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European Urology Focus Sep 2020The genesis of neurogenic sexual dysfunction (NSD) can be central, peripheral, or both. The correct stratification of the level of sexual dysfunction allows the...
CONTEXT
The genesis of neurogenic sexual dysfunction (NSD) can be central, peripheral, or both. The correct stratification of the level of sexual dysfunction allows the clinician to choose the best type of treatment, in order to reduce sexual complaints.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of our review is to focus on the management of NSD due to central nervous system disorders and peripheral neuropathy.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A systematic review of the English-language literature was completed until July 2019 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The following terms were included: [(neurogenic sexual dysfunction) OR neurogenic erectile dysfunction)] AND (treatment OR management). An Excel file was created respecting the following criteria: participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design (PICOS).
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Overall, from 505 identified records, 52 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, 46 original researches were included in quantitative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil were proved to be effective and safe in first-line therapy of erectile dysfunction caused by neurogenic disorders. In addition, intracavernous injections of prostaglandin E1, papaverine, or phentolamine and vacuum systems have been a mainstay of second-line treatment for NSD, extremely successful in the spinal cord injury population. Surgical therapy via penile prosthesis implantation remains a viable alternative as a third-line approach and may also be utilised to assist men with bladder management, despite higher complication rates of infections. Despite poor evidence, a better understanding of female sexual dysfunction due to neurological complaints is needed, in order to find more efficacious therapies for intercourse and orgasmic phase. Further prospective studies are required to better clarify the more successful treatment in improving sexual function and quality of life of these patients.
PATIENT SUMMARY
Management of neurogenic sexual dysfunction includes phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, intracavernous injections/vacuum devices, and penile prosthesis implantation. Female sexual dysfunction due to neurological disease needs to be better investigated.
Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
PubMed: 31879263
DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.12.002 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Apr 2020Retained reservoirs can be a complex problem for clinicians who manage patients with inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs). Although the general safety of retained...
INTRODUCTION
Retained reservoirs can be a complex problem for clinicians who manage patients with inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs). Although the general safety of retained reservoirs is well documented, data on the long-term outcomes of these foreign bodies is scarce. In recent years, complications associated with retained reservoirs and the subsequent management of these cases have become more recognized.
AIM
To review, analyze, and summarize the concept of retained reservoirs and their associated complications with retained reservoirs and to provide a guide for management of complicated retained reservoir patients.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the PubMed database on retained reservoir-related complications and perioperative management.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We reviewed all publications that detailed complications associated specifically with retained penile prosthesis reservoirs and analyzed perioperative strategies used by providers. Any publication outlining IPP reservoir-related complication(s) stemming from a reservoir that was part of a functioning IPP was excluded.
RESULTS
Although the risk is low, serious complications can and do arise from retained reservoirs. To properly manage these patients, clinicians must have knowledge of the prosthetic history and maintain a low threshold for obtaining cross-sectional imaging. By using methodical perioperative planning, the need for reintervention in patients with complications can be reduced, and improved surgical outcomes can be achieved.
CONCLUSIONS
The management of retained reservoirs and their complications can be a clinical challenge for prosthetics providers. As such, more data regarding long-term outcomes and management strategies of retained reservoirs are required to better serve this subset of patients with prostheses. Reddy AG, Tsambarlis PN, Akula KP, et al. Retained Reservoirs of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: A Systematic Review of Literature. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:355-363.
Topics: Humans; Male; Patient Satisfaction; Penile Prosthesis; Postoperative Care; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Failure; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 31526635
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.007 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Jul 2022Penile modeling to correct the penile curvature in Peyronie's disease (PD) may be achieved manually (intra-operatively or post-injection) or by using assisted devices...
INTRODUCTION
Penile modeling to correct the penile curvature in Peyronie's disease (PD) may be achieved manually (intra-operatively or post-injection) or by using assisted devices (penile traction, vacuum device, or penile prosthesis).
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and satisfaction associated with penile modeling in patients with PD.
METHODS
A PROSPERO registered (CRD42021241729) systematic search in MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was done following PRISMA. PICO: Studies were deemed eligible if they assessed patients with PD (P) undergoing modeling procedures (I) with or without a comparative group(C) evaluating the efficacy, safety, or patient satisfaction (O). Retrospective and prospective primary studies were included. The primary outcome measure is the change in penile curvature after modeling. The secondary outcome measures are the change in stretched penile length, adverse events, and patient satisfaction after modeling.
