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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants' growth, stool characteristics, stool... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants' growth, stool characteristics, stool fatty acid soap contents and bone mineral content: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants' growth, stool characteristics, stool fatty acid (FA) soap contents and bone mineral content (BMC). We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials published up to April 2022. Sixteen studies involving 1,931 infants were included. From each included study, weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the above mentioned outcomes were extracted and pooled with a fixed-effects model ( ≤ 50%) or a random-effects model ( > 50%). Infants fed Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula exhibited greater weight gains (WMD: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.23, 1.39 g/d; = 0.00%), lower contents of total stool FA soaps (WMD: -3.47; 95% CI: -5.08, -1.86 mg/100 mg; = 0.00%) and higher BMC (WMD: 7.08; 95% CI: 4.05, 10.10; = 0.00%) than infants fed standard formula. However, no difference was observed in these outcomes between infants fed Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula and those fed human milk. This meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with standard formula feeding, Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding could effectively promote weight gains, bone mineral accumulation and stool FA soap reduction in infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Fatty Acids; Soaps; Palmitates; Infant Formula; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Minerals; Weight Gain
PubMed: 35622955
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2079606 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jun 2022Water-only or water and soap are widely recommended as preferred solutions for dermal decontamination. However, limited efficacy data exist. We summarized experimental... (Review)
Review
Water-only or water and soap are widely recommended as preferred solutions for dermal decontamination. However, limited efficacy data exist. We summarized experimental studies evaluating in vitro efficacy of water-only or soap and water in decontaminating chemical warfare agents (CWA) or their simulants from human skin models. Embase, Covidence®, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for articles using water-only or soap and water decontamination methods for removal of CWA/CWA simulants in in vitro human skin models. Data extraction was completed from seven studies, yielding seven contaminants. Water-only decontamination led to partial decontamination in all skin samples (100%, n = 81/81). Soap and water decontamination led to partial decontamination in all skin samples (100%, n = 143/143). Four studies found decontamination to either paradoxically enhance absorption of contaminants or their penetration rates, known as the "wash-in" effect. Despite recommendations, water-only or water and soap decontamination were found to yield partial decontamination of CWA or their simulants in all human in vitro studies. Thus, more effective decontaminating agents are needed. Some studies demonstrated increased or faster penetration of chemicals following decontamination, which could prove deadly for agents such as VX, although these findings require in vivo validation. Heterogeneity in experimental setups limits interstudy comparison, and it remains unclear when water-only or water and soap are ideal decontaminants, which requires more studies. Pending manuscripts will summarize in vivo human and animal efficacy data. International harmonized efficacy protocol should enable more efficient public health decisions for evidence-based public health decisions.
Topics: Animals; Chemical Warfare Agents; Decontamination; Humans; Skin; Skin Absorption; Soaps; Water
PubMed: 34665468
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4251 -
Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Feb 2023Biological evidence of sexual violence, such as semen, can change due to fabric washing. This can be due to attempts by the perpetrator to eliminate evidence or because... (Review)
Review
Biological evidence of sexual violence, such as semen, can change due to fabric washing. This can be due to attempts by the perpetrator to eliminate evidence or because the victim feels ashamed of sexual violence. While much research on this topic has been conducted, no systematic review has been attempted. This systematic review explores the effect of fabric machine-washing on the persistence of human spermatozoa deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This systematic review seeks in vitro experiments in which semen-stained fabrics were washed by washing machines, published in English, and matched with keywords in PubMed, Europe PMC, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. We then assessed the obtained articles with the Joanna Briggs Institute quasi-experimental checklist. This systematic review used the narrative synthesis method. Our search yielded five articles. These articles observe the effect of machine-washing factors on the persistence of human spermatozoa DNA, such as water temperature, washing duration, detergent type, washing repetition, and duration of fabric storage before washing. This systematic review shows that fabric washing insignificantly affects spermatozoa DNA persistence, and DNA might persist after multiple washes. However, variations in the articles indicate that future studies on this topic need to account for more variables and be reported in more detail to reduce bias.
