isolates and their antibiotic-resistance profile among pediatrics patients in Ethiopia.
METHODS
A web-based search using PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Hinari, Sci-Hub, African Journals Online Library, and free-text web searches using Google Scholar was conducted from August to September 16, 2021. Each of the original articles was searched by Boolean search technique using various keywords and was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel format and exported to STATA 14.0 for statistical analyses.
RESULTS
The database search delivered a total of 2,684 studies. After articles were removed by duplications, title, reading the abstract, and assessed for eligibility criteria, 19 articles were included in the systematic review. Of a total of 1372 (16.77%) culture-positive samples, 735 (53.57%) were gram-negative. was the most frequently isolated bacteria followed by species, 139/1372 (10.13%), and 125/1372(9.11%), respectively. More than 66.67% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin except for which was 32.35% (11/34). , species, and species were 100% resistance for cefepime. was 100% resistant to meropenem. were 93.30%, 78.26%, and 63.64% resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Gram-negative bacteria were identified as the common pathogen causing infection in pediatrics and the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was significantly higher in Ethiopia. Culture and susceptibility tests and well-designed infection control programs are important measures.
PubMed: 35509958
DOI: 10.1177/20503121221094191 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2020The current systematic review investigates the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from the 1980s to the present day, deriving data from clinical and/or water...
The current systematic review investigates the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from the 1980s to the present day, deriving data from clinical and/or water samples from studies carried out all over the world. Eighty-nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria, i.e., "" and "resistance to antibiotics", were evaluated according to pre-defined validity criteria. Sixty articles referred to clinical isolates, and 18 articles reported water-related isolates, while 11 articles included both clinical and water isolates. Several methods have been proposed as suitable for the determination of MICs, such as the E-test, broth and agar dilution, and disk diffusion methods, in vivo and in vitro, using various media. The E-test method proposed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EUCAST) seems to be the second most frequently used method overall, but it is the preferred method in the most recent publications (2000-2019) for the interpretation criteria. Erythromycin has been proved to be the preference for resistance testing over the years. However, in the last 19 years, the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERM), levofloxacin (LEV) and azithromycin (AZM) were the ones that saw an increase in their use. A decrease in the sensitivity to antibiotics was identified in approximately half of the reviewed articles.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 32796666
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165809 -
Journal of Global Health Jul 2023Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating diarrhoea with...
BACKGROUND
Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating diarrhoea with oral rehydration therapy, intravenous fluids for severe dehydration, and zinc supplements. Antibiotics are only recommended to treat acute, invasive diarrhoea. Rising antibiotic resistance has led to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatments for diarrhoea.
METHODS
A systematic literature review in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was conducted to identify articles relevant to antibiotic-resistant childhood diarrhoea. Articles in English published between 1990 to 2020 that described antibiotic resistance patterns of common pathogens causing childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries were included. The studies were limited to papers that categorized children as 0-5 years or 0-10 years old. The proportion of isolates with resistance to major classes of antibiotics stratified by major WHO global regions and time was determined.
RESULTS
Quantitative data were extracted from 44 articles that met screening criteria; most focused on children under five years. Escherichia coli isolates had relatively high resistance rates to ampicillin and tetracycline in the African (AFR), American (AMR), and Eastern Mediterranean Regions (EMR). There was moderate to high resistance to ampicillin and third generation cephalosporins among Salmonella spp in the AFR, EMR, and the Western Pacific Region (WPR). Resistance rates for ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol for Shigella in the AFR started at an alarmingly high rate ( ~ 90%) in 2006 and fluctuated over time. There were limited antibiotic resistance data for Aeromonas, Yersinia, and V. cholerae. The 161 isolates of Campylobacter analysed showed initially low rates of fluoroquinolone resistance with high rates of resistance in recent years, especially in the Southeast Asian Region.
CONCLUSIONS
Resistance to inexpensive antibiotics for treatment of invasive diarrhoea in children under ten years is widespread (although data on 6- to 10-year-old children are limited), and resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and later-generation cephalosporins are increasing. A strong regional surveillance system is needed to carefully monitor trends in antibiotic resistance, future studies should include school-aged children, and interventions are needed to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of community-acquired, non-invasive diarrhoea.
