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Journal of the Air & Waste Management... Feb 2020This work provides a systematic review on the decomposition of volatile organic pollutants in flue gas through the gliding arc (GA) plasma technology. To begin with, the...
This work provides a systematic review on the decomposition of volatile organic pollutants in flue gas through the gliding arc (GA) plasma technology. To begin with, the basic mechanisms of GA plasma generation are summarized and three characteristic stages existed during the GA plasma generation process are revealed: gas breakdown stage, equilibrium stage, and non-equilibrium stage. Then, the types of GA reactors are comparatively illustrated. Possible destruction mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GA plasma are discussed by taking chloroform, benzene, and methanol as examples. Furthermore, the effects of many operating parameters on the VOCs destruction efficiency are comprehensively analyzed. Simultaneously, the product distribution, energy cost, technical and economic during the whole decomposition process are considered. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of GA plasma and its further development trend are concluded from the academic and industrial application of GA plasma in VOCs decomposition.: This paper comprehensively describes the principle, characteristics, research progress and engineering application examples of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma, so that readers can fully understand the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma and provide theoretical basis for the industrial application of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Electrochemical Techniques; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 31815602
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1698476 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Drug resistance threatening humans may be linked with antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance in other species, especially among farm animals and, more in general, in... (Review)
Review
Drug resistance threatening humans may be linked with antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance in other species, especially among farm animals and, more in general, in the entire environment. From this perspective, Green Veterinary Pharmacology was proven successful for the control of parasites in small ruminants and for the control of other pests such as varroa in bee farming. As in anthelmintic resistance, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the major challenges against the successful treatment of infectious diseases, and antimicrobials use in agriculture contributes to the spread of more AMR bacterial phenotypes, genes, and proteins. With this systematic review, we list Italian plants with documented antimicrobial activity against possible pathogenic microbes. Methods: The literature search included all the manuscripts published since 1990 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using the keywords (i) "antimicrobial, plants, Italy"; (ii) "antibacterial, plant, Italy"; (iii) "essential oil, antibacterial, Italy"; (iv) "essential oil, antimicrobial, Italy"; (v) "methanol extract, antibacterial, Italy"; (vi) "methanol extract, antimicrobial, Italy". Results: In total, 105 manuscripts that documented the inhibitory effect of plants growing in Italy against bacteria were included. One hundred thirty-five plants were recorded as effective against Gram+ bacteria, and 88 against Gram-. This will provide a ready-to-use comprehensive tool to be further tested against the indicated list of pathogens and will suggest new alternative strategies against bacterial pathogens to be employed in Green Veterinary Pharmacology applications.
PubMed: 35884173
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070919 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Mar 2022The 'ethylene glycol ethers' (EGE) are a broad family of solvents and hydraulic fluids produced through the reaction of ethylene oxide and a monoalcohol. Certain EGE...
The 'ethylene glycol ethers' (EGE) are a broad family of solvents and hydraulic fluids produced through the reaction of ethylene oxide and a monoalcohol. Certain EGE derived from methanol and ethanol are well known to cause toxicity to the testes and fetotoxicity and that this is caused by the common metabolites methoxy and ethoxyacetic acid, respectively. There have been numerous published claims that EGE fall into the category of 'endocrine disruptors' often without substantiated evidence. This review systematically evaluates all of the available and relevant in vitro and in vivo data across this family of substances using an approach based around the EFSA/ECHA 2018 guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors. The conclusion reached is that there is no significant evidence to show that EGE target any endocrine organs or perturb endocrine pathways and that any toxicity that is seen occurs by non-endocrine modes of action.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endocrine Glands; Environment; Ethyl Ethers; Ethylene Oxide; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Receptors, Estrogen; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 34974128
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105113 -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2024With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the... (Review)
Review
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
Topics: Glycerol; Biofuels; Polymers; Fermentation; Conservation of Natural Resources
PubMed: 38278390
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536 -
BMC Public Health Jul 2021Poisoning is a major problem in India. However, there is little systematic information on the key poisons responsible for most deaths by geographical area and over time....
BACKGROUND
Poisoning is a major problem in India. However, there is little systematic information on the key poisons responsible for most deaths by geographical area and over time. We aimed to review the literature to identify the poison classes causing the greatest number of deaths in India over the last 20 years.
METHODS
We performed a systematic literature review in Medline, Embase and Google Scholar (1999-2018), and Indian online medical journals, to find papers that reported deaths from all forms of poisoning in India, with last search 20 April 2020. We included epidemiological studies, observational studies, randomised trials, interventional studies, and case series published from 1999 to 2018 that showed the number of deaths and autopsy studies indicating the specific poisons or poison classes. Studies providing the case fatality for specific poisons or classes, which enabled calculation of the number of deaths, were also included. We excluded deaths due to animal bites and stings, ethanol or methanol poisoning, and gas inhalation as well as papers reporting a single death (case study of single patient). We grouped the papers into 5-year intervals and identified the two most common poison classes in each paper. We used descriptive statistics to summarise the findings over time based on the causative poison and the location of the study.
