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IJID Regions Jun 2023Population factors such as urbanization, socio-economic, and environmental factors are driving forces for emerging/re-emerging zoonotic diseases in Cameroon. To inform... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Population factors such as urbanization, socio-economic, and environmental factors are driving forces for emerging/re-emerging zoonotic diseases in Cameroon. To inform preparedness and prioritization efforts, this study mapped out epidemiological data (including prevalence) of zoonotic diseases occurring in Cameroon between 2000 and 2022 by demographic factors.
METHODS
Following the PRISMA guidelines, a protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022333059). Independent reviewers searched the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus databases on May 30, 2022 for relevant articles; duplicates were removed, and the titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened to identify eligible articles.
RESULTS
Out of 4142 articles identified, 64 eligible articles were retrieved in the database search and an additional 12 from the cited literature ( = 76). Thirty-five unique zoonoses (viral, bacterial, and parasitic) were indexed, including Cameroon priority zoonoses: anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, Ebola and Marburg virus disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, and rabies. The number of studies varied by region, ranging from 12 in the Far North to 32 in the Centre Region. The most reported were as follows: brucellosis (random-effects pooled estimate proportion (effect size), ES 0.05%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-0.07; = 6), dengue (ES 0.13%, 95% CI 0.06-0.22; = 12), avian and swine influenza virus (ES 0.10%, 95% CI 0.04-0.20; = 8), and toxoplasmosis (ES 0.49%, 95% CI 0.35-0.63; = 11), although values were greater than 75%, thus there was high inter-study heterogeneity ( < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
This understanding of the distribution of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic threats in Cameroon is vital to effective preventive and resource prioritization measures.
PubMed: 37009575
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.12.001 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Oct 2019Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds pose a pandemic threat to humans and to the poultry industry. To assess AIV and AIV antibody prevalence in wild birds in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds pose a pandemic threat to humans and to the poultry industry. To assess AIV and AIV antibody prevalence in wild birds in China, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trial, VIP, CNKI, and WANFANG for published papers related to the prevalence of AIVs and their associated antibodies in wild birds in China from Mar. 10, 2005 to Sept. 20, 2018. Repeat studies, reviews, and other host studies were excluded, as well as those with inconsistent data, incomplete information, or only prevalence data or data from outside of mainland China. In total, data from 28 publications were compiled and analyzed. Based on out meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of AIVs in wild birds in China was found to be 2.5% (571/23,024), and the pooled prevalence of AIV antibodies was 26.5% (1,210/4,566). The pooled prevalence of AIVs was significantly higher in wild birds from Central China (5.5%, 271/4, 955) compared to all other regions and the pooled prevalence of AIV antibodies was significantly in wild birds from South China (56.8%, 92/162) in comparison to all other regions. The prevalence of both AIVs and AIV antibodies in Anseriformes were higher compared to non-Anseriformes. In addition, the largest number of studies found in this review were on the HA subtypes of AIVs (H5, H7, and H9) and their associated antibodies. In summary, our findings suggest that the prevalence of AIVs and their antibodies in wild birds vary among regions and species of wild bird. Thus, further monitoring of the prevalence of AIVs and their antibodies in wild birds in China is necessary and should be used for guiding powerful and effective regulatory measures that will prevent the spread of AIVs across species.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies; Birds; China; Databases, Factual; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Pandemics; Prevalence
PubMed: 31254602
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103613 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2023The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Influenza in Birds; Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype; Animals, Wild; Prevalence; Birds; Influenza, Human; Phylogeny; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36682670
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106001 -
Biological Trace Element Research Jun 2022Several studies have been conducted to assess the effects of supplemental dietary chromium (Cr) on broiler chickens under heat stress (HS) conditions, but the shape and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Chromium Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Constituents, and Immune Competence of Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress: a Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.
