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Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Jan 2021Whey protein comprises soluble whey proteins and its benefits are well described in the literature. However, there are not many studies investigating the potential...
Whey protein comprises soluble whey proteins and its benefits are well described in the literature. However, there are not many studies investigating the potential adverse effect of a diet with indiscriminate use of this supplement. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of papers that addressed this theme. A search was conducted in Medline, LILACS, TOXNET, Web of science, and Scopus electronic databases. In the end, 11 documents comprised this review. The majority of the papers associated the damaging effect with the chronic and abusive use of whey protein, with the kidneys and liver being the main organs affected. The other studies related whey protein to aggravation of aggression, presence of acne, and modification of the microbiota. Therefore, excessive consumption over a long period of protein supplementation may have some adverse effects on the body, which is aggravated when associated with sedentary lifestyle. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020140466. A systematic review of experimental and randomized studies about the use of whey proteins supplements and its impact on physical health. Analysis revealed that chronic and without professional guidance use of whey protein supplementation may cause some adverse effects specially on kidney and liver function. Presented data support a need for future studies co-relating the use of different types of whey protein with and without exercise to better see the impact on human physical health.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Health Status; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 32702243
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0370 -
Nutrients Dec 2021Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental disorders. There is mounting evidence demonstrating the importance of nutrition in the development and progression...
Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental disorders. There is mounting evidence demonstrating the importance of nutrition in the development and progression of mental disorders such as depression; however, less is known about the role of nutrition in anxiety disorders. This scoping review sought to systematically map the existing literature on anxiety disorders and nutrition in order to identify associations between dietary factors and anxiety symptoms or disorder prevalence as well as identify gaps and opportunities for further research. The review followed established methodological approaches for scoping reviews. Due to the large volume of results, an online program (Abstrackr) with artificial intelligence features was used. Studies reporting an association between a dietary constituent and anxiety symptoms or disorders were counted and presented in figures. A total of 55,914 unique results were identified. After a full-text review, 1541 articles met criteria for inclusion. Analysis revealed an association between less anxiety and more fruits and vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids, "healthy" dietary patterns, caloric restriction, breakfast consumption, ketogenic diet, broad-spectrum micronutrient supplementation, zinc, magnesium and selenium, probiotics, and a range of phytochemicals. Analysis revealed an association between higher levels of anxiety and high-fat diet, inadequate tryptophan and dietary protein, high intake of sugar and refined carbohydrates, and "unhealthy" dietary patterns. Results are limited by a large percentage of animal and observational studies. Only 10% of intervention studies involved participants with anxiety disorders, limiting the applicability of the findings. High quality intervention studies involving participants with anxiety disorders are warranted.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 34959972
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124418 -
PLoS Medicine Mar 2020Fibre is promoted as part of a healthy dietary pattern and in diabetes management. We have considered the role of high-fibre diets on mortality and increasing fibre... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Fibre is promoted as part of a healthy dietary pattern and in diabetes management. We have considered the role of high-fibre diets on mortality and increasing fibre intake on glycaemic control and other cardiometabolic risk factors of adults with prediabetes or diabetes.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We conducted a systematic review of published literature to identify prospective studies or controlled trials that have examined the effects of a higher fibre intake without additional dietary or other lifestyle modification in adults with prediabetes, gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Meta-analyses were undertaken to determine the effects of higher fibre intake on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and increasing fibre intake on glycaemic control and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors. For trials, meta regression analyses identified further variables that influenced the pooled findings. Dose response testing was undertaken; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) protocols were followed to assess the quality of evidence. Two multicountry cohorts of 8,300 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes followed on average for 8.8 years and 42 trials including 1,789 adults with prediabetes, type 1, or type 2 diabetes were identified. Prospective cohort data indicate an absolute reduction of 14 fewer deaths (95% confidence interval (CI) 4-19) per 1,000 participants over the study duration, when comparing a daily dietary fibre intake of 35 g with the average intake of 19 g, with a clear dose response relationship apparent. Increased fibre intakes reduced glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; mean difference [MD] -2.00 mmol/mol, 95% CI -3.30 to -0.71 from 33 trials), fasting plasma glucose (MD -0.56 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.73 to -0.38 from 34 trials), insulin (standardised mean difference [SMD] -2.03, 95% CI -2.92 to -1.13 from 19 trials), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR; MD -1.24 mg/dL, 95% CI -1.72 to -0.76 from 9 trials), total cholesterol (MD -0.34 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.22 from 27 trials), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (MD -0.17 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.08 from 21 trials), triglycerides (MD -0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.09 from 28 trials), body weight (MD -0.56 kg, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.13 from 18 trials), Body Mass Index (BMI; MD -0.36, 95% CI -0·55 to -0·16 from 14 trials), and C-reactive protein (SMD -2.80, 95% CI -4.52 to -1.09 from 7 trials) when