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Frontiers in Psychology 2021Cognitive biases can adversely affect human judgment and decision making and should therefore preferably be mitigated, so that we can achieve our goals as effectively as...
Cognitive biases can adversely affect human judgment and decision making and should therefore preferably be mitigated, so that we can achieve our goals as effectively as possible. Hence, numerous bias mitigation interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, to be effective in practical situations beyond laboratory conditions, the bias mitigation effects of these interventions should be retained over time and should transfer across contexts. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on retention and transfer of bias mitigation interventions. A systematic search yielded 52 studies that were eligible for screening. At the end of the selection process, only 12 peer-reviewed studies remained that adequately studied retention over a period of at least 14 days (all 12 studies) or transfer to different tasks and contexts (one study). Eleven of the relevant studies investigated the effects of bias mitigation training using game- or video-based interventions. These 11 studies showed considerable overlap regarding the biases studied, kinds of interventions, and decision-making domains. Most of them indicated that gaming interventions were effective after the retention interval and that games were more effective than video interventions. The study that investigated transfer of bias mitigation training (next to retention) found indications of transfer across contexts. To be effective in practical circumstances, achieved effects of cognitive training should lead to enduring changes in the decision maker's behavior and should generalize toward other task domains or training contexts. Given the small number of overlapping studies, our main conclusion is that there is currently insufficient evidence that bias mitigation interventions will substantially help people to make better decisions in real life conditions. This is in line with recent theoretical insights about the "hard-wired" neural and evolutionary origin of cognitive biases.
PubMed: 34456780
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629354 -
Cureus Oct 2021St. John's wort (SJW) has been researched and clinically used for treating various psychiatric disorders, including depression. Few clinical trials have studied its use... (Review)
Review
St. John's wort (SJW) has been researched and clinically used for treating various psychiatric disorders, including depression. Few clinical trials have studied its use in smoking cessation. This systematic review provides comprehensive evidence of the studies conducted to date. Five databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of SJW for smoking cessation in adults. The trials included the use of SJW alone, or along with nicotine replacement therapy, chromium, or behavioral therapies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to report this systematic review. Overall, four RCTs met the eligibility criteria, and the risk of bias analysis was conducted using the Cochrane criteria. Abstinence, along with other physical symptoms, were measured as outcomes at the end of the follow-up period. Studies reported variable abstinence rates and a decrease in cravings at the end of 12-14 weeks. However, there was minimal to no difference reported between the intervention and placebo groups in all of the clinical trials. One of the studies reported minimal physical side effects. Overall, SJW was well tolerated. Quality analysis of the included studies showed low concerns in two studies while the other two studies showed high concerns in the risk of bias judgment. More clinical trials with larger sample sizes should be conducted in the future to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of SJW for smoking cessation.
PubMed: 34796061
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18769 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023A complex pattern of preservation and deterioration in metacognition in aging is found, especially regarding predicting future memory retrieval (i.e.,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A complex pattern of preservation and deterioration in metacognition in aging is found, especially regarding predicting future memory retrieval (i.e., feeling-of-knowing, FOK). While semantic FOK (sFOK) is preserved with age, studies on episodic tasks (eFOK) produce equivocal findings. We present a meta-analysis of 20 studies on eFOK and sFOK, analyzing the difference in metacognitive sensitivity between 922 younger and 966 older adults, taking into account the difference in memory performance. The sFOK studies yielded no overall age effect (8 effects, g = -0.10 [-0.29, 0.10]). However, we found a reliable age-group difference on eFOK (22 effects, g = 0.53 [0.28, 0.78]), which was moderated when considering recognition performance. Moreover, using aggregated data of 134 young and 235 older adults from published and unpublished studies from our lab, we investigated memory performance as an explanation of the eFOK deficit. We show that older adults are less metacognitively sensitive than younger adults for eFOKs which is, at least partly, due to the age-related memory decline. We highlight two non-exclusive explanations: a recollection deficit at play in the first and second order tasks, and a confound between first order performance and the measure used to assess metacognitive sensitivity.
Topics: Semantics; Mental Recall; Judgment; Recognition, Psychology; Memory, Episodic
PubMed: 37777585
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36251-9 -
European Journal of Radiology Open 2022When diagnosing Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), radiologists cannot make an accurate judgments because the image characteristics of COVID-19 and other pneumonia are... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
When diagnosing Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), radiologists cannot make an accurate judgments because the image characteristics of COVID-19 and other pneumonia are similar. As machine learning advances, artificial intelligence(AI) models show promise in diagnosing COVID-19 and other pneumonias. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy and methodological quality of the models.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase, preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv to locate studies published before December 2021, with no language restrictions. And a quality assessment (QUADAS-2), Radiomics Quality Score (RQS) tools and CLAIM checklist were used to assess the quality of each study. We used random-effects models to calculate pooled sensitivity and specificity, I values to assess heterogeneity, and Deeks' test to assess publication bias.