Several studies have been conducted to assess the effects of supplemental dietary chromium (Cr) on broiler chickens under heat stress (HS) conditions, but the shape and strength of the associations between Cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses to HS remain unclear. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness and dose-response relationship of Cr. The results indicated non-linear dose-response associations between Cr supplementation and body mass gain (BMG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass, breast, leg, and abdominal fat relative weight (P < 0.05). The maximum BMG, FI, and the relative weight of carcass, breast, and leg would be achieved with 1200, 1100, 900, 800, and 800 ppb of Cr, respectively, while the lowest FCR and abdominal fat relative weight might be obtained with the supplementation of 1100 and 1000 ppb of Cr, compared with no Cr supplementation. Referring to BMG, supplementation with 1200-1700 ppb inorganic Cr or 2700 ppb or less organic Cr had a significant beneficial effect on the BMG, while NanoCr supplementation did not influence this outcome variable. A non-linear association was observed for blood total cholesterol concentration (TC, P < 0.05), with the maximum reduction of TC concentration observed at approximately 900 ppb of Cr. The cholesterol-lowering effect of Cr (≤ 2400 ppb) was only found in severe HS conditions. Moreover, supplemental Cr caused a significant linear reduction in the blood triglycerides and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). The blood concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and insulin increased linearly, and the corticosterone concentration reduced, with increasing supplemental Cr (P < 0.05). There was a non-linear inverse association between Cr supplementation and cortisol level (P < 0.05), and the lowest concentration of cortisol was observed with the supplementation of 1000 ppb of Cr. Meanwhile, significant positive linear associations between Cr supplementation and bursa percentage, thymus percentage, infectious bronchitis vaccine titer, avian influenza vaccine titer, Newcastle disease vaccine titer, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response, and serum immunoglobulin G level were found (P < 0.05). However, Cr supplementation caused a linear reduction in the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, the recommended optimum amount of supplemental Cr is 1100 ppb.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Cholesterol; Chromium; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Hot Temperature; Hydrocortisone
PubMed: 34417722
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02885-x -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Jan 2021This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI)...
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Birds; Environmental Monitoring; Epidemiological Monitoring; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Prevalence; Sampling Studies
PubMed: 32652790
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633 -
The Journal of International Medical... Jan 2020H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that H7N9 AIV is a novel reassortant strain with pandemic...
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that H7N9 AIV is a novel reassortant strain with pandemic potential. We conducted a systemic review regarding virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of H7N9 AIV infection in humans. We followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles published between January 2013 and December 2018. Pathogenesis data indicated that H7N9 AIV belongs to low pathogenic avian influenza, which is mostly asymptomatic in avian species; however, H7N9 induces high mortality in humans. Sporadic human infections have recently been reported, caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in poultry. H7N9 AIVs resistant to adamantine and oseltamivir cause severe human infection by rapidly inducing progressive acute community-acquired pneumonia, multiorgan dysfunction, and cytokine dysregulation; however, mechanisms via which the virus induces severe syndromes remain unclear. An H7N9 AIV vaccine is lacking; designs under evaluation include synthesized peptide, baculovirus-insect system, and virus-like particle vaccines. Molecular diagnosis of H7N9 AIVs is suggested over conventional assays, for biosafety reasons. Several advanced or modified diagnostic assays are under investigation and development. We summarized virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and current diagnostic assays in H7N9 AIVs.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Drug Resistance, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human
PubMed: 31068040
DOI: 10.1177/0300060519845488 -
PloS One 2020Poultry production has significantly increased worldwide, along with the number of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks and the potential threat for human pandemic emergence.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Knowledge and remaining gaps on the role of animal and human movements in the poultry production and trade networks in the global spread of avian influenza viruses - A scoping review.
Poultry production has significantly increased worldwide, along with the number of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks and the potential threat for human pandemic emergence. The role of wild bird movements in this global spread has been extensively studied while the role of animal, human and fomite movement within commercial poultry production and trade networks remains poorly understood. The aim of this work is to better understand these roles in relation to the different routes of AI spread. A scoping literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) using a search algorithm combining twelve domains linked to AI spread and animal/human movements within poultry production and trade networks. Only 28 out of 3,978 articles retrieved dealt especially with the role of animal, human and fomite movements in AI spread within the international trade network (4 articles), the national trade network (8 articles) and the production network (16 articles). While the role of animal movements in AI spread within national trade networks has been largely identified, human and fomite movements have been considered more at risk for AI spread within national production networks. However, the role of these movements has never been demonstrated with field data, and production networks have only been partially studied and never at international level. The complexity of poultry production networks and the limited access to production and trade data are important barriers to this knowledge. There is a need to study the role of animal and human movements within poultry production and trade networks in the global spread of AI in partnership with both public and private actors to fill this gap.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Commerce; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Internationality; Poultry; Poultry Products
PubMed: 32196515
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230567 -
Journal of Veterinary Research Mar 2023Rodents are quite common at livestock production sites. Their adaptability, high reproductive capacity and omnivorousness make them apt to become a source of disease...