RESULTS
A total of 23 studies, involving 1,238 patients were included. Most studies (13, 56.5%) evaluated penile traction therapy. The studies were of low and intermediate quality (mean Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score of 5.7 and mean Jadad score of 3.3) with a mean level of evidence of 3.4. The mean penile curvature at baseline was between 31 and 80.8 degrees. Nine (39.1%) studies found a significant improvement (P < .05) of penile curvature after penile modeling, ranging between 11.7, and 37.2 degrees. An increase in mean stretched penile length was reported in 7 (30.4%) articles, varying between 0.4, and 1.8 cm. Serious complications such as penile prosthesis malfunctions (3.3-11.1%) and urethral injuries (2.9%) were only reported for intra-operative manual modeling.
CONCLUSION
Although individual studies have noted improvement in penile curvature and stretched penile length, specific recommendations regarding penile modeling in PD cannot be provided due to limited evidence available. Further RCTs with adequate sample size, validated assessment tools, and longer follow-up are needed. Krishnappa P, Manfredi C, Sinha M et al. Penile Modeling in Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:427-443.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penile Induration; Penis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35153155
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2022.01.001 -
International Journal of Impotence... May 2022The term scrotoplasty embraces several techniques which aim to restore a normal scrotal appearance and function. We provide here a quick reference tool to allow the... (Review)
Review
The term scrotoplasty embraces several techniques which aim to restore a normal scrotal appearance and function. We provide here a quick reference tool to allow the urologist to select the appropriate surgical strategy among the several available options. A comprehensive research was carried out on MEDLINE/PubMed to identify relevant studies concerning this topic, including a range of key words, e.g., scrotoplasty, ventral phalloplasty, scrotal reconstruction, scrotomegaly, penoscrotal web, scrotal lifting, scrotal reduction, scrotectomy, scrotal lymphoedema. Scrotal skin defects may be related with Fournier's gangrene, traumatic events, and surgery for genital cancers or peno-scrotal lymphoedema. The reconstructive management of these conditions is relatively reproducible in the hands of experienced urologists, if aware of the basics of scrotal surgery. Primary tension-free wound closure and local pedicled flaps typically allow optimal surgical outcomes for repairing most of these scrotal defects, with split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) and/or distant flaps being required only when dealing with extensive skin losses. The demand for genitals' aesthetic surgery among adults is on the increase recently. Although the scientific evidence regarding this topic is scarce, reduction scrotoplasty and peno-scrotal webbing correction techniques are easy, safe and effective solutions to improve genital cosmesis, being carried out in isolation or in combination with penile prosthesis implantation. More robust scientific evidence is needed to achieve a uniformed consensus regarding the optimal surgical management in this broad field, and surgical innovation should continue to refine current reconstructive techniques.
Topics: Adult; Fournier Gangrene; Humans; Lymphedema; Male; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scrotum; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 34635818
DOI: 10.1038/s41443-021-00468-x -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2022The efficacy, safety, and postoperative outcomes of synchronous surgery for concomitant erectile dysfunction (ED) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) remain unclear. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
The efficacy, safety, and postoperative outcomes of synchronous surgery for concomitant erectile dysfunction (ED) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) remain unclear.
OBJECTIVES
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the available synchronous surgical approaches for concomitant ED and SUI and to assess the reoperation rates compared to asynchronous surgery and surgery only for ED or SUI.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases until June 2022 for relevant studies. Based on data availability, we performed a meta-analysis of odds ratios (ORs) comparing reoperation rates after synchronous surgery in patients with concomitant ED and SUI versus asynchronous surgery, as well as surgery solely for ED or SUI (PROSPERO: CRD42022326941).
RESULTS
We included 18 studies in the systematic review (16,517 patients) and 5 in the meta-analysis. Comparing synchronous implantation of penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) versus asynchronous surgery, no statistically significant differences were observed in the reoperation rates [OR:0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52-1.84, I:0%). Comparing synchronous implantation of both penile prosthesis and AUS versus implantation of only a penile prosthesis or an AUS, combined surgery was associated with higher reoperation rates (OR:2.02, 95%CI: 1.29-3.16, I:36% and OR:1.7, 95%CI: 1.25-2.32, I:0%, respectively). Synchronous surgery led to high satisfaction rates and significant improvement in ED and SUI. Evidence for the combination of penile prosthesis with a male sling or the ProACT device is low, but data suggests it may be safe and effective. The synchronous placement of a Mini-Jupette sling and penile prosthesis represents a promising treatment modality for the correction of ED and mild SUI and/or climacturia.