RESULTS
We screened 32 studies from the 2001 retrieved articles for inclusion in the meta-analysis. We included 6737 participants in the test or validation group. The meta-analysis revealed that AI models based on chest imaging distinguishes COVID-19 from other pneumonias: pooled area under the curve (AUC) 0.96 (95 % CI, 0.94-0.98), sensitivity 0.92 (95 % CI, 0.88-0.94), pooled specificity 0.91 (95 % CI, 0.87-0.93). The average RQS score of 13 studies using radiomics was 7.8, accounting for 22 % of the total score. The 19 studies using deep learning methods had an average CLAIM score of 20, slightly less than half (48.24 %) the ideal score of 42.00.
CONCLUSIONS
The AI model for chest imaging could well diagnose COVID-19 and other pneumonias. However, it has not been implemented as a clinical decision-making tool. Future researchers should pay more attention to the quality of research methodology and further improve the generalizability of the developed predictive models.
PubMed: 35996746
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100438 -
The Angle Orthodontist Jul 2022To review the literature systematically to compare the performance of adhesive precoated flash-free bonding systems with conventional adhesive precoated (APC) and...
OBJECTIVES
To review the literature systematically to compare the performance of adhesive precoated flash-free bonding systems with conventional adhesive precoated (APC) and operator-coated (OPC) bonding systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for potential eligible studies. Study selection and data collection were conducted independently. Statistical analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3. The Cochran Q test was used to test heterogeneity in the included studies. Risk of bias was evaluated using Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials.
RESULTS
Six studies were included and the overall risk-of-bias judgment was low risk of bias to some concerns. The results of the meta-analyses showed that flash-free required significantly less bonding time than APC (mean difference [MD]: -1.56; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: -2.56 to -0.56), and no significant differences were found in bond failure rates (risk ratio [RR]: 1.54; 95% Cis: 0.27 to 8.89) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) (MD: -0.50; 95% CIs: -1.14 to 0.14) between them. Qualitative analysis showed that flash-free might have a positive effect on enamel demineralization compared to APC but the quantity of plaque did not differ between them.
CONCLUSIONS
The flash-free bonding system significantly reduced bonding time and it had comparable bond failure rates with APC. So far, there is not enough evidence to support its positive effect on reducing enamel demineralization and the pathogenic bacteria around brackets. In summary, flash-free might be a better choice for clinical bracket bonding.
PubMed: 35834818
DOI: 10.2319/122221-932.1 -
The International Journal of Eating... Mar 2021This systematic review and meta-analysis compared previously documented inefficiencies in central coherence and set-shifting between people with nonunderweight eating... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis compared previously documented inefficiencies in central coherence and set-shifting between people with nonunderweight eating disorders (bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder) and people with anorexia nervosa.
METHOD
We performed random-effects meta-analyses on 16 studies (1,112 participants) for central coherence and 38 studies (3,505 participants) for set-shifting. Random effects meta-regressions were used to test whether the effect sizes for people with nonunderweight eating disorders were significantly different from the effect sizes for people with anorexia nervosa.
RESULTS
People with anorexia nervosa (Hedge's g = -0.53, 95% CIs: -0.80, -0.27, p < .001) and bulimia nervosa (Hedge's g = -0.70, 95% CIs: -1.14, -0.25, p = .002), but not binge-eating disorder, had significantly poorer central coherence than healthy controls. Similarly, people with anorexia nervosa (Hedge's g = -0.38, 95% CIs: -0.50, -0.26, p < .001) and bulimia nervosa (Hedge's g = -0.55, 95% CIs: -0.81, -0.29, p < .001), but not binge-eating disorder, had significantly poorer set-shifting than healthy controls. The effect sizes for people with nonunderweight eating disorders did not significantly differ from those for people with anorexia nervosa.
DISCUSSION
Our meta-analysis was underpowered to make definitive judgments about people with binge-eating disorder. However, we found that people with bulimia nervosa clearly have central coherence and set-shifting inefficiencies which do not significantly differ from those observed in people with anorexia nervosa. Clinically, this suggests that people with bulimia nervosa might benefit from adjunctive approaches to address these inefficiencies, such as cognitive remediation therapy.
Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Bulimia Nervosa; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans
PubMed: 33305366
DOI: 10.1002/eat.23430 -
Journal of Dental Education Jun 2021The Commission on Dental Accreditations states that "graduates must be competent in the use of critical thinking and problem-solving." With this in mind, dental... (Review)
Review
The Commission on Dental Accreditations states that "graduates must be competent in the use of critical thinking and problem-solving." With this in mind, dental education programs continually strive to enhance and deepen these skills by incorporating effective instructional strategies into the curriculum. To do this, predoctoral dental education has used a variety of techniques including problem-based learning, OSCEs, and standardized patient activities. Another technique, while less popular but potentially more effective if done well, is reflective writing. This study aimed to assess the effect of reflective writing on students' critical thinking skills and learning in dental education programs. Two database searches conducted between 2000 and 2019 resulted in 317 articles after the initial screening. Ultimately, 13 articles met inclusion criteria. The following recurring factors were identified for inclusion in dental education reflective writing initiative: reflective writing interventions, reflective writing instructions, writing prompts, evaluation frameworks, and negative perceptions of reflective writing. In answering the key aim of this review, 12 of the 13 studies determined that reflective writing had a positive impact on students' critical thinking, judgment, and/or learning. Key findings included positive effects on student growth in reflection, learning through reflective writing, reflection skills, self-assessment, critical thinking, clinical reasoning, problem solving, and motivation to change after evaluated experiences. The review indicated that dental education programs, which implemented reflective writing as an assessment tool within the curriculum as a means of developing and deepening critical thinking skills and learning were by and large successful in this effort.