Topics: Male; Humans; Semen; Spermatozoa; Textiles; Sex Offenses; DNA
PubMed: 36450204
DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102179 -
Clinical and Experimental Allergy :... Mar 2021Eczema and food allergy start in infancy and have shared genetic risk factors that affect skin barrier. We aimed to evaluate whether skincare interventions can prevent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Eczema and food allergy start in infancy and have shared genetic risk factors that affect skin barrier. We aimed to evaluate whether skincare interventions can prevent eczema or food allergy.
DESIGN
A prospectively planned individual participant data meta-analysis was carried out within a Cochrane systematic review to determine whether skincare interventions in term infants prevent eczema or food allergy.
DATA SOURCES
Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and trial registries to July 2020.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTED STUDIES
Included studies were randomized controlled trials of infants <1 year with healthy skin comparing a skin intervention with a control, for prevention of eczema and food allergy outcomes between 1 and 3 years.
RESULTS
Of the 33 identified trials, 17 trials (5823 participants) had relevant outcome data and 10 (5154 participants) contributed to IPD meta-analysis. Three of seven trials contributing to primary eczema analysis were at low risk of bias, and the single trial contributing to primary food allergy analysis was at high risk of bias. Interventions were mainly emollients, applied for the first 3-12 months. Skincare interventions probably do not change risk of eczema by age 1-3 years (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81, 1.31; I =41%; moderate certainty; 3075 participants, 7 trials). Sensitivity analysis found heterogeneity was explained by increased eczema in a trial of daily bathing as part of the intervention. It is unclear whether skincare interventions increase risk of food allergy by age 1-3 years (RR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 6.47; very low certainty; 996 participants, 1 trial), but they probably increase risk of local skin infections (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02, 1.77; I =0%; moderate certainty; 2728 participants, 6 trials).
CONCLUSION
Regular emollients during infancy probably do not prevent eczema and probably increase local skin infections.
Topics: Dermatitis, Atopic; Emollients; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Skin Care; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Soaps; Water Softening
PubMed: 33550675
DOI: 10.1111/cea.13847 -
BMC Gastroenterology Nov 2019Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) and bile acid-related diarrhea represent an under-recognized cause of chronic diarrhea mainly because of limited guidance on appropriate...
BACKGROUND
Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) and bile acid-related diarrhea represent an under-recognized cause of chronic diarrhea mainly because of limited guidance on appropriate diagnostic and laboratory tests. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature in order to identify and compare the diagnostic accuracy of different diagnostic methods for patients with BAM, despite a proven gold standard test is still lacking.
METHODS
A PubMed literature review and a manual search were carried out. Relevant full papers, evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of different methods for BAM, were assessed. Available data were analyzed to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of each published test.
RESULTS
Overall, more than one test was considered in published papers on BAM. The search strategy retrieved 574 articles; of these, only 16 were full papers (with a total of 2.332 patients) included in the final review. Specifically, n = 8 studies used Selenium-homotaurocholic-acid-test (SeHCAT) with a < 10% retention threshold; n = 8 studies evaluated fasting serum 7-α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4); n = 3 studies involved total fecal bile acid (BA) excretion over 48 h; n = 4 studies assessed fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). SeHCAT showed an average sensitivity and specificity of 87.32 and 93.2%, respectively, followed by serum C4 (85.2 and 71.1%) and total fecal BA (66.6 and 79.3%). Fasting serum FGF19 had the lowest sensitivity and specificity (63.8 and 72.3%). All the extracted data were associated with substantial heterogeneity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our systematic review indicates that SeHCAT has the highest diagnostic accuracy for BAM, followed by serum C4 assay. The diagnostic yield of fecal BA and FGF19 assays is still under investigation. Our review reinforces the need for novel biomarkers aimed to an objective detection of BAM and therefore improving the management of this condition.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biomarkers; Humans; Intestinal Reabsorption; Malabsorption Syndromes; Sensitivity and Specificity; Taurocholic Acid
PubMed: 31726982
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1102-1 -
BMJ Open Aug 2021To compare the effectiveness of hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand sanitiser to soap and water for preventing the transmission of acute respiratory infections (ARIs)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effectiveness of hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand sanitiser to soap and water for preventing the transmission of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and to assess the relationship between the dose of hand hygiene and the number of ARI, influenza-like illness (ILI) or influenza events.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and trial registries were searched in April 2020.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials that compared a community-based hand hygiene intervention (soap and water, or sanitiser) with a control, or trials that compared sanitiser with soap and water, and measured outcomes of ARI, ILI or laboratory-confirmed influenza or related consequences.
DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened the titles and abstracts for inclusion and extracted data.
RESULTS
Eighteen trials were included. When meta-analysed, three trials of soap and water versus control found a non-significant increase in ARI events (risk ratio (RR) 1.23, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.93); six trials of sanitiser versus control found a significant reduction in ARI events (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.89). When hand hygiene dose was plotted against ARI relative risk, no clear dose-response relationship was observable. Four trials were head-to-head comparisons of sanitiser and soap and water but too heterogeneous to pool: two found a significantly greater reduction in the sanitiser group compared with the soap group and two found no significant difference between the intervention arms.
CONCLUSIONS
Adequately performed hand hygiene, with either soap or sanitiser, reduces the risk of ARI virus transmission; however, direct and indirect evidence suggest sanitiser might be more effective in practice.
Topics: Hand Hygiene; Humans; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Soaps; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34408031
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046175 -
Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista... 2020Faced with a pandemic, all healthcare actions need to reflect best practices, in order to avoid high transmissibility, complications and even hospitalizations. For...
BACKGROUND
Faced with a pandemic, all healthcare actions need to reflect best practices, in order to avoid high transmissibility, complications and even hospitalizations. For hospital environments, the products recommended and authorized by regulatory institutions for environmental cleaning and disinfection need to be highly effective.
OBJECTIVE
To identify, systematically evaluate and summarize the best available scientific evidence on environmental cleaning to prevent COVID-19 infection.
DESIGN AND SETTING
A systematic review of studies analyzing cleaning products that inactivate coronavirus, conducted within the evidence-based health program of a federal university in São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
METHODS
A systematic search of the relevant literature was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and LILACS databases, for articles published up to May 27, 2020, relating to studies evaluating cleaning products that inactivate coronavirus in the environment.
RESULTS
Seven studies were selected. These analyzed use of 70% alcohol, detergent, detergent containing iodine, household bleach, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, glutaraldehyde, ultraviolet irradiation and plasma air purifier. The effectiveness of treating sewage with sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide was also evaluated.
CONCLUSION
Disinfection of environments, especially those in ordinary use, such as bathrooms, needs to be done constantly. Viral inactivation was achieved using chlorine-based disinfectants, alcohol, detergents, glutaraldehyde, iodine-containing detergents, hydrogen peroxide compounds and household bleaches. Alcohol showed efficient immediate activity. In sewage, sodium hypochlorite had better action than chlorine dioxide.
REGISTRATION NUMBER
DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/YC5P4 in the Open Science Framework.
Topics: Brazil; COVID-19; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Infection Control
PubMed: 33206913
DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0417.09092020 -
Food and Waterborne Parasitology Mar 2022The cestode family Taeniidae consists of the genera and , both of which include zoonotic tapeworms of serious public health importance. Various environmental matrices...
The cestode family Taeniidae consists of the genera and , both of which include zoonotic tapeworms of serious public health importance. Various environmental matrices have been identified from which parasite transmission to animals and humans can occur, and many techniques for detecting taeniid eggs in different environments have been developed. However, the majority lack appropriate validation, and standardized egg isolation procedures are absent. This hampers interstudy comparisons and poses a challenge for future researchers when deciding which technique to implement for assessing taeniid egg contamination in a particular matrix. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to present an overview of the detection methods for taeniid eggs in the environment, to discuss and compare them, and to provide recommendations for future studies. In total, 1814 publications were retrieved from scientific databases, and, ultimately, data were systematically reviewed from 90 papers. The results provide an overview of numerous diagnostic tests for taeniid egg detection in (or on) water, food, soil, insects, objects, and air. These tools could be categorized as either conventional (light microscopy), molecular, or immunodetection tools. The relatively cheap microscopy techniques often lack sensitivity and are unable to identify a taeniid egg at the genus level. Nevertheless, several records ascribed a genus, or even species, to taeniid eggs that had been detected by light microscopy. Molecular and immunodetection tools offer better specificity, but still rely on the preceding egg recovery steps that also affect overall sensitivity. Finally, the majority of the methods lacked any attempt at performance evaluation and standardization, especially at the earlier stages of the analysis (e.g., sampling strategy, storage conditions, egg recovery), and viability was rarely addressed. As such, our review highlights the need for standardized, validated detection tools, that not only assess the extent of environmental contamination, but also the egg genus or species, and address viability.
