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The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2021A year into the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the role of washing hands with soap and hand disinfectants is unavoidable as a primary way to control the infection... (Review)
Review
A year into the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the role of washing hands with soap and hand disinfectants is unavoidable as a primary way to control the infection spread in communities and healthcare facilities. The extraordinary surge in demand for handwashing products has led to environmental concerns. Since soaps are complex mixtures of toxic and persistent active ingredients, the prudent option is to promote eco-friendly replacements for the current products. On the other hand, with the increase in soap packaging waste production, soap packaging waste management and recycling become essential to reduce environmental impact. This systematic review aimed to collect some recent methods for identifying biodegradable and sustainable raw materials to produce and package cleaning agents, especially soap.
Topics: COVID-19; Environment; Hand Disinfection; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Soaps
PubMed: 34271380
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149013 -
Archives of Microbiology Sep 2019Proteases, one of the largest groups of industrial enzymes occupy a major share in detergent industry. To meet the existing demands, proteases with efficient catalytic...
Proteases, one of the largest groups of industrial enzymes occupy a major share in detergent industry. To meet the existing demands, proteases with efficient catalytic properties are being explored from bacteria residing in extreme habitats. Alkaline proteases are also considered as promising candidates for industrial sectors due to the activity and stability under alkaline and harsh environment. Therefore, a systematic review on experimental studies of bacterial proteases was conducted with emphasis on purification, characterization, cloning and expression and their suitability as detergent additive. Relevant searches using a combination of filters/keywords were performed in the online databases; PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Over thousands of research papers, 71 articles in Scopus, 48 articles in Science Direct, 18 articles in PubMed and 8 articles in Web of Science were selected with regard to bacterial extracellular proteases till date. Selected articles revealed majority of the studies conducted between the years 2015 and 17 and were focused on purification of proteases from bacteria. Among microbes, a total of 41 bacterial genera have been explored with limited studies from extreme habitats. Majority of the studies have reported the involvement of subtilisin-like serine proteases with effective properties for detergent industries. The studies revealed shifting of trend from purification to cloning to genetic engineering to meet the industrial demands. The present systematic review describes the proteases from extremophilic bacteria and use of biotechnological techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis and codon optimization to engineer enzymes with better hot spots in the active sites to meet industrial challenges.
Topics: Bacteria; Biotechnology; Detergents; Industrial Microbiology; Serine Proteases
PubMed: 31025057
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01662-8 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2024Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally produced hydrophilic bile acid that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Numerous recent and studies have...
BACKGROUND
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally produced hydrophilic bile acid that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Numerous recent and studies have shown that TUDCA has neuroprotective action in various models of retinal disorders.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the neuroprotective action and the mechanisms involved in the cytoprotective effects of TUDCA.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Systematic literature search of United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library was performed, which covered all original articles published up to July 2022. The terms, "TUDCA" in combination with "retina", "retinal protection", "neuroprotection" were searched. Possible biases were identified with the adopted SYRCLE's tool.
RESULTS
Of the 423 initially gathered studies, 24 articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria for full-text review. Six of them were experiments, 17 studies reported data and one study described both and data. The results revealed the effect of TUDCA on different retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal degeneration (RD), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and retinal detachment (RDT). The quality scores of the studies were ranged from 5 to 7 points (total 10 points), according to SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Both and data suggested that TUDCA could effectively delay degeneration and apoptosis of retinal neurons, preserve retinal structure and function, and its mechanism of actions might be related with inhibiting apoptosis, decreasing inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reducing angiogenesis.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review demonstrated that TUDCA has neuroprotective effect on and models of retinal disorders, reinforcing the currently available evidence that TUDCA could be a promising therapeutic agent in retinal diseases treatment. However, well designed clinical trials are necessary to appraise the efficacy of TUDCA in clinical setting.
Topics: Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; Animals; Neuroprotective Agents; Humans; Retinal Diseases; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 37691227
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666230907152207 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 2020This systematic review compared the efficacy and safety of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved eye-drops with alternatively preserved (AP) and preservative-free (PF)... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
Efficacy and safety evaluation of benzalkonium chloride preserved eye-drops compared with alternatively preserved and preservative-free eye-drops in the treatment of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND/AIMS
This systematic review compared the efficacy and safety of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved eye-drops with alternatively preserved (AP) and preservative-free (PF) eye-drops.
METHODS
PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for randomised controlled trials in June and October 2019. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were made by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane Handbook. Studies on prostaglandin analogue or beta-blocker eye-drops and patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension were included. Primary outcome was change in intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcomes were safety measures as assessed in original study.
RESULTS
Of 433 articles screened, 16 studies were included. IOP meta-analysis was conducted on 13 studies (4201 patients) ranging from 15 days to 6 months. No significant differences between BAK versus PF and AP were identified (95% CI -0.00 to 0.30 mm Hg, p=0.05). Meta-analyses revealed no differences between BAK versus AP and PF with regards to conjunctival hyperaemia (risk ratio (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.22, 3800 patients, 9 studies), ocular hyperaemia (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.78, 2268 patients, 5 studies), total ocular adverse events (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.20, 1906 patients, 5 studies) or tear break-up time (mean difference 0.89, 95% CI -0.03 to 1.81, 130 patients, 3 studies). Diverse reporting on safety measures made comparison challenging. Risk of bias was assessed as high or unclear in many relevant domains, suggesting potential selective reporting or under-reporting.
