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Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2021Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the domain of computer science that focuses on the development of machines that operate like humans. In the field of AI, medical disease...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the domain of computer science that focuses on the development of machines that operate like humans. In the field of AI, medical disease detection is an instantly growing domain of research. In the past years, numerous endeavours have been made for the improvements of medical disease detection, because the errors and problems in medical disease detection cause serious wrong medical treatment. Meta-heuristic techniques have been frequently utilized for the detection of medical diseases and promise better accuracy of perception and prediction of diseases in the domain of biomedical. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a swarm-based intelligent stochastic search technique encouraged from the intrinsic manner of bee swarm during the searching of their food source. Consequently, for the versatility of numerical experimentation, PSO has been mostly applied to address the diverse kinds of optimization problems. However, the PSO techniques are frequently adopted for the detection of diseases but there is still a gap in the comparative survey. This paper presents an insight into the diagnosis of medical diseases in health care using various PSO approaches. This study presents to deliver a systematic literature review of current PSO approaches for knowledge discovery in the field of disease detection. The systematic analysis discloses the potential research areas of PSO strategies as well as the research gaps, although, the main goal is to provide the directions for future enhancement and development in this area. This paper gives a systematic survey of this conceptual model for the advanced research, which has been explored in the specified literature to date. This review comprehends the fundamental concepts, theoretical foundations, and conventional application fields. It is predicted that our study will be beneficial for the researchers to review the PSO algorithms in-depth for disease detection. Several challenges that can be undertaken to move the field forward are discussed according to the current state of the PSO strategies in health care.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Artificial Intelligence; Bayes Theorem; Computational Biology; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Machine Learning; Neural Networks, Computer; Nonlinear Dynamics; Stochastic Processes
PubMed: 34557257
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5990999 -
Patient Education and Counseling Nov 2023Risk communication (RC), as part of shared decision making, is challenging with people with limited health literacy (LHL). We aim to provide an overview of strategies to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Risk communication (RC), as part of shared decision making, is challenging with people with limited health literacy (LHL). We aim to provide an overview of strategies to communicate benefits and harms of diagnostic and treatment options to this group.
METHODS
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and PsycInfo. We included 28 studies on RC in informed/shared decision making without restriction to a health setting or condition and using a broad conceptualization of health literacy. Two researchers independently selected studies and one researcher performed data extraction. We descriptively compared findings for people with LHL towards recommendations for RC.
RESULTS
Health literacy levels varied in the included studies. Most studies used experimental designs, primarily on visual RC. Findings show verbal RC alone should be avoided. Framing of risk information influences risk perception (less risky when positively framed, riskier when negatively framed). Most studies recommended the use of icon arrays. Graph literacy should be considered when using visual RC.
CONCLUSIONS
The limited available evidence suggests that recommended RC strategies seem mainly to be valid for people with LHL, but more research is required.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
More qualitative research involving people with LHL is needed to gain further in-depth insights into optimal RC strategies.
PROTOCOL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO ID 275022.
Topics: Humans; Health Literacy; Decision Making, Shared; Qualitative Research; Communication; Patients; Decision Making
PubMed: 37619376
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107944 -
Palliative Medicine Sep 2019Families' experiences of assisted dying are under-investigated and families are rarely considered in clinical guidelines concerning assisted dying.
BACKGROUND
Families' experiences of assisted dying are under-investigated and families are rarely considered in clinical guidelines concerning assisted dying.
AIM
To systematically review family experiences of assisted dying.
DESIGN
A systematic literature review using thematic synthesis.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine) and PsycINFO databases (January 1992 to February 2019). Studies investigating families' experiences on the practice of legalised assisted dying were included. We excluded studies prior to legalisation within the jurisdiction, secondary data analysis and opinion papers.
RESULTS
Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Publications were derived from four countries: The Netherlands, United States (Oregon, Washington and Vermont), Canada and Switzerland. Dutch studies predominately investigated family involvement in euthanasia, while Swiss and American studies only reported on assisted suicide. Eleven studies had a qualitative design, using predominately in-depth interviews; seven were retrospective surveys. Five analytical themes represented families' experiences in assisted dying: (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) and (5) . The results showed that families can be very involved in supporting patients seeking assisted dying, where open communication is maintained. Family involvement appeared to be influenced by the type of legislation in their country and the families' perception of the social acceptability of assisted dying.
CONCLUSION
Our data confirm that families across all jurisdictions are involved in assisted suicide decision and enactment. Family needs are under-researched, and clinical guidelines should incorporate recommendations about how to consider family needs and how to provide them with evidence-based tailored interventions.