PubMed: 35198745
DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00145 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2020Handwashing is important to reduce the spread and transmission of infectious disease. Ash, the residue from stoves and fires, is a material used for cleaning hands in...
BACKGROUND
Handwashing is important to reduce the spread and transmission of infectious disease. Ash, the residue from stoves and fires, is a material used for cleaning hands in settings where soap is not widely available.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the benefits and harms of hand cleaning with ash compared with hand cleaning using soap or other materials for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections.
SEARCH METHODS
On 26 March 2020 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, WHO Global Index Medicus, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all types of studies, in any population, that examined hand cleaning with ash compared to hand cleaning with any other material.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened titles and full texts, and one review author extracted outcome data and assessed risk of bias, which another review author double-checked. We used the ROBINS-I tool for observational studies, we used RoB 2.0 for three interventional studies, and we used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. We planned to synthesise data with random-effects meta-analyses. Our prespecified outcome measures were overall mortality, number of cases of infections (as defined in the individual studies), severity of infectious disease, harms (as reported in the individual studies), and adherence.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 14 studies described in 19 records using eight different study designs, but only one randomised trial. The studies were primarily conducted in rural settings in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Six studies reported outcome data relevant to our review. A retrospective case-control study and a cohort study assessed diarrhoea in children under the age of five years and self-reported reproductive tract symptoms in women, respectively. It was very uncertain whether the rate of hospital contacts for moderate-to-severe diarrhoea in children differed between households that cleaned hands using ash compared with households cleaning hands using soap (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.11; very low-certainty evidence). Similarly, it was very uncertain whether the rate of women experiencing symptoms of reproductive tract infection differed between women cleaning hands with ash compared with cleaning hands using soap (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.86; very low-certainty evidence) or when compared with handwashing with water only or not washing hands (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.96; very low-certainty evidence). Four studies reported on bacteriological counts after hand wash. We rated all four studies at high risk of bias, and we did not synthesise data due to methodological heterogeneity and unclear outcome reporting.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Based on the available evidence, the benefits and harms of hand cleaning with ash compared with soap or other materials for reducing the spread of viral or bacterial infections are uncertain.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cooking; Coronavirus Infections; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Fires; Hand; Hand Hygiene; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia, Viral; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproductive Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Self Report; Soaps; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32343408
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013597 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Mar 2021Structure determination of membrane proteins is critical to the molecular understanding of many life processes, yet it has historically been a technically challenging... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Structure determination of membrane proteins is critical to the molecular understanding of many life processes, yet it has historically been a technically challenging endeavor. This past decade has given rise to a number of technological advancements, techniques, and reagents, which have facilitated membrane protein structural biology, resulting in an ever-growing number of membrane protein structures determined. To collate these advances, we have mined available literature to analyze the purification and structure determination specifics for all uniquely solved membrane protein structures from 2010 to 2019. Our analyses demonstrate the strong impact of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy on the field and illustrate how this technique has affected detergent and membrane mimetic usage. Furthermore, we detail how different structure determination methods, taxonomic domains and protein classes have unique detergent/membrane mimetic profiles, highlighting the importance of tailoring their selection. Our analyses provide a quantitative overview of where the field of membrane protein structural biology stands and how it has developed over time. We anticipate that these will serve as a useful tool to streamline future membrane protein structure determination by guiding the choice of detergent/membrane mimetic.
Topics: Biomimetic Materials; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Detergents; Lipid Bilayers; Membrane Proteins
PubMed: 33340490
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183533