INTRODUCTION
Rodents are quite common at livestock production sites. Their adaptability, high reproductive capacity and omnivorousness make them apt to become a source of disease transmission to humans and animals. Rodents can serve as mechanical vectors or active shedders of many bacteria and viruses, and their transmission can occur through direct contact, or indirectly through contaminated food and water or by the arthropods which parasitise infected rodents. This review paper summarises how rodents spread infectious diseases in poultry production.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The aim of this review was to use PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) principles to meta-analyse the available data on this topic. Three databases - PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus - and grey literature were searched for papers published from inception to July 2022 using the established keywords.
RESULTS
An initial search identified 2,999 articles that met the criteria established by the keywords. This number remained after removing 597 articles that were repeated in some databases. The articles were searched for any mention of specific bacterial and viral pathogens.
CONCLUSION
The importance of rodents in the spread of bacterial diseases in poultry has been established, and the vast majority of such diseases involved , , , (MRSA) or infections. Rodents also play a role in the transmission of viruses such as avian influenza virus, avian paramyxovirus 1, avian gammacoronavirus or infectious bursal disease virus, but knowledge of these pathogens is very limited and requires further research to expand it.
PubMed: 37008769
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0012 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Sep 2020In spring 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in mainland China. The burden of H7N9 infection was estimated based on systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
In spring 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in mainland China. The burden of H7N9 infection was estimated based on systematic review and meta-analysis. The systematic search for available literature was conducted using Chinese and English databases. We calculated the pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection and its 95% confidence interval by using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Out of 16 890 records found using Chinese and English databases, 54 articles were included in the meta-analysis. These included studies of a total of 64 107 individuals. The pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection among humans was 0.122% (95% CI: 0.023, 0.275). In high-risk populations, the highest pooled seroprevalence was observed among close contacts (1.075%, 95% CI: 0.000, 4.357). The seroprevalence among general population was (0.077%, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.180). Our study discovered that asymptomatic infection of H7N9 virus did occur, even if the seroprevalence among humans was low.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Cost of Illness; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Risk Factors; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32157809
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12736 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2020H9N2 viruses can cause great economic losses to the domestic poultry industry when co-infected with other influenza viruses or pathogens. . To better understand the...
H9N2 viruses can cause great economic losses to the domestic poultry industry when co-infected with other influenza viruses or pathogens. . To better understand the molecular characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and analyze the genetic evolutionary relationship, we isolated three H9N2 subtypes AIVs from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the three cases reported in Anhui province since 2015, and systematically reviewed the genome-wide data of 21 poultry--isolated H9N2 viruses during 1998-2017. The six internal genes of three human-isolated viruses and recent poultry-isolated viruses (since 2014) in Anhui province presented high gene homologies with HPAI H7N9, even including H10N8 and H5N6. The three human-isolated H9N2 AIVs and poultry-isolated viruses (since 2008) in Anhui province were highly similar, and classified into genotype S. Seven N-linked potential glycosylation sites in the HA protein were detected in the three human-isolated viruses, which also appeared in poultry-isolated H9N2 AIVs. None of the human-isolated H9N2 AIVs had the I368V mutation in PB1 protein, but all the poultry-isolated H9N2 viruses in 2017 carried this mutation. Multidisciplinary, cross-regional and cross-sectoral approaches are warranted to address complex public health challenges and achieve the goal of 'one health'.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Genome, Viral; Humans; Incidence; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Phylogeny; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence
PubMed: 31863839
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103940