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Nutrients Feb 2022Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints.... (Review)
Review
Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players' level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60-75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum.
Topics: Animals; Basketball; Caffeine; Cattle; Dietary Supplements; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 35276997
DOI: 10.3390/nu14030638 -
Clinical Oncology (Royal College of... Oct 2022Patient factors affect the risk of radiotherapy toxicity, but many are poorly defined. Studies have shown that race affects cancer incidence, survival, drug response,...
AIMS
Patient factors affect the risk of radiotherapy toxicity, but many are poorly defined. Studies have shown that race affects cancer incidence, survival, drug response, molecular pathways and epigenetics. Effects on radiosensitivity and radiotherapy toxicity are not well studied. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of race and ethnicity on the risk of radiotherapy toxicity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review was carried out of PubMed, Ovid Medline and Ovid Embase with no year limit. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Two independent assessors reviewed papers.
RESULTS
Of 607 papers screened, 46 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Papers were published between 1996 and 2021 and involved 30-28,354 individuals (median 433). Most involved patients with prostate (33%), breast (26%) and lung (9%) cancer. Both early and late toxicities were studied. Some studies reported a higher risk of toxicity in White men with prostate cancer compared with other races and ethnicities. For breast cancer patients, some reported an increased risk of toxicity in White women compared with other race and ethnic groups. In general, it was difficult to draw conclusions due to insufficient reporting and analysis of race and ethnicity in published literature.
CONCLUSIONS
Reporting of race and ethnicity in radiotherapy studies must be harmonised and improved and frameworks are needed to improve the quality of reporting. Further research is needed to understand how ancestral heritage might affect radiosensitivity and risk of radiotherapy toxicity.
Topics: Ethnicity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Injuries
PubMed: 35431121
DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.03.013 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder leading to premature cardiovascular disease and death as a result of lifelong high plasma... (Review)
Review
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder leading to premature cardiovascular disease and death as a result of lifelong high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, if not treated early in life. The prevalence of FH varies between countries because of founder effects, use of different diagnostic criteria, and screening strategies. However, little is known about differences in FH prevalence according to ethnicity. We aimed to investigate the ethnic distribution of FH in diverse populations and estimate the prevalence of FH according to ethnicity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed and Web of Science for studies presenting data on the prevalence of heterozygous FH among different ethnicities in non-founder populations. Studies with more than 100 individuals, relevant data on prevalence, ethnicity, and using the Dutch Lipid Clinical Network Criteria, Simon Broome, Making Early Diagnosis Prevents Early Death, genetic screening, or comparable diagnostic criteria were considered eligible for inclusion. Eleven general population studies and two patient studies were included in a systematic review and 11 general population studies in a random-effects meta-analysis. The overall pooled FH prevalence was 0.33% or 1:303 in 1,169,879 individuals (95% confidence interval: 0.26-0:40%; 1:385-1:250). Included studies presented data on six ethnicities: black, Latino, white, Asian, brown, and mixed/other. Pooled prevalence was estimated for each group. The highest prevalence observed was 0.52% or 1:192 among blacks (0.34-0.69%; 1:294-1:145) and 0.48% or 1:208 among browns (0.31-0.74%; 1:323-1:135) while the lowest pooled prevalence was 0.25% or 1:400 among Asians (0.15-0.35; 1:500-1:286). The prevalence was 0.37% or 1:270 among Latino (0.24-0.69%; 1:417-1:145), 0.31% or 1:323 among white (0.24-0.41%; 1:417-1:244), and 0.32% or 1:313 among mixed/other individuals (0.13-0.52%; 1:769-1:192). The estimated FH prevalence displays a variation across ethnicity, ranging from 0.25% (1:400) to 0.52% (1:192), with the highest prevalence seen among the black and brown and the lowest among the Asian individuals. The differences observed suggest that targeted screening among subpopulations may increase the identification of cases and thus the opportunity for prevention.
PubMed: 35186049
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.840797 -
Journal of the American Academy of... May 2021The distinction between race and ethnicity should be carefully understood and described for demographic data collection. Racial healthcare differences have been observed...
BACKGROUND
The distinction between race and ethnicity should be carefully understood and described for demographic data collection. Racial healthcare differences have been observed across many orthopaedic subspecialties. However, the frequency of reporting and analyzing race and ethnicity in orthopaedic clinical trials has not been determined. Therefore, the primary purpose of this systematic review was to determine how frequently race and ethnicity are reported and analyzed in orthopaedic clinical trials.
METHODS
The top 10 journals by impact factor in the field of orthopaedics were manually screened from 2015 to 2019. All randomized controlled trials related to orthopaedics and assessing clinical outcomes were included. Eligible studies were evaluated for bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and for whether the trial reported and analyzed several demographics, including age, sex, height, weight, race, and ethnicity. The frequency of reporting and analyzing by each demographic was accessed. In addition, comparisons of reporting and analyzing race/ethnicity were made based on orthopaedic subspecialty and journal of publication.