compared with lower fibre diets. All trial analyses were subject to high heterogeneity. Key variables beyond increasing fibre intake were the fibre intake at baseline, the global region where the trials were conducted, and participant inclusion criteria other than diabetes type. Potential limitations were the lack of prospective cohort data in non-European countries and the lack of long-term (12 months or greater) controlled trials of increasing fibre intakes in adults with diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher-fibre diets are an important component of diabetes management, resulting in improvements in measures of glycaemic control, blood lipids, body weight, and inflammation, as well as a reduction in premature mortality. These benefits were not confined to any fibre type or to any type of diabetes and were apparent across the range of intakes, although greater improvements in glycaemic control were observed for those moving from low to moderate or high intakes. Based on these findings, increasing daily fibre intake by 15 g or to 35 g might be a reasonable target that would be expected to reduce risk of premature mortality in adults with diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Diet, Healthy; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Nutritive Value; Protective Factors; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Whole Grains
PubMed: 32142510
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003053 -
Nutrition Journal Sep 2022Dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of endometriosis and dietary intake of some food groups and nutrients could be associated with endometriosis risk. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of endometriosis and dietary intake of some food groups and nutrients could be associated with endometriosis risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted to summarize the findings on the association between dietary intakes of selected food groups and nutrients (dairy, fats, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and animal-derived protein sources), and the risk of endometriosis among adult women. PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched up to September 2022. The inverse variance-weighted fixed-effect method was used to estimate the effect size and corresponding 95% CI. A total of 8 publications (4 studies) including 5 cohorts and 3 case-control with a sample size ranging from 156 to 116,607 were included in this study. A higher intake of total dairy [all low-fat and high-fat dairy foods] was associated with decreased risk of endometriosis (RR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.95; P < 0.001; I = 37.0%), but these associations were not observed with intakes of low or high-fat dairy, cheese or milk. Increased risk of endometriosis was associated with higher consumption of red meat (RR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.26; P < 0.001; I = 82.4%), trans fatty acids (TFA) (RR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.23; P = 0.019; I = 73.0%), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (RR 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.09; P < 0.001; I = 57.3%). The results of this meta-analysis suggest that there may be differing associations between dietary intake of dairy foods, red meat, SFAs, and TFAs and the risk of endometriosis. It may be useful to extend the analysis to other types of food groups and dietary patterns to obtain a complete picture. Additionally, further investigations are needed to clarify the role of diet in the incidence and progression of endometriosis.Trial registration: PROSPERO, CRD42020203939.
Topics: Animals; Dairy Products; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dietary Fats; Endometriosis; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Nutrients; Observational Studies as Topic; Trans Fatty Acids; Vegetables
PubMed: 36138433
DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00812-x -
Nutrients Dec 2021Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy,...
Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy, eggs, poultry and fish which will be beneficial for both health and the environment. A systematic review of observational and intervention studies published between 2000 and January 2020 was conducted to assess nutrient intake and status in adult populations consuming plant-based diets (mainly vegetarian and vegan) with that of meat-eaters. Mean intake of nutrients were calculated and benchmarked to dietary reference values. For micronutrient status, mean concentrations of biomarkers were calculated and compared across diet groups. A total of 141 studies were included, mostly from Europe, South/East Asia, and North America. Protein intake was lower in people following plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters, but well within recommended intake levels. While fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), folate, vitamin C, E and magnesium intake was higher, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was lower in vegetarians and vegans as compared to meat-eaters. Intake and status of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium and bone turnover markers were generally lower in plant-based dietary patterns compared to meat-eaters. Vegans had the lowest vitamin B12, calcium and iodine intake, and also lower iodine status and lower bone mineral density. Meat-eaters were at risk of inadequate intakes of fiber, PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), folate, vitamin D, E, calcium and magnesium. There were nutrient inadequacies across all dietary patterns, including vegan, vegetarian and meat-based diets. As plant-based diets are generally better for health and the environment, public health strategies should facilitate the transition to a balanced diet with more diverse nutrient-dense plant foods through consumer education, food fortification and possibly supplementation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Asia; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Energy Intake; Europe; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Meat; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; North America; Nutrients; Nutritional Status; Vitamins
PubMed: 35010904
DOI: 10.3390/nu14010029 -
Nutrition Reviews Jan 2021Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, and death. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
CONTEXT
Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, and death. The Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics has developed evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. This umbrella review presents the results of the Working Group on Nutritional Interventions.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this umbrella review was to provide an evidence-based overview of nutritional interventions targeting sarcopenia or at least 1 of the 3 sarcopenia criteria (ie, muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance) in persons aged ≥ 65 years.
