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Journal of Affective Disorders May 2022Mental disorders are associated with immune dysregulation as measured by serum levels of biological markers of immunity. Adults with mental disorders have also been... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mental disorders are associated with immune dysregulation as measured by serum levels of biological markers of immunity. Adults with mental disorders have also been reported to have attenuated post vaccine immune response. The COVID-19 pandemic has invited the need to determine whether individuals with mental disorders exhibit differential immune response following the administration of vaccines for other infections.
METHODS
A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycInfo was conducted from inception to May 2021 investigating vaccine response in persons with mental disorders, as measured by biological markers of immunity (i.e., antibodies, cytokines).
RESULTS
Thirteen articles were identified which evaluated vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders. Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) or schizophrenia revealed attenuated immune response to vaccination, or no statistical difference compared to control subjects. Individuals with anorexia nervosa or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displayed no attenuated post-vaccination antibody level. Individuals with insomnia displayed lower levels of antibodies after vaccination, whereas individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) displayed no difference in vaccine response compared to control subjects.
LIMITATIONS
The limitations of this review include the relatively few articles included (n = 13) and small sample sizes (less than thirty subjects) in the majority of articles.
CONCLUSION
Vaccine response in adults with a mental disorder remains inconclusive. Notwithstanding the heterogeneity and relatively small number of studies, available evidence does suggest attenuated immune response across disparate vaccinations. Future research is required to confirm vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders, especially regarding immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination.
Topics: Adult; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Immunity; Pandemics; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Vaccination
PubMed: 35167926
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.025 -
Viruses Dec 2022Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are particles containing defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during viral replication. DIPs have been found in various RNA... (Review)
Review
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are particles containing defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during viral replication. DIPs have been found in various RNA viruses, especially in influenza viruses. Evidence indicates that DIPs interfere with the replication and encapsulation of wild-type viruses, namely standard viruses (STVs) that contain full-length viral genomes. DIPs may also activate the innate immune response by stimulating interferon synthesis. In this review, the underlying generation mechanisms and characteristics of influenza virus DIPs are summarized. We also discuss the potential impact of DIPs on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and development of influenza vaccines based on NS1 gene-defective DIPs. Finally, we review the antiviral strategies based on influenza virus DIPs that have been used against both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides systematic insights into the theory and application of influenza virus DIPs.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Influenza Vaccines; Defective Interfering Viruses; Defective Viruses; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Orthomyxoviridae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 36560777
DOI: 10.3390/v14122773 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Oct 2020Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus that is highly pathogenic and has caused the recent worldwide pandemic officially named...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus that is highly pathogenic and has caused the recent worldwide pandemic officially named coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Currently, considerable efforts have been put into developing effective and safe drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and vector vaccines, have already entered clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the experimental and clinical data obtained from recent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines trials, and highlight certain potential safety issues that require consideration when developing vaccines. Furthermore, we summarize several strategies utilized in the development of vaccines against other infectious viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), with the aim of aiding in the design of effective therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Antibodies, Viral; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coronavirus Infections; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunization Schedule; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Pandemics; Patient Safety; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia, Viral; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, DNA; Vaccines, Subunit; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33051445
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00352-y -
Parasites & Vectors Aug 2023Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to... (Review)
Review
Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to livestock production. Babesia bovis infections are associated with severe disease and increased mortality in adult cattle, making it the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. Babesia bovis parasites undergo asexual reproduction within bovine red blood cells, followed by sexual reproduction within their tick vectors, which transmit the parasite transovarially. Current control methods, including therapeutic drugs (i.e., imidocarb) have been found to lead to drug resistance. Moreover, changing environmental factors add complexity to efficient parasite control. Understanding the fundamental biology, host immune responses, and host-parasite interactions of Babesia parasites is critical for developing next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. This systematic review analyzed available research papers on vaccine development and the associated immune responses to B. bovis. We compiled and consolidated the reported vaccine strategies, considering the study design and rationale of each study, to provide a systematic review of knowledge and insights for further research. Thirteen studies published since 2014 (inclusive) represented various vaccine strategies developed against B. bovis such as subunit, live attenuated, and viral vector vaccines. Such strategies incorporated B. bovis proteins or whole live parasites with the latter providing the most effective prophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. Incorporating novel research approaches, such as "omics" will enhance our understanding of parasite vulnerabilities.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle Diseases; Babesia; Vaccines