RESULTS
A total of 15,488 publications were screened and 482 met inclusion criteria. Of these 482 trials, 460 (95.4%) reported age and 456 (94.6%) reported sex, whereas 35 (7.3%) reported race and 15 (3.1%) reported ethnicity for the randomized groups; 79 studies (16.4%) analyzed age and 72 studies (14.9%) analyzed sex, whereas 6 studies (1.2%) analyzed race and 1 study (0.2%) analyzed ethnicity. The orthopaedic subspecialty of spine was found to report race (23.5%) and ethnicity (17.6%) more frequently than all the other subspecialties, whereas sports medicine reported race and/or ethnicity in only 3 of 150 trials (2.0%).
CONCLUSIONS
Race and ethnicity are not frequently reported or analyzed in orthopaedic randomized controlled trials. Social context, personal challenges, and economic challenges should be considered while analyzing the effect of race and ethnicity on outcomes.
Topics: Aged; Bias; Data Collection; Ethnicity; Humans; Orthopedic Procedures; Orthopedics
PubMed: 34019498
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00027 -
Epidemiologic Reviews Dec 2023Improving race and ethnicity (hereafter, race/ethnicity) data quality is imperative to ensure underserved populations are represented in data sets used to identify... (Review)
Review
Improving race and ethnicity (hereafter, race/ethnicity) data quality is imperative to ensure underserved populations are represented in data sets used to identify health disparities and inform health care policy. We performed a scoping review of methods that retrospectively improve race/ethnicity classification in secondary data sets. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection databases in July 2022. A total of 2 441 abstracts were dually screened, 453 full-text articles were reviewed, and 120 articles were included. Study characteristics were extracted and described in a narrative analysis. Six main method types for improving race/ethnicity data were identified: expert review (n = 9; 8%), name lists (n = 27, 23%), name algorithms (n = 55, 46%), machine learning (n = 14, 12%), data linkage (n = 9, 8%), and other (n = 6, 5%). The main racial/ethnic groups targeted for classification were Asian (n = 56, 47%) and White (n = 51, 43%). Some form of validation evaluation was included in 86 articles (72%). We discuss the strengths and limitations of different method types and potential harms of identified methods. Innovative methods are needed to better identify racial/ethnic subgroups and further validation studies. Accurately collecting and reporting disaggregated data by race/ethnicity are critical to address the systematic missingness of relevant demographic data that can erroneously guide policymaking and hinder the effectiveness of health care practices and intervention.
Topics: Humans; Ethnicity; Medically Underserved Area; Racial Groups; Retrospective Studies; Data Accuracy
PubMed: 37045807
DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxad002 -
Evidence-based Dentistry Jan 2022Introduction Several studies reported that hyposalivation was associated with a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonisation and oral candidiasis, and despite the... (Review)
Review
Introduction Several studies reported that hyposalivation was associated with a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonisation and oral candidiasis, and despite the correlation between these conditions, no previous systematic review was conducted to examine this relationship in its utmost depth.Objectives This study aims to investigate the relationship between xerostomia, hyposalivation and oral candidiasis.Search methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in February 2021 through an electronic search.Data sources The electronic search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science through Clarivate, Medline through Clarivate and Cochrane Library.Data selection This systematic review and meta-analysis included cohort, observational nested case-control cohort studies, and studies of other designs providing the number of patients with and without xerostomia or hyposalivation crossed with the number of patients with and without oral candidiasis or oral Candida growth. Studies included were conducted on adult populations with no restriction to sex or race. Included studies should use a reliable diagnostic method for all conditions of interest.Data extraction Results were obtained from the implementation of the search strategy and managed using the EndNote Web and Rayyan Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI). Quantitative data synthesis was performed using the Review Manager 5.4 software.Results A total of 429 studies were identified by searching the databases, of which nine studies were included for qualitative and quantitative data synthesis. The analysis included 590 xerostomic patients and 697 controls subgrouped into two categories: Candida growth (207 patients and 195 controls) and oral candidiasis (383 patients and 502 controls). The Candida growth subgroup analysis shows that the xerostomic patients are at higher risk for oral Candida growth than controls (OR [95% CI] = 3.13 [2.02-4.86]) and the oral candidiasis subgroup analysis yields that xerostomic patients are at higher risk for developing manifest oral candidiasis than controls (OR [95% CI] = 2.48 [1.83-3.37]).Conclusion Our study concludes that patients with xerostomia have a higher risk than non-xerostomic control groups of developing oral candidiasis and oral fungal growth. Major inter-study heterogeneity, however, may restrict confidence in the accuracy of our results, and caution should therefore be taken in interpreting the evidence. In caring for patients with hyposalivation, we recommend healthcare professionals consider the possible association between both conditions. Furthermore, we recommend further research with improved methodological qualities and more valid diagnostic methods.
PubMed: 35075251
DOI: 10.1038/s41432-021-0210-2 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2022Accurate identification of independent predictors of stillbirth is needed to define preventive strategies. We aim to examine the independent contribution of maternal...
