-
Nutrition Reviews Jan 2022Rare sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharides (found in small quantities in nature) that have slight differences in their chemical structure compared with...
CONTEXT
Rare sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharides (found in small quantities in nature) that have slight differences in their chemical structure compared with traditional sugars. Little is known about their unique physiological and cardiometabolic effects in humans.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of controlled intervention studies of rare sugars in humans, using PRISMA guidelines.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched through October 1, 2020. Studies included both post-prandial (acute) and longer-term (≥1 week duration) human feeding studies that examined the effect of rare sugars (including allulose, arabinose, tagatose, trehalose, and isomaltulose) on cardiometabolic and physiological risk factors.
DATA EXTRACTION
In all, 50 studies in humans focusing on the 5 selected rare sugars were found. A narrative synthesis of the selected literature was conducted, without formal quality assessment or quantitative synthesis.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The narrative summary included the food source of each rare sugar, its effect in humans, and the possible mechanism of effect. Overall, these rare sugars were found to offer both short- and long-term benefits for glycemic control and weight loss, with effects differing between healthy individuals, overweight/obese individuals, and those with type 2 diabetes. Most studies were of small size and there was a lack of large randomized controlled trials that could confirm the beneficial effects of these rare sugars.
CONCLUSION
Rare sugars could offer an opportunity for commercialization as an alternative sweetener, especially for those who are at high cardiometabolic risk.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
OSF registration no. 10.17605/OSF.IO/FW43D.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Obesity; Sugars; Sweetening Agents; Weight Loss
PubMed: 34339507
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab012 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jun 2024Gleditsia fruits have been known as a valuable traditional Chinese herb for tens of centuries. Previous studies showed that the galactomannans are considered as one of... (Review)
Review
Gleditsia fruits have been known as a valuable traditional Chinese herb for tens of centuries. Previous studies showed that the galactomannans are considered as one of the major bioactive components in Gleditsia fruits seeds (GSGs). Here, we systematically review the major studies of GSGs in recent years to promote their better understanding. The extraction methods of GSGs mainly include hot water extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, acid extraction, and alkali extraction. The analysis revealed that GGSs exhibited in the form of semi-flexible coils, and its molecular weight ranged from 0.018 × 10 to 2.778 × 10 KDa. GSGs are composed of various monosaccharide constituents such as mannose, galactose, glucose, and arabinose. In terms of pharmacological effects, GSGs exhibit excellent activity in antioxidation, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammation. Moreover, GSGs have excellent bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which make them used in food additives, food packaging, pharmaceutical field, industry and agriculture. Of cause, the shortcomings of the current research and the potential development and future research are also highlighted. We believe our work provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings for further research and development of GSGs.
Topics: Gleditsia; Mannans; Seeds; Fruit; Polysaccharides; Galactose
PubMed: 38553218
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122019 -
International Journal of Biological... Jul 2021Glycyrrhiza, one of the most widely used Chinese herbal medicines, is a perennial plant with good medicinal value. Polysaccharides as one of the main bioactive...
Glycyrrhiza, one of the most widely used Chinese herbal medicines, is a perennial plant with good medicinal value. Polysaccharides as one of the main bioactive components of Glycyrrhiza, mainly composed of arabinose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, xylose, and galacturonic acid in different proportions and types of glycosidic bonds. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GP) have many biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, immune regulation, anti-tumor, apoptosis, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and regulation of intestinal flora. In this paper, relevant articles on the isolations, structural characterizations, and biological activities of GP published in the last 15 years (2006-2020) were referred to for a systematic review of the species. A total of 947 articles were searched from the database including NCBI, Science Direct, Web of Science, and How Net, and 109 of them were cited on the summarization of the past scientific researches of the polysaccharides of Glycyrrhiza genus. We hope that this work may provide new insights for further study and development of Glycyrrhiza.
Topics: Glycyrrhiza; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33887291
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.099 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2024Pistachio ( L.) is consumed in almost every part of the world enclosed in shells that are thrown out in baskets. Similarly, hulls separated from pistachio are discarded...
Pistachio ( L.) is consumed in almost every part of the world enclosed in shells that are thrown out in baskets. Similarly, hulls separated from pistachio are discarded as waste in food processing industries. These waste materials contain functional constituents having immense industrial and nutraceutical applications. This review article summarizes the scientific investigations regarding the functional constituents and bioactive compounds in pistachio shells (PSs) and pistachio hulls (PHs). It also highlights the nutraceutical potential exhibited by functionally active compounds as well as their potential applications in various industries including nutraceutical, medicinal, and feed industries together with biosynthetic development of useful products and wastewater treatment. Pistachio waste (PW) comprising PS and PH is a rich source of various bioactive compounds. PS is full of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. PH is an excellent source of carbohydrates (80.64 ± 0.98%) (including glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid) as well as ash (6.32 ± 0.26%) and proteins (1.80 ± 0.28%) with small amounts of fats (0.04 ± 0.005%). Owing to its composition, PW can be beneficial in many nutraceuticals, including antioxidation, cytoprotection, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-melanogenesis, neuroprotection, anti-cancer, anti-mutagenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-microbial. The waste materials have vast applications in the food industry, such as bio-preservation of oils and meat products, prevention of enzymatic browning in fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms, development of functional cereal and dairy products, production of food enzymes, emulsions, and manufacturing of biodegradable films for food packaging. The use of these waste products to develop and design novel functional foods with improved quality is important for both food industries and food sustainability.
Topics: Pistacia; Dietary Supplements; Antioxidants; Oils; Lignin
PubMed: 36200872
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2130158