Topics: Canada; Decision Making; Euthanasia; Family; Humans; Netherlands; Switzerland; United States
PubMed: 31244384
DOI: 10.1177/0269216319857630 -
The Journal of International Advanced... Dec 2020Summarise outcomes following cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with post-meningitis deafness. Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Databases searched:...
Summarise outcomes following cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with post-meningitis deafness. Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Databases searched: Medline, Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Collection and ClinicalTrials.gov. No limits placed on language or year of publication. Studies with a minimum of 20 individuals with post-meningitis deafness were included. Review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Searches identified 906 abstracts and 291 full texts. Of these, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes in 610 patients with 650 implants. Audiological outcomes improved across all studies following cochlear implantation. 7 studies demonstrated a statistically significant difference between pre and post-CI outcomes. Patients with no cochlear ossification, full electrode insertion, shorter duration of deafness and no neurological sequelae generally appeared to perform best. A total of 31 minor and 19 major complications were reported, with 15 cases of reimplantation. The methodological quality of the included studies was sufficient, predominantly consisting of cohort studies. 15 studies were OCEBM grade III and 4 studies were OCEBM grade IV. All studies had a minimum of 20 individuals with post-meningitic deafness and used multi-channel cochlear implant devices. Audiological outcomes following cochlear implantation in meningitis are satisfactory, providing functional levels of speech perception and intelligibility. Improvement in hearing is dependent on the amount of cochlear ossification, duration of deafness prior to implantation, electrode insertion depth and presence of neurological sequalae. Cochlear implantation in meningitis patients can be challenging due to the presence of ossification and inaccuracies of pre-operative imaging. Therefore, early and bilateral implantation is recommended in all patients with post-meningitis hearing loss to improve the likelihood of full electrode insertion.
Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Cochlear Implantation; Cochlear Implants; Cohort Studies; Deafness; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meningitis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Speech Perception; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33136024
DOI: 10.5152/iao.2020.9040 -
JMIR MHealth and UHealth Jul 2020Although there is a push toward encouraging mobile health (mHealth) adoption to harness its potential, there are many challenges that sometimes go beyond the technology...
BACKGROUND
Although there is a push toward encouraging mobile health (mHealth) adoption to harness its potential, there are many challenges that sometimes go beyond the technology to involve other elements such as social, cultural, and organizational factors.
OBJECTIVE
This review aimed to explore which frameworks are used the most, to understand clinicians' adoption of mHealth as well as to identify potential shortcomings in these frameworks. Highlighting these gaps and the main factors that were not specifically covered in the most frequently used frameworks will assist future researchers to include all relevant key factors.
METHODS
This review was an in-depth subanalysis of a larger systematic review that included research papers published between 2008 and 2018 and focused on the social, organizational, and technical factors impacting clinicians' adoption of mHealth. The initial systematic review included 171 studies, of which 50 studies used a theoretical framework. These 50 studies are the subject of this qualitative review, reflecting further on the frameworks used and how these can help future researchers design studies that investigate the topic of mHealth adoption more robustly.
RESULTS
The most commonly used frameworks were different forms of extensions of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM; 17/50, 34%), the diffusion of innovation theory (DOI; 8/50, 16%), and different forms of extensions of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (6/50, 12%). Some studies used a combination of the TAM and DOI frameworks (3/50, 6%), whereas others used the consolidated framework for implementation research (3/50, 6%) and sociotechnical systems (STS) theory (2/50, 4%). The factors cited by more than 20% of the studies were usefulness, output quality, ease of use, technical support, data privacy, self-efficacy, attitude, organizational inner setting, training, leadership engagement, workload, and workflow fit. Most factors could be linked to one framework or another, but there was no single framework that could adequately cover all relevant and specific factors without some expansion.
CONCLUSIONS
Health care technologies are generally more complex than tools that address individual user needs as they usually support patients with comorbidities who are typically treated by multidisciplinary teams who might even work in different health care organizations. This special nature of how the health care sector operates and its highly regulated nature, the usual budget deficits, and the interdependence between health care organizations necessitate some crucial expansions to existing theoretical frameworks usually used when studying adoption. We propose a shift toward theoretical frameworks that take into account implementation challenges that factor in the complexity of the sociotechnical structure of health care organizations and the interplay between the technical, social, and organizational aspects. Our consolidated framework offers recommendations on which factors to include when investigating clinicians' adoption of mHealth, taking into account all three aspects.
Topics: Biomedical Technology; Humans; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Telemedicine; Workflow
PubMed: 32442132
DOI: 10.2196/18072 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021Deterrence by punishment aims to prevent a crime; however, it is not always successful. Restrictive deterrence explains the continuous criminal activities that occur...