REGISTRATION
This systematic review was registered in Prospero (registration number CRD42020204004) in August 2020.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ampicillin; Diarrhea; Cephalosporins; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 37475599
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04060 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2019Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is one of the biggest threats to global health, especially in China. This study aims to analyze the published literature on the clinical and... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is one of the biggest threats to global health, especially in China. This study aims to analyze the published literature on the clinical and economic impact of ABR or multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria compared to susceptible bacteria or non-infection, in mainland China. English and Chinese databases were searched to identify relevant studies evaluating mortality, hospital stay, and hospital costs of ABR. A meta-analysis of mortality was performed using a random effects model. The costs were converted into 2015 United States (US) dollars. Of 13,693 studies identified, 44 eligible studies were included. Twenty-nine investigated the impact of ABR on hospital mortality, 37 were focused on hospital stay, and 21 on hospital costs. Patients with ABR were associated with a greater risk of overall mortality compared to those with susceptibility or those without infection (odds ratio: 2.67 and 3.29, 95% confidence interval: 2.18-3.26 and 1.71-6.33, < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). The extra mean total hospital stay and total hospital cost were reported, ranging from 3 to 46 days, and from US$238 to US$16,496, respectively. Our study indicates that ABR is associated with significantly higher mortality. Moreover, ABR is not always, but usually, associated with significantly longer hospital stay and higher hospital costs.
PubMed: 31405146
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030115 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2022The spread of microbial antibiotic resistance has seriously threatened public health globally. Non-antibiotic stressors have significantly contributed to the evolution... (Review)
Review
The spread of microbial antibiotic resistance has seriously threatened public health globally. Non-antibiotic stressors have significantly contributed to the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the potential risk of pesticide pollution for bacterial antibiotic resistance, a systematic review of these concerns is still lacking. In the present study, we elaborate the mechanism underlying the effects of pesticides on bacterial antibiotic resistance acquisition as well as the propagation of antimicrobial resistance. Pesticide stress enhanced the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacteria via various mechanisms, including the activation of efflux pumps, inhibition of outer membrane pores for resistance to antibiotics, and gene mutation induction. Horizontal gene transfer is a major mechanism whereby pesticides influence the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. Pesticides promoted the conjugation transfer of ARGs by increasing cell membrane permeability and increased the proportion of bacterial mobile gene elements, which facilitate the spread of ARGs. This review can improve our understanding regarding the pesticide-induced generation and spread of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Moreover, it can be applied to reduce the ecological risks of ARGs in the future.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Pesticides
PubMed: 35977623
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158057 -
Advances in Preventive Medicine 2019Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge in the public health sector and also a major challenge in Ethiopia. It is truly difficult to report bacterial antibiotic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge in the public health sector and also a major challenge in Ethiopia. It is truly difficult to report bacterial antibiotic resistance pattern in Ethiopia due to the absence of a review which is done comprehensively. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the works of literature on the antibiotic resistance pattern of the specific bacterial isolates that can be obtained from different clinical samples in the context of Ethiopia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A web-based search using PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari, Sci Hub, Scopus and the Directory of Open Access Journals was conducted from April to May 2018 for published studies without restriction in the year of publication. Works of literature potentially relevant to the study were identified by Boolean search technique using various keywords: Bacterial infection, antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic resistance, drug resistance, drug susceptibility, anti-bacterial resistance, Ethiopia. Study that perform susceptibility test from animal or healthy source using <10 isolates and methods other than prospective cross-sectional were excluded.
RESULTS
The database search delivered a total of 3459 studies. After amendment for duplicates and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 articles were found suitable for the systematic review. All studies were prospective cross-sectional in nature. The review encompasses 12 gram-positive and 15 gram-negative bacteria with their resistance pattern for around 12 antibiotics. It covers most of the regions which are found in Ethiopia. The resistance pattern of the isolates ranged from 0% up to 100%. The overall resistance of for antituberculosis drugs ranges from 0% up to 32.6%. The percentage of resistance increases among previously treated tuberculosis cases. S. typhimurium, S. Virchow, Group A Streptococci (GAS), and Group B Streptococci (GBS) were highly susceptible for most of the tested antibiotics. Methicillin-Resistant was highly resistant to most of the antibiotics with a slightly increased susceptibility to gentamycin.
CONCLUSIONS
Total bacterial isolates obtained from a different source of sample and geographic areas were 28, including . Majority of the bacterial isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. A continuous monitoring and studies on the multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates are important measures.
PubMed: 31467724
DOI: 10.1155/2019/4380309 -
Increasing antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Anaerobe Aug 2019Decreases in clinical response of Clostridioides difficile to antibiotics used for its treatment have raised concerns regarding antibiotic resistance. We conducted a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Decreases in clinical response of Clostridioides difficile to antibiotics used for its treatment have raised concerns regarding antibiotic resistance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the resistance rates of C. difficile to various antibiotics over time.
