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PloS One 2022Comorbid psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD are important because these comorbidities might complicate the diagnosis of ADHD and also worsen the prognosis....
Comorbid psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD are important because these comorbidities might complicate the diagnosis of ADHD and also worsen the prognosis. However, the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adult ADHD varies according to the diagnostic tools used and the characteristics of target populations. The purpose of this review was to describe the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD compared with adults without ADHD. Thirty-two studies published before August 2022 were identified and classified according to diagnosis of other psychiatric disorder in those with ADHD. The most frequent comorbid psychiatric disorder in the ADHD group was substance use disorder (SUD), followed by mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. The prevalence of these four disorders was higher in the ADHD group, whether or not subjects were diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders. In addition, the diversity of ADHD diagnostic tools was observed. This also might have affected the variability in prevalence of comorbidities. Standardization of ADHD diagnostic tools is necessary in the future.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Prevalence; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Comorbidity; Substance-Related Disorders; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 36331985
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277175 -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2022Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate levels of anger among substance users compared to non-user controls and to analyze the possible association... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate levels of anger among substance users compared to non-user controls and to analyze the possible association between anger and psychoactive substance use (PSU).
METHODS
The procedures of this review followed the Meta-Analyzes of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIREME, PsycINFO) were searched.
RESULTS
Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis; 10 used the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) anger trait subscale and two used the Buss-Perry-Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) anger subscale. The sample included 2,294 users of psychoactive substances and 2,143 non-users, all male. The mean difference in anger scale scores between users and non-users was 2.151 (95%CI 1.166-3.134, p ≤ 0.00, inconsistency index [I2] = 98.83) standard deviations. Age and abstinence duration did not moderate the difference in anger between substance users and non-users.
CONCLUSION
Users of psychoactive substances had elevated anger scores compared to non-users, which represents a high risk of relapse. It is suggested that PSU treatment programs include intensive anger management modules, focusing on factors such as dealing with daily stressors, family conflicts, frustrations, and problems.
Topics: Aggression; Anger; Humans; Male; Personality Inventory; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33605366
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1133 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Sep 2022Individuals impacted by someone else's alcohol, illicit drug, gambling and gaming problems (affected others) experience extensive harms. To our knowledge, this is the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Individuals impacted by someone else's alcohol, illicit drug, gambling and gaming problems (affected others) experience extensive harms. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered to affected others across addictions.
METHODS
This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. An electronic database search (PsycInfo, Medline, Cinahl and EMBASE) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until August 2021 was conducted. RCTs with passive control groups, evaluating psychosocial tertiary interventions delivered to affected others of people with addictions (problematic alcohol use, substance use, gambling or gaming) that did not require the involvement of the addicted person, were included.
RESULTS
Twenty included studies, published in 22 articles, mainly evaluated interventions for alcohol use, followed by gambling and illicit drugs, with none investigating gaming interventions. The interventions mainly targeted partners/spouses and focused upon improving affected other outcomes, addicted person outcomes or both. Meta-analyses revealed beneficial intervention effects over control groups on some affected other (depressive symptomatology [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.67, -0.29], life satisfaction (SMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.71, -0.03) and coping style (SMD = -1.33, 95% CI = -1.87, -0.79), addicted person [treatment entry, risk ratio (RR) = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.98] and relationship functioning outcomes (marital discord, SMD = -0.40, 95% CI = -0.61, -0.18) at post-intervention. No beneficial intervention effects were identified at short-term follow-up (4-11 months post-treatment). The beneficial intervention effects identified at post-treatment remained when limiting to studies of alcohol use and therapist-delivered interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial interventions delivered to affected others of people with addictions (problematic alcohol use, substance use, gambling or gaming) may be effective in improving some, but not all, affected other (depression, life satisfaction, coping), addicted person (treatment) and relationship functioning (marital discord) outcomes for affected others across the addictions, but the conclusion remains tentative due to limited studies and methodological limitations.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Alcohol Drinking; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35129234
DOI: 10.1111/add.15825 -
The Lancet. Psychiatry Apr 2023Drug use is an increasing global public health concern. We reviewed the prevalence and patterns of drug use, drug use disorders, and the extent of treatment services in... (Review)
Review
Drug use is an increasing global public health concern. We reviewed the prevalence and patterns of drug use, drug use disorders, and the extent of treatment services in 21 countries and one territory in the Eastern Mediterranean region from 2010 to 2022. Online databases were systematically searched on April 17, 2022, along with other sources for grey literature. The extracted data were analysed and used for synthesis at the country, subregional, and regional levels. The prevalence of drug use is higher in the Eastern Mediterranean region than global estimates, with cannabis, opium, khat, and tramadol among the main drugs used in the region. Data on the prevalence of drug use disorders were scarce and heterogeneous. Treatment facilities for drug use disorders are available in most countries, but opioid agonist treatment exists in only seven countries. There is a need to expand evidence-based and cost-effective care. Limited data exist, especially regarding drug use disorders, treatment coverage, and drug use among women and young people.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adolescent; Substance-Related Disorders; Mediterranean Region; Prevalence
PubMed: 36848914
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00435-7 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022The relationship between drug use and poor sexual health outcomes in Black adolescent females such as diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The relationship between drug use and poor sexual health outcomes in Black adolescent females such as diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and early/unwanted pregnancy has been established in the literature. Yet, very few interventions have been successful in reducing the risk of poor sexual health outcomes and drug use for adolescent girls. Even more rare are interventions that are catered to specifically to Black girls in the United States, which is a group that has the highest rates of poorer sexual health outcomes and negative consequences associated with drug use. Therefore, this systematic review sought to identify and organize interventions that are focused on preventing HIV, STIs, early pregnancy and drug use for and include large samples of Black girls. Fifteen interventions were identified that met the review's search criteria.