Topics: Education, Dental; Humans; Learning; Problem Solving; Thinking; Writing
PubMed: 33576055
DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12561 -
The Gerontologist Jan 2020Late-life depression is a major societal concern, but older adults' attitudes toward its treatment remain complex. We aimed to explore older adults' views regarding...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Late-life depression is a major societal concern, but older adults' attitudes toward its treatment remain complex. We aimed to explore older adults' views regarding depression and its treatment.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We undertook a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies that explored the views of older community-dwelling adults with depression (not actively engaged in treatment), about depression and its treatment. We searched 7 databases (inception-November 2018) and 2 reviewers independently quality-appraised studies using the CASP checklist.
RESULTS
Out of 8,351 records, we included 11 studies for thematic synthesis. Depression was viewed as a normal reaction to life stressors and ageing. Consequently, older adults preferred self-management strategies (e.g., socializing, prayer) that aligned with their lived experiences and self-image. Professional interventions (e.g., antidepressants, psychological therapies) were sometimes considered necessary for more severe depression, but participants had mixed views. Willingness to try treatments was based on a balance of different judgments, including perceptions about potential harm and attitudes based on trust, familiarity, and past experiences. Societal and structural factors, including stigma, ethnicity, and ageism, also influenced treatment attitudes.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Supporting older adults to self-manage milder depressive symptoms may be more acceptable than professional interventions. Assisting older adults with accessing professional help for more severe symptoms might be better achieved by integrating access to help within familiar, convenient locations to reduce stigma and increase accessibility. Discussing treatment choices using narratives that engage with older adults' lived experiences of depression may lead to greater acceptability and engagement.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ageism; Aging; Attitude; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Qualitative Research
PubMed: 31115449
DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz048 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Mar 2022The sense of agency is the feeling of voluntarily controlling our actions and their effects. It represents a crucial component of self-awareness, and it is foundational... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The sense of agency is the feeling of voluntarily controlling our actions and their effects. It represents a crucial component of self-awareness, and it is foundational to our perception of responsibility toward what we do as individuals acting in a social context. While the sense of agency has been widely investigated in individual contexts, much less is known about the agency experienced when subjects are involved in motor interactions, despite its relevance in the social domain. To fill this gap, here we review the literature on the sense of agency experienced during motor interactions. We aimed to test the reliability of this sense of joint agency across studies and define what features can modulate its explicit and implicit components. To this end, we performed a formal meta-analysis of studies investigating the implicit feeling of agency in joint actions and a systematic review of studies addressing explicit judgments of agency during motor interactions. Our review indicates that, during interactions, a sense of agency can also be experienced for the partner's actions, both at an implicit and explicit level, and that this possibility strongly depends on predictive sensorimotor mechanisms. Contextual cues play a crucial role too, but mainly on explicit agency judgments, while they do not affect the implicit feeling of agency. These results are discussed in light of current cognitive theories on motor awareness and motor interactions. We also propose a hierarchical model based on recursive predictive and comparative processes whereby the sense of joint agency is grounded on a weighted combination of sensorimotor and contextual cues. Finally, we discuss how this model may provide a framework for future research in the social and clinical domains.
Topics: Cues; Humans; Judgment; Psychomotor Performance; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35168155
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.01.002 -
The Journal of Nursing Education Jan 2022Nursing students often experience anxiety and stress from the expectations to develop clinical reasoning skills, internalize new knowledge, and learn to care for...
BACKGROUND
Nursing students often experience anxiety and stress from the expectations to develop clinical reasoning skills, internalize new knowledge, and learn to care for patients. Previous research has proposed reflective thinking as a tool to lessen anxiety and promote metacognition. This article examines the role of journaling in promoting reflection among undergraduate nursing students.
METHOD
The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used to conduct the review. Concepts for journaling and nursing students were searched in four databases. Data were extracted from 19 sources to identify study type, participants, descriptions of journaling, and findings.
RESULTS
Studies took place in a variety of clinical and classroom settings; the majority used a guided format. Various frameworks and tools were used to provide conceptual support.
CONCLUSION
Most studies found journaling to be effective in promoting reflection and the development of clinical judgment and emotional competency. However, more studies are needed to develop appropriate rubrics for assessment. .
Topics: Clinical Competence; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; Humans; Learning; Students, Nursing
PubMed: 35025682
DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20211203-01