METHODS
We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from inception through 03/31/2017 for observational studies assessing antibiotic resistance rates in C. difficile. Weighted summary estimates were calculated using inverse variance heterogeneity models [MetaXL software (v. 5.3)]. A priori subgroup analyses were done (by study year, continent, susceptibility testing method, origin of isolates); ribotype 027 strains were analyzed separately.
RESULTS
From 1982 to 2017, 60 studies (8336 isolates) were analyzed. Fifty-three studies reported vancomycin resistance; weighted pooled resistance (WPR), 2.1% (95% CI, 0%-5.1%; I = 95%). Fifty-five studies reported metronidazole resistance; WPR, 1.9% (95% CI, 0.5%-3.6%; I = 89%). Compared to the period before 2012, vancomycin resistance increased by 3.6% (95% CI, 2.9%-4.2%; P < 0.001) after 2012, and metronidazole resistance decreased by 0.8% (95% CI, 0.1%-1.5%; P = 0.02). No isolates were resistant to fidaxomicin.
CONCLUSION
Resistance of C. difficile to vancomycin is increasing, with a smaller, declining resistance to metronidazole; there is significant heterogeneity between studies. Ongoing monitoring of resistance to commonly used antibiotics is required.
Topics: Animals; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Global Health; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 31330183
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102072 -
Research in Veterinary Science Aug 2023Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent and major etiological agent of bacterial bovine mastitis, leading to high economic losses. This pathogen readily becomes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent and major etiological agent of bacterial bovine mastitis, leading to high economic losses. This pathogen readily becomes resistant to many antibiotics, resulting in persistent noncurable intramammary infection (IMI) in animals and the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of S. aureus strains causing bovine mastitis in Iran according to published data from 2000 to 2021. As there is still a dearth of information on the AMR of S. aureus from Iranian bovine mastitis, the primary focus and subgroup analysis of the present study was performed on Iranian isolates. A systematic review was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Based on the initial search, 1006 article were identified. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria and removing duplications, 55 English articles and 13 Persian articles (a total of 68 articles) were finally analyzed. The highest overall prevalence of resistance was reported against penicillin G (p-estimate = 0.568 for all isolates, and p-estimate = 0.838 for Iranian isolates), followed by ampicillin (p-estimate = 0.554, and p-estimate = 0.670 for all isolates and Iranian isolates, respectively) and amoxicillin (p-estimate = 0.391, and p-estimate = 0.695 for all isolates and Iranian isolates, respectively). Besides, the lowest prevalence of resistant isolates was related to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p-estimate = 0.108 and 0.118 for all isolates and Iranian isolates, respectively) and gentamycin (p-estimate = 0.163 and 0.190, for all isolates and Iranian isolates, respectively). Our analysis showed that the Iranian isolates were more resistant to all antibiotics than those of all isolates. This difference was significant in the case of penicillin G, ampicillin, and erythromycin at 5%. To the best of our knowledge, except for ampicillin, AMR has increased over time for all the studied antibiotics in Iranian isolates. This increased rate was significant for penicillin G, amoxicillin, and tetracycline (p < 0.1). No differences in AMR were detected regarding the mastitis types (clinical vs. subclinical mastitis) for almost evaluated antibiotics. In conclusion, the prevalence of AMR S. aureus isolated from IMI was high particularly for bovine mastitis used antibiotics like penicillin G and ampicillin. Additionally, according to the increasing rate of AMR S. aureus in recent years in Iran, control strategies should be reinforced to avoid the spread of this pathogen and drug resistance.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Iran; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Ampicillin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Amoxicillin; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37302281
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.05.016 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Apr 2022Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that infects the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and is the most common cause of chronic respiratory... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that infects the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and is the most common cause of chronic respiratory infections with high morbidity and mortality in CF patients. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa strains from patients with CF using a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
A comprehensive and systematic search was performed for relevant articles until August 2021 in the following database: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Finally, 122 articles with appropriate criteria were included in the meta-analysis. To estimate weighted pooled proportions Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was performed using Metaprop command in Stata software version 17.1.
RESULTS
122 studies evaluated the pattern of P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance from different antibiotic classes in patients with CF. Cefotaxime had the highest resistance rate of 67% (95% CI 53_80%), while colistin had the lowest 5% (95% CI 2-8%).
CONCLUSION
High resistance to most of the studied antibiotics was observed. The high antibiotic resistance observed is worrying and it indicates the need to monitor using of antibiotics. In addition, colistin is the most appropriate treatment choice, but more randomized controlled trial studies are recommended.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Persistent Infection; Prevalence; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 35240288
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105461