RESULTS
A total of 15 interventions that were published between 2005 and 2020 were included in the review. While all but one intervention focused on sexual health outcomes, two interventions infused drug use education for girls.
CONCLUSION
This review provides recommendations for sexual health and drug use prevention researchers to engage in an intersectional framework and concludes with a summary of next steps to guide future research and policy work to address disparities that impact Black girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Black or African American; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Health; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; United States
PubMed: 35328864
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063176 -
Associations between Homelessness and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia: A Systematic Review.Journal of Applied Gerontology : the... Nov 2022The homeless population in the United States is rapidly aging, with a parallel increase in Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). During an evolving pandemic... (Review)
Review
The homeless population in the United States is rapidly aging, with a parallel increase in Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). During an evolving pandemic that jeopardizes employment and housing, assessing the relationship between ADRD and homelessness is critical since the latter is potentially intervenable. The objective of this study is to review the literature and determine whether there is an association between homelessness and dementia risk. A systematic review of existing studies was conducted through PubMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE among others. Of the 228 results found, nine met inclusion criteria. Homeless studies mainly centered on veteran populations ( = 6/9). There is a complex relationship suggesting homelessness as a risk for and consequence of ADRD but also co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and traumatic injuries. Future studies should employ enumeration surveys with modular longitudinal tracking and measure social determinants of health, discrimination, chronic stress, and mood disorders.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Ill-Housed Persons; Housing; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Veterans
PubMed: 35750476
DOI: 10.1177/07334648221109747 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Mar 2024While pharmacological, behavioral and psychosocial treatments are available for substance use disorders (SUDs), they are not always effective or well-tolerated.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
While pharmacological, behavioral and psychosocial treatments are available for substance use disorders (SUDs), they are not always effective or well-tolerated. Neuromodulation (NM) methods, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) may address SUDs by targeting addiction neurocircuitry. We evaluated the efficacy of NM to improve behavioral outcomes in SUDs. A systematic literature search was performed on MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases and a list of search terms for four key concepts (SUD, rTMS, tDCS, DBS) was applied. Ninety-four studies were identified that examined the effects of rTMS, tDCS, and DBS on substance use outcomes (e.g., craving, consumption, and relapse) amongst individuals with SUDs including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids. Meta-analyses were performed for alcohol and tobacco studies using rTMS and tDCS. We found that rTMS reduced substance use and craving, as indicated by medium to large effect sizes (Hedge's g > 0.5). Results were most encouraging when multiple stimulation sessions were applied, and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was targeted. tDCS also produced medium effect sizes for drug use and craving, though they were highly variable and less robust than rTMS; right anodal DLPFC stimulation appeared to be most efficacious. DBS studies were typically small, uncontrolled studies, but showed promise in reducing misuse of multiple substances. NM may be promising for the treatment of SUDs. Future studies should determine underlying neural mechanisms of NM, and further evaluate extended treatment durations, accelerated administration protocols and long-term outcomes with biochemical verification of substance use.
Topics: Humans; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Substance-Related Disorders; Behavior, Addictive; Craving; Prefrontal Cortex
PubMed: 38086901
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01776-0 -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Dec 2022There is a high prevalence of substance use disorders, especially among men, in Iran and is associated with a high burden on families. We aimed to systematically review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is a high prevalence of substance use disorders, especially among men, in Iran and is associated with a high burden on families. We aimed to systematically review the association between illicit drug use and spouse and child abuse in Iran.