Deterrence by punishment aims to prevent a crime; however, it is not always successful. Restrictive deterrence explains the continuous criminal activities that occur despite deterrence; offenders enact various strategies to avoid detection, which is more typical among drug offenders given that they have a high frequency of offending and exposure to punishment. This systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of restrictive deterrence of drug offenders. Two prominent themes, "restrictive deterrence strategy" and "deterrability and restrictive deterrence," depict drug offenders' restrictive deterrence and effectively fit within the certainty-severity framework of punishment. Future studies should investigate restrictive deterrence strategies in the after-arrest context, the facilitative effect of perception of risk on strategy development, and facilitators or inhibitors affecting the diffusion of restrictive deterrence strategies.
PubMed: 34512482
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727142 -
World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics Mar 2024Infants' nutrition significantly influences their growth, development, and overall well-being. With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the...
BACKGROUND
Infants' nutrition significantly influences their growth, development, and overall well-being. With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing awareness of natural feeding options, it is crucial to conduct a comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability between organic and traditional infant formulas.
AIM
To provide a concise and precise analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula. Due to limited direct comparisons, the review synthesizes available literature on each formula type, presenting insights into their potential effects on infants' digestive health.
METHODS
An extensive literature search was conducted, compiling studies on organic and traditional infant formulas, their compositions, and reported effects on gastrointestinal tolerability. We searched academic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and specialized nutrition, paediatrics, and infant health journals using relevant keywords till October 1, 2023. .
RESULTS
Although specific comparative studies are scarce and formula heterogeneity is a significant limitation, this systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of organic infant formulas' composition and potential benefits. While scientific evidence directly comparing gastrointestinal tolerability is limited, organic formulas strive to use carefully selected organic ingredients to imitate breast milk composition. Potential benefits include improved lipid profiles, higher methionine content, and decreased antibiotic-resistant bacteria levels. Understanding the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic and traditional infant formulas is crucial for parents and healthcare providers to make informed decisions.
CONCLUSION
Despite limitations in direct comparisons, this systematic review provides insights into the composition and potential benefits of organic infant formulas. It emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate their gastrointestinal effects comprehensively.
PubMed: 38596433
DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i1.88783 -
BMJ Open Respiratory Research May 2024People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more likely to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Increased sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse health...
BACKGROUND
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more likely to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Increased sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse health consequences and reduced life expectancy.
AIM
This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to report the factors contributing to sedentary behaviour in people with COPD.
METHODS
A systematic search of electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library) was conducted and supported by a clinician librarian in March 2023. Papers were identified and screened by two independent researchers against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction and analysis of quality. Quantitative and qualitative data synthesis was performed.
RESULTS
1037 records were identified, 29 studies were included (26 quantitative and 3 qualitative studies) and most studies were conducted in high-income countries. The most common influencers of sedentary behaviour were associated with disease severity, dyspnoea, comorbidities, exercise capacity, use of supplemental oxygen and walking aids, and environmental factors. In-depth findings from qualitative studies included a lack of knowledge, self-perception and motivation. However, sedentarism in some was also a conscious approach, enabling enjoyment when participating in hobbies or activities.
CONCLUSIONS
Influencers of sedentary behaviour in people living with COPD are multifactorial. Identifying and understanding these factors should inform the design of future interventions and guidelines. A tailored, multimodal approach could have the potential to address sedentary behaviour.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023387335.
Topics: Humans; Sedentary Behavior; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Exercise Tolerance; Exercise
PubMed: 38789283
DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002261 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2021Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most fatal disease groups worldwide. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a widely used tool for automatically detecting cardiac...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most fatal disease groups worldwide. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a widely used tool for automatically detecting cardiac abnormalities, thereby helping to control and manage CVDs. To encourage more multidisciplinary researches, PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2020 (Challenge 2020) provided a public platform involving multi-center databases and automatic evaluations for ECG classification tasks. As a result, 41 teams successfully submitted their solutions and were qualified for rankings. Although Challenge 2020 was a success, there has been no in-depth methodological meta-analysis of these solutions, making it difficult for researchers to benefit from the solutions and results. In this study, we aim to systematically review the 41 solutions in terms of data processing, feature engineering, model architecture, and training strategy. For each perspective, we visualize and statistically analyze the effectiveness of the common techniques, and discuss the methodological advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we summarize five practical lessons based on the aforementioned analysis: (1) Data augmentation should be employed and adapted to specific scenarios; (2) Combining different features can improve performance; (3) A hybrid design of different types of deep neural networks (DNNs) is better than using a single type; (4) The use of end-to-end architectures should depend on the task being solved; (5) Multiple models are better than one. We expect that our meta-analysis will help accelerate the research related to ECG classification based on machine-learning models.