RESULTS
We identified 186 papers reporting 16,659 poisoning deaths between 1999 and 2018. The number of publications per 5-year interval showed no clear trend over the period (48, 38, 67, and 36 for consecutive periods). Half of the deaths (n = 8338, 50.0%) were reported during the first 5 years of the study (1999-2003), the number of deaths declining thereafter (to n = 1714 in 2014-2018). Deaths due to pesticide poisoning (94.5%) were dominant across the study period compared to other classes of poison [hair dye paraphenylenediamine poisoning (2.6%), medicine overdose (1.4%) or plant poisoning (1.0%)]. Among the pesticides, aluminium phosphide was the most important lethal poison during the first 10 years before declining markedly; organophosphorus insecticides were important throughout the period, becoming dominant in the last decade as aluminium phosphide cases declined. Unfortunately, few papers identified the specific organophosphorus insecticide responsible for deaths.
CONCLUSION
Use of the published literature to better understand the epidemiology of lethal poisoning in India has clear limitations, including secular variation in publishing practices and interest in poisoning. Unfortunately, there are no long-term detailed, combination hospital and community studies from India to provide this information. In their absence, our review indicates that pesticides are the most important poison in India, with organophosphorus insecticides replacing aluminium phosphide as the key lethal poison after government regulatory changes in 2001 reduced the latter's lethality. Plant and hair dye poisoning and medicines overdose caused few deaths. Aluminium phosphide deaths mostly occurred in northern Indian states, whereas deaths from organophosphorus insecticide poisoning occurred throughout India. Paraquat poisoning has become a clinical problem in the last 10 years. Lethal pesticide poisoning remains alarmingly common, emphasising the need for additional regulatory interventions to curtail the burden of pesticide poisoning deaths in India. More detailed reporting about the specific pesticide involved in lethal poisoning will be helpful to guide regulatory decisions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; India; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Poisoning; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34294076
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11156-2 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Dec 2020Food composition data are challenged by data availability and quality. Anthocyanins are the bright colored pigments found in fruits and vegetables with growing evidence...
Food composition data are challenged by data availability and quality. Anthocyanins are the bright colored pigments found in fruits and vegetables with growing evidence for health benefits. For the estimation of anthocyanin content in the foods, it is imperative to find an ideal analytical method. To quantify anthocyanin components, liquid chromatography-based methods are commonly used. This review addresses the variability of liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry (MS) methods for the identification and quantification of anthocyanins. Published studies for all years until February 2020 reporting LC methods for anthocyanins in fruits and vegetables were screened from 7660 studies. Only 29 studies met the eligibility criteria of method type and of these, only 13 studies reported a validated LC method. A wide range of validation parameters were identified including specificity, calibration, stability, and limits of detection. Differences in the sampling amounts for extraction were observed in all of the included studies. The quantification of multiple anthocyanin types without their corresponding analytical standards was observed in eight studies. The included 13 studies used reverse phase liquid chromatography separation with C type or similar stationary phases and acidified aqueous or acidified aqueous: organic (usually methanol or acetonitrile) binary gradient mobile phases. Although all of the studies used mass spectrometry for identification, ultraviolet absorbance quantification was often used in conjunction with a photo-diode array (DAD/PDA) detector using reference standards where available. Extraction and preparation of samples remains the key concern for analysis as the oxidative stability of anthocyanins are a major impediment for accurate quantification of the components in foods. This review provides a summary of validated LC methods to assist analysts and nutritionists in the quantification of anthocyanin food components as the nutrient profiles of foods are challenged by the variability of the analytical methods.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Fruit; Vegetables
PubMed: 33292937
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109754 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Mar 2023The evaluation of joint disease using synovial fluid is an emerging field of metabolic profiling. The analysis is challenged by multiple macromolecules which can obscure...