METHOD
Comprehensive terms were used to search three international databases (ISI, Medline, and Scopus) and a national database of Scientific Information Database up to September 2019. The retrieved citations were screened based on the eligibility criteria and then data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed by two independent investigators. Data were analyzed using random-effects model to estimate pooled odds ratios (s) and the heterogeneity of studies.
RESULTS
The search yielded 18 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Illicit substance use in husbands was associated with increased odds of current violence ( = 3.50; 95% CI [2.09, 5.86]), current physical violence ( = 5.41; 95% CI [3.50, 8.35]), current psychological violence ( = 6.20; 95% CI [3.74, 10.30]), and current sexual violence ( = 7.23; 95% CI [4.06, 12.87]) against spouse. In studies on child abuse, the odds of current physical child abuse by parents who used an illicit substance was 3.88 times (95% CI [1.50, 10.01]) higher than parents who did not use any illicit substance.
CONCLUSION
The results of the current study showed that illicit substance use is associated with an increased risk of spouse and child abuse. This is an important social and health consequence of drug use and should be addressed in all drug control plans.
Topics: Child; Male; Humans; Spouse Abuse; Spouses; Iran; Child Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Illicit Drugs; Intimate Partner Violence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33706634
DOI: 10.1177/1524838021998655 -
Cirugia Espanola Nov 2021Bariatric surgery is a relatively safe surgical procedure with a high success rate. However, recent reports indicate a higher prevalence of alcohol or substance abuse... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bariatric surgery is a relatively safe surgical procedure with a high success rate. However, recent reports indicate a higher prevalence of alcohol or substance abuse disorder in this patient group. The purpose of this study was to review the related evidence to serve as a reference for multidisciplinary teams who treat these patients.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed and CENTRAL databases. The odds ratios were extracted from the different articles, comparing the prevalence of the abuse of alcohol or other substances in the postoperative period versus preoperative levels. We also compared the prevalence of alcohol use disorder after different types of bariatric surgery.
RESULTS
A total of 49 121 bariatric patients (80.8% female) were evaluated for alcohol use disorder. In general, bariatric surgery was found to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of alcohol abuse (4.58 ± 5.3 vs. 1.58 ± 10.7% in the preoperative period). We also found that the population of patients who underwent RYGB procedures had a higher prevalence of alcohol use disorder than patients who underwent another type of surgery (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.51-2.21). The prevalence of substance abuse disorder (other than alcohol) after this procedure is less studied, although there appears to be an increased risk of abuse of certain substances.
CONCLUSIONS
Bariatric surgery is the best treatment for obesity and its complications. The evidence reviewed suggests that it correlates with a modest but consistent increase in the prevalence of abuse of alcohol and other substances. Medical teams who treat bariatric patients must be informed about this eventuality for its timely prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Alcoholism; Bariatric Surgery; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34690075
DOI: 10.1016/j.cireng.2021.10.004 -
Substance use and psychotic-like experiences in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological Medicine Jan 2023This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise the available evidence on the prevalence and associations between psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise the available evidence on the prevalence and associations between psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and substance use in children and adolescents aged ⩽17 years, prior to the typical age of development of prodromal symptoms of psychosis. As substance use has been associated with earlier age of psychosis onset and more severe illness, identifying risk processes in the premorbid phase of the illness may offer opportunities to prevent the development of prodromal symptoms and psychotic illness. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched for chart review, case-control, cohort, twin, and cross-sectional studies. Study reporting was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist, and pooled evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Searches identified 55 studies that met inclusion criteria. Around two-in-five substance users reported PLEs [rate = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.51; low quality evidence], and one-in-five with PLEs reported using substances (rate = 0.19, 95% CI 0.12-0.28; moderate-to-high quality evidence). Substance users were nearly twice as likely to report PLEs than non-users [odds ratio (OR) 1.77, 95% CI 1.55-2.02; moderate quality evidence], and those with PLEs were twice as likely to use substances than those not reporting PLEs (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.55-2.41; very low quality evidence). Younger age was associated with greater odds of PLEs in substance users compared to non-users. Young substance users may represent a subclinical at-risk group for psychosis. Developing early detection and intervention for both substance use and PLEs may reduce long-term adverse outcomes.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prodromal Symptoms; Psychotic Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36377500
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722003440