PubMed: 35095568
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.811661 -
Orvosi Hetilap Mar 2021Összefoglaló. Gyulladásos bélbetegségben (IBD) a fájdalomérzés komplex szomatikus és pszichés jelenség. Ez utóbbi komponens pontosabb megértése segíthet a...
Összefoglaló. Gyulladásos bélbetegségben (IBD) a fájdalomérzés komplex szomatikus és pszichés jelenség. Ez utóbbi komponens pontosabb megértése segíthet a megfelelő kezelési stratégia megállapításában. A szorongásos hangulati zavarok és egyes maladaptív viselkedési minták (dohányzás és alkoholfogyasztás) előfordulási gyakorisága jól dokumentált IBD-ben, a kannabiszhasználat hatása ugyanakkor kevésbé ismert. A szerzők szisztematikus áttekintést végeztek annak megértéséhez, hogy vajon magasabb-e a marihuánahasználat gyakorisága felnőtt IBD-s betegek között egészséges kontrollpopulációhoz viszonyítva, és ha igen, akkor melyek a szerhasználat legfontosabb jellemzői. A kutatási periódust szándékosan az elmúlt 7 évre korlátoztuk, ugyanis 2013-tól jelentős változások álltak be a kannabinoidok jogi és orvosi megítélésében az USA-ban. Öt elsődleges és több másodlagos adatbázisban kutattunk előre meghatározott kulcsszavak segítségével 2013 óta teljes szöveggel megjelent, angol nyelvű felnőtt IBD-s populációt vizsgáló epidemiológiai tanulmányok vonatkozásában. 143 rekord közül 7 cikk felelt meg a beválogatási kritériumoknak. Eredményeink szerint a kannabiszhasználat gyakorisága IBD-ben szenvedő felnőtt betegek körében valószínűleg magasabb, mint a kontrollpopulációban: a "valaha, bármikor" használók aránya 54-70% között változott (szemben a 46-60% gyakorisággal a kontrollcsoportban), míg az "aktív használók" esetén a gyakoriság 6,8-25% között változott (vs. a kontrollcsoportban tapasztalt 8,6-14%-kal). A prevalenciaadatok széles variabilitása arra utal, hogy a beválogatott epidemiológiai tanulmányok valószínűleg vagy nem voltak megfelelően tervezve, vagy jelentős heterogenitással bírtak. A pszichés tényezők ellentmondásos mintája azt sugallja, hogy a kannabinoidok egyes esetekben ronthatták, más esetben valószínűleg javították bizonyos prominens tünetek megélését. Javasoljuk ezért, hogy a valós prevalencia megállapítása érdekében a keresztmetszeti vizsgálatok mellé ismételt pszichometriai vizsgálatokon alapuló vizsgálatok is bekerüljenek a további kutatásba. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(12): 443-448. Summary. Pain perception in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is beyond a purely somatic process. In-depth understanding of psychologic elements might enable more effective management in this patient group. Anxiety disorders and certain maladaptive coping strategies like smoking and alcohol consumption are well-documented in IBD, unlike the scarcely researched cannabis use. The authors designed a systematic review, to investigate if the prevalence of cannabis use is higher in IBD that in unselected controls. The research window was intentionally set to cover for the past 7 years, as in 2013 major legislative changes took place in the cannabis decriminalisation process in the United States. 5 primary and several secondary databases were researched with a pre-formulated algorithm registered at PROSPERO for full text epidemiological studies published in English language involving adult IBD patients. Out of 143 records, 7 articles met the in/exclusion criteria. Our results suggest that cannabis use among adult patients with IBD is likely to be higher than in the unselected control population. The proportion of "ever" users varied from 54% to 70% (vs. 46-60% in the control group); and for 'active users', the prevalence ranged between 6.8% to 25% (vs. 8.6-14% in the control group). The wide variability in prevalence data suggests that the selected epidemiological studies were either inappropriately designed or were too heterogeneous (or both). The contradictory pattern of psychological factors suggests that cannabinoids might improve or worsen IBD depending on case by case basis. We therefore opine that in addition to cross-sectional papers, studies based on repeated psychometric analysis are needed to establish the real prevalence and inform cannabinoid prescription and holistic management in inflammatory bowel disease. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(12): 443-448.
Topics: Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Marijuana Use
PubMed: 33764022
DOI: 10.1556/650.2021.32021