CONCLUSION
No clinically significant differences on efficacy or safety could be determined between BAK versus AP and PF. However, there were substantial uncertainties on safety.CRD42019139692.
Topics: Administration, Ophthalmic; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzalkonium Compounds; Databases, Factual; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Ophthalmic Solutions; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Prostaglandins, Synthetic; Tonometry, Ocular; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32051133
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315623 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Oct 2022Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is endemic in 78 countries and affects almost 240 million people worldwide. It has been acknowledged that an integrated...
BACKGROUND
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is endemic in 78 countries and affects almost 240 million people worldwide. It has been acknowledged that an integrated approach that goes beyond drug treatment is needed to achieve control and eventual elimination of the disease. Improving hygiene has been encouraged by World Health Organisation, and one aspect of good hygiene is using soap during water-contact activities, such as bathing and doing laundry. This hygiene practice might directly reduce the skin exposure to cercariae at transmission sites. A systematic review was carried out to investigate the efficacy of soap against schistosome cercariae and to identify the knowledge gaps surrounding this topic.
METHODOLOGY
Six online databases were searched between 5th and 8th July of 2021. Records returned from these databases were screened to remove duplicates, and the remaining records were classified by reading titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify the included studies. The results were categorised into two groups based on two different protective mechanisms of soap (namely, damage to cercariae and protection of skin).
CONCLUSIONS
Limited research has been conducted on the efficacy of soap against schistosome cercariae and only 11 studies met the criteria to be included in this review. The review demonstrates that soap has the potential of protecting people against schistosome cercariae and there are two protective aspects: (1) soap affects cercariae adversely; (2) soap on the skin prevents cercariae from penetrating the skin, developing into adult worms and producing eggs. Both aspects of protection were influenced by many factors, but the differences in the reported experimental conditions, such as the cercarial endpoint measurement used and the cercaria numbers used per water sample, lead to low comparability between the previous studies. This review indicates that more evidence is needed to inform hygiene advice for people living in schistosomiasis endemic areas.
Topics: Animals; Cercaria; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Soaps; Water
PubMed: 36191022
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010820 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Jun 2023COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory and multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Viral transmission occurs mainly... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory and multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Viral transmission occurs mainly through the spread of salivary droplets or aerosol from an infected subject. Studies suggest that salivary viral load is correlated with disease severity and probability of transmission. Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has been found to be effective in reducing salivary viral load. The aim of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials is to evaluate the efficacy of the mouthwash ingredient cetylpyridinium chloride on salivary viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials comparing cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash with placebo and other mouthwash ingredients in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals were identified and evaluated.
RESULTS
Six studies with a total of 301 patients that met the inclusion criteria were included. The studies reported the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes in reduction on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load compared to placebo and other mouthwash ingredients.
CONCLUSION
Mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride are effective against salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. There is also the possibility that the use of mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects could reduce transmissibility and severity of COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; Cetylpyridinium; Mouthwashes; SARS-CoV-2; Chlorides; Dental Plaque; COVID-19; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36808889
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12408 -
QJM : Monthly Journal of the... May 2020Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, paracetamol, (APAP) toxicity is one of the commonly encountered poisonings by emergency physicians. Methemoglobinemia is an...
BACKGROUND
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, paracetamol, (APAP) toxicity is one of the commonly encountered poisonings by emergency physicians. Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon association and rarely seen in APAP poisoning.
METHODS
Retrospective analysis of all the published reports on APAP induced methemoglobinemia from 1968 to 2019.
RESULTS
In total there were 14 cases with 9 females and 6 males. The median age of the study cohort was 59 years. The most common presenting feature was altered mentation (9 patients) followed by cyanosis (3 patients). The intent of consumption was therapeutic (7 cases) versus suicidal (5 cases) attempt.In most cases, the dose of APAP consumption was not known. Aspirin, sulfasalazine, benzocaine spray, nitrate preservative, contaminated water, detergents, etc. where the other agents consumed by the patients in addition to APAP before developing methemoglobinemia. The median MethHb level of the study cohort was 15.85% Patients were treated with NAC, hemodialysis, methylene blue, and ascorbic acid and CRRT in various combinations. Full recovery was seen in 9 patients while 4 patients died.
CONCLUSION
APAP toxicity is a well-known and common entity with multiple sequelae that presents with a variable spectrum of mild to fulminant multiorgan failure. Awareness of non-classical presentations like methemoglobinemia is essential to ensure timely intervention.
PubMed: 32428237
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa174 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Apr 2022The European bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a fundamental resource for the pollination of a great variety of botanical species used by humans for...