PubMed: 37563668
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05885-z -
Vaccine Mar 2022The benefits of vaccines have been centred on their specific effects on subsequent infections by target pathogens. Recent studies, however, have opened up new insights... (Review)
Review
The benefits of vaccines have been centred on their specific effects on subsequent infections by target pathogens. Recent studies, however, have opened up new insights into additional effects of vaccines known as non-specific effects (NSEs) or heterologous effects of vaccines. While several articles have reviewed epidemiological and immunological evidence for NSEs of vaccines in humans, similar works on veterinary vaccines are scarce. The objective of this paper was to review the findings of published studies on NSEs of vaccines developed or repurposed for use in animals. In total 8412 titles were retrieved from PubMed and CABI databases on the 30 of April 2021. After the final stage of screening, 45 eligible articles were included in the review. Data from these articles were summarised and presented here. In general, most of the vaccines studied in the reviewed articles have beneficial NSEs against multiple pathogens and disease conditions. There were, however, fewe studies reporting detrimental NSEs from both non-live and live vaccines which is in contrast to the currently existing evidence of beneficial NSEs of live vaccines and detrimental NSEs of non-live vaccines. This review may be used as a complement for future review of RCT studies of NSEs of vaccines in animals and provide a useful addition to the evolving understanding of the NSEs of vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 34815120
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.034 -
Pain Nov 2022Burrowing behaviour is used to assess pain-associated behaviour in laboratory rodents. To gain insight into how models of disease-associated persistent pain and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Burrowing behaviour is used to assess pain-associated behaviour in laboratory rodents. To gain insight into how models of disease-associated persistent pain and analgesics affect burrowing behaviour, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed burrowing behaviour. A systematic search in March 2020 and update in September 2020 was conducted in 4 databases. Study design characteristics and experimental data were extracted, followed by a random-effects meta-analysis. We explored the association between burrowing and monofilament-induced limb withdrawal. Dose response relationship was investigated for some analgesics. Forty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis, in which 16 model types and 14 drug classes were used. Most experiments used rat (79%) and male (72%) animals. Somatic inflammation and trauma-induced neuropathy models were associated with reduced burrowing behaviour. Analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and gabapentinoids) attenuated burrowing deficits in these models. Reporting of measures to reduce risk of bias was unclear except for randomisation which was high. There was not a correlation ( R2 = 0.1421) between burrowing and monofilament-induced limb withdrawal. Opioids, gabapentin, and naproxen showed reduced burrowing behaviour at high doses, whereas ibuprofen and celecoxib showed opposite trend. The findings indicate that burrowing could be used to assess pain-associated behaviour. We support the use of a portfolio of composite measures including spontaneous and stimulus-evoked tests. The information collected here could help in designing experiments involving burrowing assessment in models of disease-associated pain.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Behavior, Animal; Celecoxib; Disease Models, Animal; Gabapentin; Ibuprofen; Male; Naproxen; Pain; Rats; Rodentia
PubMed: 35353780
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002632 -
Toxins Feb 2023As a tribute to Louis Pasteur on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth, this article summarizes the main contributions of scientists from Pasteur Institutes... (Review)
Review
As a tribute to Louis Pasteur on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth, this article summarizes the main contributions of scientists from Pasteur Institutes to the current knowledge of toxins produced by . The article therefore focuses on publications authored by researchers from Pasteur Institutes and is not intended as a systematic review of toxins. Besides identifying as the causative agent of whooping cough, Pasteurians have made several major contributions with respect to the structure-function relationship of the lipo-oligosaccharide, adenylyl cyclase toxin and pertussis toxin. In addition to contributing to the understanding of these toxins' mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels and their role in pathogenesis, scientists at Pasteur Institutes have also exploited potential applications of the gathered knowledge of these toxins. These applications range from the development of novel tools to study protein-protein interactions over the design of novel antigen delivery tools, such as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates against cancer and viral infection, to the development of a live attenuated nasal pertussis vaccine. This scientific journey from basic science to applications in the field of human health matches perfectly with the overall scientific objectives outlined by Louis Pasteur himself.
Topics: Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Toxin; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 36977067
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030176 -
Annals of Vascular Surgery Jul 2022Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been used as immunotherapy against several malignancies. In particular,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been used as immunotherapy against several malignancies. In particular, intravesical instillation of BCG has become a well-accepted adjuvant treatment for bladder cancer. BCG vascular infections are a rare complication of BCG therapy. Many aspects of these infections, including the presentations, risk factors, and treatment strategies, are poorly understood. Through a systematic review of the existing literature, we aimed to identify potential associations between this condition and patient characteristics, presentations, its treatments, and outcomes.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases for cases of BCG vascular infections from inception to June 2021. English-language reports of BCG vascular infections were included.
RESULTS
A total of 74 cases of BCG vascular infections were included. Seventy-three (99%) cases were male patients, all of whom were exposed to BCG through bladder instillation. Fifty (68%) cases were diagnosed more than 12 months after exposure to BCG. Twenty-six (35%) cases presented with arterial rupture at the time of diagnosis. Concurrent BCG infections in nonvascular locations were present in 37 (50%) cases. The most common locations of BCG vascular infection were the abdominal aorta (57%), prosthetic grafts (15%), and thoracic aorta (12%). The most common treatment for BCG infection was open repair with synthetic graft in situ replacement for the abdominal aorta and endovascular repair for the thoracic aorta. The 30-day mortality, among the 59 cases where these data were reported, was 10%.