Accurate identification of independent predictors of stillbirth is needed to define preventive strategies. We aim to examine the independent contribution of maternal race in the risk of stillbirth after adjusting for maternal characteristics and medical history. There are two components to the study: first, prospective screening in 168,966 women with singleton pregnancies coordinated by the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) and second, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on race and stillbirth. In the FMF study, logistic regression analysis found that in black women, the risk of stillbirth, after adjustment for confounders, was higher than in white women (odds ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.50 to 2.11). The risk for other racial groups was not significantly different. The literature search identified 20 studies that provided data on over 6,500,000 pregnancies, but only 10 studies provided risks adjusted for some maternal characteristics; consequently, the majority of these studies did not provide accurate contribution of different racial groups to the prediction of stillbirth. It is concluded that in women of black origin, the risk of stillbirth, after adjustment for confounders, is about twofold higher than in white women. Consequently, closer surveillance should be granted for these women.
PubMed: 35743521
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123452 -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Dec 2023Depression is one of the most common co-morbidities during pregnancy; with severe symptoms, antidepressants are sometimes recommended. Social determinants are often... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Depression is one of the most common co-morbidities during pregnancy; with severe symptoms, antidepressants are sometimes recommended. Social determinants are often linked with antidepressant use in the general population, and it is not known if this is the case for pregnant populations. Our objective was to determine if social determinants are associated with prenatal antidepressant intake via a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
A systematic search of five databases was conducted to identify publications from inception to October 2022 that reported associations with prenatal antidepressant intake (use/continuation) and one or more social determinants: education, race, immigration status, relationship, income, or employment. Eligible studies were included in random effects meta-analyses.
RESULTS
A total of 23 articles describing 22 studies were included. Education was significantly and positively associated with prenatal antidepressant continuation and heterogeneity was moderate. (Odds ratio = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.89; p < 0.00001; I = 53%). Meta-analyses of antidepressant use and education, race, and relationship status, and antidepressant continuation and income were not significant with high levels of heterogeneity.
DISCUSSION
While most social determinants in this review were not linked with prenatal antidepressant intake, lower maternal education level does seem to be associated with lower rates of prenatal antidepressant continuation.
CONCLUSIONS
Education appears to be linked with prenatal antidepressant intake. The low number of included studies precludes conclusive evidence for other social determinants.
PubMed: 38145902
DOI: 10.1111/acps.13647 -
Pediatric Blood & Cancer May 2022Despite treatment advancements and improved survival, approximately 1800 children in the United States will die of cancer annually. Survival may depend on nonclinical... (Review)
Review
Despite treatment advancements and improved survival, approximately 1800 children in the United States will die of cancer annually. Survival may depend on nonclinical factors, such as economic stability, neighborhood and built environment, health and health care, social and community context, and education, otherwise known as social determinants of health (SDoH). Extant literature reviews have linked socioeconomic status (SES) and race to disparate outcomes; however, these are not inclusive of all SDoH. Thus, we conducted a systematic review on associations between SDoH and survival in pediatric cancer patients. Of the 854 identified studies, 25 were included in this review. In addition to SES, poverty and insurance coverage were associated with survival. More studies that include other SDoH, such as social and community factors, utilize prospective designs, and conduct analyses with more precise SDoH measures are needed.
Topics: Child; Educational Status; Humans; Neoplasms; Poverty; Prospective Studies; Social Determinants of Health; United States
PubMed: 35107854
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29546 -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Dec 2021Accumulating evidence implicates social context in the etiology of psychosis. One important line of epidemiologic research pointing to a potentially causal role of...
Accumulating evidence implicates social context in the etiology of psychosis. One important line of epidemiologic research pointing to a potentially causal role of social context pertains to what is termed . The authors conducted a systematic review of the relationship between area-level social fragmentation and psychosis. Three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched from inception to May 2, 2021. There were no language restrictions. Search terms were those that identify the area-level orientation, social fragmentation, sample, and outcome. Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) social environment measured at the area level with (2) psychosis outcomes (incidence rates, prevalence of psychosis or schizophrenia, age at onset of psychosis, psychotic symptom severity, and duration of untreated psychosis). In total, 579 research articles were identified, and 19 were eligible to be included in this systematic review. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data from, and coded all articles. Evidence from 14 of 19 articles indicates that area-level characteristics reflecting social fragmentation are associated with higher psychosis rates and other outcomes of psychosis even after controlling for other area-level characteristics including deprivation, social capital, race/ethnicity, and urbanicity and individual-level characteristics including age, sex, migrant status, and socioeconomic status. In conclusion, this review finds evidence that measures of area-level social fragmentation are associated with higher psychosis rates. Further research into mechanisms is needed to better characterize this association.
Topics: Age of Onset; Ethnicity; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Class; Social Deprivation; Social Environment; Social Isolation
PubMed: 34875149
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.21r13941