The European bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a fundamental resource for the pollination of a great variety of botanical species used by humans for sustenance. Over the last few decades, bee colonies have become vulnerable to a new pest that has advanced beyond its native sub-Saharan territory: the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). This currently presents a pressing problem in the United States and Australia, but it has also been recorded in Portugal and Italy and it is likely to spread in the rest of Europe too. This study represents a systematic review, based on EFSA guidelines, of the various control treatments for small hive beetles in order to identify the most effective methods as well as, those with no effects on bee colonies. The results show that the bulk of these studies were performed in the United States and that a number of treatments are suitable for the control of A. tumida, though some have negative effects on bees while others have low effectiveness or are ineffective. The best results are those with the entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, but also with formic acid or diatomaceous earth. Various products containing insecticides have been effective, for example, Perizin (Bayer), GardStar (Y-Tex), CheckMite+ strips (Bayer), but Apithor (Apithor ) cannot be used in Europe because it contains Fipronil, which has been banned since 2013. Some common products like bleach and detergent have also been effective.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Bees; Coleoptera; Europe; Insecticides; Italy
PubMed: 35217874
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac001 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2024A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH emission in vivo. Data... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A systematic literature review of in vitro studies was performed to identify methane (CH) mitigation interventions with a potential to reduce CH emission in vivo. Data from 277 peer-reviewed studies published between 1979 and 2018 were reviewed. Individual CH mitigation interventions were classified into 14 categories of feed additives based on their type, chemical composition, and mode of action. Response variables evaluated were absolute CH emission (number of treatment means comparisons = 1,325); total volatile fatty acids (n = 1,007), acetate (n = 783), propionate (n = 792), and butyrate (n = 776) concentrations; acetate to propionate ratio (n = 675); digestibility of dry matter (n = 489), organic matter (n = 277), and neutral detergent fiber (n = 177). Total gas production was used as an explanatory variable in the model for CH production. Relative mean difference between treatment and control means reported in the studies was calculated and used for statistical analysis. The robust variance estimation method was used to analyze the effects of CH mitigation interventions. In vitro CH production was decreased by antibodies (-38.9%), chemical inhibitors (-29.2%), electron sinks (-18.9%), essential oils (-18.2%), plant extracts (-14.5%), plant inclusion (-11.7%), saponins (-14.8%), and tannins (-14.5%). Overall effects of direct-fed microbials, enzymes, macroalgae, and organic acids supplementation did not affect CH production in the current meta-analysis. When considering the effects of individual mitigation interventions containing a minimum number of 4 degrees of freedom within feed additives categories, Enterococcus spp. (i.e., direct-fed microbial), nitrophenol (i.e., electron sink), and Leucaena spp. (i.e., tannins) decreased CH production by 20.3%, 27.1%, and 23.5%, respectively, without extensively, or only slightly, affecting ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients. It should be noted, however, that although the total number of publications (n = 277) and treatment means comparisons (n = 1,325 for CH production) in the current analysis were high, data for most mitigation interventions were obtained from less than 5 observations (e.g., maximum number of observations was 4, 7, and 22 for nitrophenol, Enterococcus spp., and Leucaena spp., respectively), because of limited data available in the literature. These should be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine their true potential to decrease enteric CH production, yield, and intensity. Some mitigation interventions (e.g., magnesium, Heracleum spp., nitroglycerin, β-cyclodextrin, Leptospermum pattersoni, Fructulus Ligustri, Salix caprea, and Sesbania grandiflora) decreased in vitro CH production by over 50% but did not have enough observations in the database. These should be more extensively investigated in vitro, and the dose effect must be considered before adoption of mitigation interventions in vivo.
Topics: Female; Animals; Diet; Milk; Lactation; Propionates; Methane; Tannins; Rumen; Acetates; Nitrophenols; Fermentation; Digestion; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38353472
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0302(23)00819-6 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2021Small ruminants such as goats have a higher preference for browse species than cattle and sheep. In a meta-analysis of 42 papers describing 117 experimental treatments... (Review)
Review
Small ruminants such as goats have a higher preference for browse species than cattle and sheep. In a meta-analysis of 42 papers describing 117 experimental treatments found by a search performed in June 2021 in PubMed and Web of Knowledge, we examined the general effect of including foliage in the diet of goats, replacing grasses, on dry matter intake and average daily weight gain. The inclusion requirement for a paper was that it described a controlled trial with a control diet of grass and with grass replaced by foliage in the experimental diet. Publication bias was estimated by calculating the Fail-safe n. Random effects analyses were conducted, using effect size calculated as Hedges' d. The results showed that inclusion of foliage increased feed intake (Hedges' d = 1.350, SE = 0.388) and average daily weight gain (Hedges' d = 1.417, SE = 0.444) compared with a grass-based control. The positive effect of foliage inclusion on dry matter intake was associated with lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and higher crude protein (CP) in the foliage than in the grass it replaced. The positive effect on average daily weight gain was associated with higher CP concentration in the foliage than in grass. Foliage inclusion level showed a quadratic relationship with dry matter intake, with maximum dry matter intake achieved at a level of 50-60%. There was wide variation between the studies reviewed, and this variation was not reduced by subgroup analysis based on different kinds of foliage. In conclusion, the addition of foliage to goat diets can increase feed intake and daily weight gain, as an effect of the dietary preferences of goats and of generally higher nutritional value in foliage species compared with natural/semi-natural grass species.
PubMed: 34827895
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113163