CONCLUSIONS
We observed that many aspects of BCG vascular infections are similar to other forms of vascular infections. The high incidence of rupture or fistulation and the propensity toward abdominal aortic involvement and its prognosis are similar to those described in other vascular infections. However, our study also highlights 2 idiosyncratic features of BCG vascular infections: association with male sex and concurrent musculoskeletal infections.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; BCG Vaccine; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium bovis; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 35248739
DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.01.027 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Current vaccination strategies against pertussis are sub-optimal. Optimal protection against , the causative agent of pertussis, likely requires mucosal immunity....
BACKGROUND
Current vaccination strategies against pertussis are sub-optimal. Optimal protection against , the causative agent of pertussis, likely requires mucosal immunity. Current pertussis vaccines consist of inactivated whole cells or purified antigens thereof, combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Although they are highly protective against severe pertussis disease, they fail to elicit mucosal immunity. Compared to natural infection, immune responses following immunization are short-lived and fail to prevent bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract. To overcome these shortcomings, efforts have been made for decades, and continue to be made, toward the development of mucosal vaccines against pertussis.
OBJECTIVES
In this review we systematically analyzed published literature on protection conferred by mucosal immunization against pertussis. Immune responses mounted by these vaccines are summarized.
METHOD
The PubMed Library database was searched for published studies on mucosal pertussis vaccines. Eligibility criteria included mucosal administration and the evaluation of at least one outcome related to efficacy, immunogenicity and safety.
RESULTS
While over 349 publications were identified by the search, only 63 studies met the eligibility criteria. All eligible studies are included here. Initial attempts of mucosal whole-cell vaccine administration in humans provided promising results, but were not followed up. More recently, diverse vaccination strategies have been tested, including non-replicating and replicating vaccine candidates given by three different mucosal routes: orally, nasally or rectally. Several adjuvants and particulate formulations were tested to enhance the efficacy of non-replicating vaccines administered mucosally. Most novel vaccine candidates were only tested in animal models, mainly mice. Only one novel mucosal vaccine candidate was tested in baboons and in human trials.
CONCLUSION
Three vaccination strategies drew our attention, as they provided protective and durable immunity in the respiratory tract, including the upper respiratory tract: acellular vaccines adjuvanted with lipopeptide LP1569 and c-di-GMP, outer membrane vesicles and the live attenuated BPZE1 vaccine. Among all experimental vaccines, BPZE1 is the only one that has advanced into clinical development.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Pertussis Vaccine; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34211481
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701285 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Jan 2022The treatment for COVID-19 often utilizes immune-modulating drugs. These drugs are also used in immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We performed a systematic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
The treatment for COVID-19 often utilizes immune-modulating drugs. These drugs are also used in immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We performed a systematic review about seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IMIDs and impact of various drugs on seroconversion rates.
METHODS
Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies reporting seroconversion rates following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IMIDs. We calculated the pooled seroconversion rates after a single or two doses of vaccination, pooled seroconversion rates in patients with specific IMIDs, and rates in patients on various drugs/drug classes.
RESULTS
Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled seroconversion rates after two doses of mRNA vaccination were higher (83.1, 95%CI: 74.9-89.0, I = 90%) as compared to a single dose (69.3, 52.4-82.3, I = 95%). The odds of seroconversion were lower in IMIDs as compared to healthy controls (0.05, 0.02-0.13, I = 21%). The seroconversion rates in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (95.2, 95%CI: 92.6-96.9, I = 0%), spondyloarthropathy (95.6, 95% CI: 83.4-98.9, I = 35%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (90.7, 95%CI: 85.4-94.2, I = 0%) were higher as compared to rheumatoid arthritis (79.5, 95% CI: 65.1-88.9, I = 85%), and vasculitis (70.5, 95% CI: 52.9-83.5, I = 51%). The seroconversion rates following double dose of mRNA were excellent (>90%) in those on anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF), anti-integrin (vedolizumab), anti-IL 17 (secukinumab), anti-IL6 (Tocilizumab) and anti-IL12/23 (Ustekinumab) therapies but attenuated (<70%) in patients on anti-CD20 (Rituximab) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA-4) therapies (Abatacept). The seroconversion rates were good (70-90%) with steroids, hydroxychloroquine, JAK inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Combination of anti-TNF with immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-meracptopurine, methotrexate) resulted in an attenuated vaccine response as compared to anti-TNF monotherapy.
CONCLUSION
Seroconversion rates after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are lower in patients with IMIDs. Certain therapies (anti-TNF, anti-integrin, anti-IL 17, anti-IL6, anti-12/23) do not impact seroconversion rates while others (anti-CD20, anti-CTLA-4) result in poorer responses.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; Vaccination
PubMed: 34474172
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102927