DATA SOURCES
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting the effect of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia or muscle mass, strength, or physical performance.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors extracted data on the key characteristics of the reviews, including participants, treatment, and outcomes. Methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using the product A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. Three authors synthesized the extracted data and generated recommendations on the basis of an overall synthesis of the effects of each intervention. Quality of evidence was rated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
DATA ANALYSIS
A total of 15 systematic reviews were included. The following supplements were examined: proteins, essential amino acids, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and multinutrient supplementation (with or without physical exercise). Because of both the low amount and the low to moderate quality of the reviews, the level of evidence supporting most recommendations was low to moderate.
CONCLUSIONS
Best evidence is available to recommend leucine, because it has a significant effect on muscle mass in elderly people with sarcopenia. Protein supplementation on top of resistance training is recommended to increase muscle mass and strength, in particular for obese persons and for ≥ 24 weeks. Effects on sarcopenia as a construct were not reported in the included reviews.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amino Acids, Essential; Creatine; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Humans; Leucine; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Functional Performance; Sarcopenia; Valerates
PubMed: 32483625
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa011 -
Nutrients Jan 2023(1) Background: In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D in sarcopenia; (2) Methods: We searched... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
(1) Background: In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D in sarcopenia; (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases and retrieved studies published until 5 December 2022. Randomized controlled trials were included to evaluate muscle mass, strength, and function, after using whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation in patients with sarcopenia; (3) Results: A total of three studies including 637 patients reported the effectiveness of using whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation in patients with sarcopenia. Without considering whether or not a physical exercise program was combined with nutritional supplementation, no significant differences in grip strength or short physical performance battery (SPPB) scores between the experimental and control groups were noted. However, appendicular muscle mass significantly improved in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results were analyzed according to the presence or absence of a concomitant physical exercise program. With the use of a concomitant physical exercise program, handgrip strength and SPPB scores in the experimental group significantly improved when compared to the control group. In contrast, when physical exercise was not combined, there was no significant improvement in the handgrip strength and SPPB scores of patients with sarcopenia. In addition, the appendicular muscle mass significantly increased regardless of the presence of a concomitant physical exercise program; (4) Conclusions: Whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation can increase appendicular muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia. In addition, combining a physical exercise program with whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation can improve muscle strength and function.
Topics: Humans; Sarcopenia; Leucine; Whey Proteins; Hand Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Vitamin D; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36771225
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030521 -
Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2022The present study explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and physical function in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The present study explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and physical function in older adults.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between protein intake and measures of physical function in older adults. Cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the association between protein intake and physical function as a primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60 + years were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and Food Science Source databases through January 31, 2022. A pooled effect size was calculated based on standard mean differences (SMD), MD, log odds ratio (OR) and Z-score..
RESULTS
Twenty-two cross-sectional studies examined a total of 11,332 community-dwellers, hospitalized older adults, and elite senior athletes with a mean age of approximately 75 years. The pooled analysis indicated that a protein intake higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was significantly associated with higher Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores (SMD: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.99, P-value: 0.0006), faster walking speed, greater lower-limb (SMD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.40, P-value: 0.02) and isometric handgrip strength (Z-score: 0.087, 95% CI: 0.046-0.128, P-value: 0.0001), and better balance (SMD: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.62, P-value: 0.02). Nine longitudinal studies investigated 12,424 community-dwelling and native older adults with a mean age of approximately 85 years. A protein intake higher than the current RDA was not associated with lower decline in either isometric handgrip strength (logOR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97-1.02, P-value= 0.67) or walking speed (logOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.77-1.10, P-value= 0.35).
CONCLUSIONS
A protein intake higher than the RDA is cross-sectionally associated with better physical performance and greater muscle strength in older adults. However, a high consumption of proteins does not seem to prevent physical function decline over time.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Proteins; Hand Strength; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 36087703
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101731