The evaluation of joint disease using synovial fluid is an emerging field of metabolic profiling. The analysis is challenged by multiple macromolecules which can obscure the small molecule chemistry. The use of protein precipitation and extraction has been evaluated previously, but not in synovial fluid. We systematically review the published NMR spectroscopy methods of synovial fluid analysis and investigated the efficacy of three different protein precipitation techniques: methanol, acetonitrile and trichloroacetic acid. The trichloroacetic wash removed the most protein. However, metabolite recoveries were universally very poor. Acetonitrile liquid/liquid extraction gave metabolite gains from four unknown compounds with spectral peaks at δ = 1.91 ppm, 3.64 ppm, 3.95 ppm & 4.05 ppm. The metabolite recoveries for acetonitrile were between 1.5 and 7 times higher than the methanol method, across all classes of metabolite. The methanol method was more effective in removing protein as reported by the free GAG undefined peak (44 % vs 125 %). However, qualitative evaluation showed that acetonitrile and methanol provided good restoration of the spectra to baseline. The methanol extraction has issues of a gelatinous substrate in the samples. All metabolite recoveries had a CV of > 15 %. A recommendation of acetonitrile liquid/liquid extraction was made for human synovial fluid (HSF) analysis. This is due to consistency, effective protein precipitation, recovery of metabolites and additional compounds not previously visible.
Topics: Humans; Synovial Fluid; Methanol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Acetonitriles
PubMed: 36701879
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115254 -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2021In recent years, more attention has been focused in the practice of both crude extract of medicinal plants, and the screening plant-derived compounds as substitute...
BACKGROUND
In recent years, more attention has been focused in the practice of both crude extract of medicinal plants, and the screening plant-derived compounds as substitute scolicidal agents during hydatid cyst surgery. The present study was designed to review the protoscolicidal effects of some Iranian herbal medicines against hydatid cyst protoscoleces.
METHODS
English databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched for publications worldwide related to protoscolicidal effects of Iranian herbal medicines without date limitation so that identify all published articles (in vitro, in vivo, clinical and case-control) have studied. Keywords included "Protoscolicidal", "Scolicidal", "Herbal medicines", "Extract", "Essential oil", "Plant", "In vitro", and "Iran". Moreover, the language of data collection was limited to English.
RESULTS
In total, 40 papers up to 2020 were included in the present systematic review. The most studies were conducted on protoscolicidal activity of methanolic extracts (17 studies) followed by essential oils (15 studies), and aqueous extract (3 studies). The most commonly used part of herbs were leaves (21 herbs), seeds (8 herbs), and fruit (6 herbs), respectively. Moreover, the most prevalent herbal family was Lamiaceae (6 studies), followed by Apiaceae (5 studies) and Liliaceae (5 studies).
CONCLUSION
Considering the high efficacy of Iranian herbal medicines against hydatid cyst protoscoleces, it can be concluded that Iranian herbal medicines have ability to consider as new alternative protoscolicidal agents during hydatid cyst surgery; however, more clinical studies are required to discover the precise protoscolicida activity of Iranian medicines in animal and human subjects.
Topics: Animals; Anticestodal Agents; Echinococcosis; Humans; Iran; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 33208081
DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666201117145733 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Jun 2020Pectin methylesterase (PME) is an important pectinase that hydrolyzes methyl esters in pectin to release methanol and reduce the degree of methylation of pectin. At...
Pectin methylesterase (PME) is an important pectinase that hydrolyzes methyl esters in pectin to release methanol and reduce the degree of methylation of pectin. At present, it has broad application prospects in food processing, tea beverage, paper making and other production processes. With the in-depth study of PME, the crystal structures with different sources have been reported. Analysis of these resolved crystal structures reveals that PME belongs to the right-hand parallel β-helix structure, and its catalytic residues are two aspartic acids and a glutamine, which play the role of general acid-base, nucleophile and stable intermediate, in the catalytic process. At the same time, the substrate specificity is analyzed to understand the recognition mechanism of the substrate and active sites. This paper systematically reviews these related aspects.
Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Catalytic Domain; Crystallography; Pectins; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 32597053
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.190418 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2024This systematic study deals with the amount of bisphenol A (BPA) in milk and dairy products, its analytical methods, and risk assessment. Milk is one of the drinks that... (Review)
Review
This systematic study deals with the amount of bisphenol A (BPA) in milk and dairy products, its analytical methods, and risk assessment. Milk is one of the drinks that has a high consumption. Bisphenol A can be present both in raw milk and its amount undergoes changes during the pasteurization process. This review was conducted by searching for the keywords Bisphenol A, BPA milk, dairy product, cheese, cream, butter, yogurt, measurement, detection, and analysis in different databases. The search was done in three databases, Scopus, PubMed and Science Direct. The largest number of studies on the determination of bisphenol A belonged to Asian and European countries. The amount of bisphenol A in milks was observed in the range from ND to 640 ng/mL. Furthermore, the amount of BPA in the tested cheese samples was observed in the ND range up to 6.1 ng/g and in the yogurt samples in the ND range up to 4.4 ng/g. The most used analytical method was based on liquid chromatography. The most used solvent for extraction was methanol or acetonitrile. HQ (Hazard Quotient) was also calculated in some studies. There was no risk in terms of milk consumption due to BPA contamination in extracted data.
PubMed: 38304050
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101142