CONCLUSIONS
Synchronous penile prosthesis and AUS implantation appears safe and effective in patients with severe ED and SUI. Further high-quality studies are mandatory to strengthen the current scarce evidence for synchronous surgery in patients with ED and SUI. Pyrgidis N, Barham DW, Hammad M, et al. Synchronous Surgical Management of Erectile Dysfunction and Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Reoperation Rates. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:782-790.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Penile Prosthesis; Reoperation; Urinary Incontinence, Stress; Urinary Sphincter, Artificial
PubMed: 36175310
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2022.08.003 -
Therapeutic Advances in Urology 2024Penile shortening, frequently resulting from end-stage Peyronie's disease (PD), has a negative impact on patients' sexual activity and overall quality of life,... (Review)
Review
Risk and benefits of penile length preservation techniques during penile prosthesis implantation: a systematic review by the young academic urologists sexual and reproductive health working group.
BACKGROUND
Penile shortening, frequently resulting from end-stage Peyronie's disease (PD), has a negative impact on patients' sexual activity and overall quality of life, especially when accompanied by Erectile dysfunction (ED). Various surgical techniques have been described to manage concomitant ED and penile shortening through penile prosthesis (PP) implantation.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and risks of different penile length preservation techniques during PP implantation.
DESIGN
A systematic review of the available literature on the use of penile length preservation maneuvers in conjunction with PP implantation was conducted.
DATA SOURCES AND METHODS
For this systematic review, three databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane) and clinical trial.gov were queried for relevant publications from 1 January 1990 to 1 September 2022. The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.
RESULTS
The qualitative analysis included 15 relevant articles involving 1186 adult patients who underwent penile length preservation techniques during PP implantation. Penile lengthening of 1-7 cm was reported. Overall, postoperative complications were described in up to 21.7% of cases. Only five studies reported functional outcomes, showing a significant improvement in postoperative period based on the administered questionnaire (e.g. IIEF - International Index of Erectile Function, EDITS - Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction).
CONCLUSION
Penile length preservation procedures appear to offer a viable option for managing acquired penile shortening, particularly in cases of PD. However, they are associated with a significant risk of complications. Proper patient selection, thorough discussion of risks and benefits, and referral to high-volume centers are mandatory to achieve optimal outcomes and minimizing complications.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO database registration CRD42022360758.
PubMed: 38205393
DOI: 10.1177/17562872231215177 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Apr 2020Infection remains a prominent concern following penile implantation. Recognition of the risk factors for infection may help to guide surgeons toward reducing the risk of...
INTRODUCTION
Infection remains a prominent concern following penile implantation. Recognition of the risk factors for infection may help to guide surgeons toward reducing the risk of prosthetic contamination.
AIM
To gain a further understanding of infectious adverse events following penile prosthesis, we performed a systematic literature review.
METHODS
As part of the 2018 American Urological Association Erectile Dysfunction Clinical Guidelines and with the support of the American Urological Association, we performed a comprehensive review of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to search for eligible articles published between January 1, 1965, and July 20, 2016, to identify articles reporting infectious adverse events following prosthesis placement.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The main outcome measure was infectious adverse events following penile prosthesis placement.
RESULTS
Ninety-one articles reporting infectious adverse events representing 97 study arms were identified. Prosthetic infection rates ranged from 0% to 24.6% across all series. Inflatable penile prostheses displayed a wider range (0-24.6%) than malleable devices (0-9.1%); the most frequently reported infection rate for inflatable devices was 5% or less. With the advent of device coatings and improved surgical techniques, infectious adverse events have decreased. Infections among diabetic patients also decreased throughout the reviewed body of literature, with the most recent series reporting rates consistent with those of non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, no glycosylated hemoglobin cutoff was found to infer increased or decreased risk of prosthesis infection.
CONCLUSION
Overall penile prosthetic infectious adverse events have decreased as surgical techniques have improved and the use of antimicrobial coating has gained in popularity. These advances have demonstrated significant benefits for all patients, particularly diabetic patients who experience infection rates similar to those of non-diabetic patients in recent reports. Further technological advancements for the prevention of biofilm formation is warranted. Mahon J, Dornbier R, Wegrzyn G, et al. Infectious Adverse Events Following the Placement of a Penile Prosthesis: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:348-354.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penile Prosthesis; Prosthesis Failure; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 31519461
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.005 -
International Journal of Impotence... Sep 2022Severe Peyronie's disease (PD) and concomitant erectile dysfunction (ED) may require plaque incision/excision and grafting (PIG) as an adjunct to penile prosthesis... (Review)
Review
Severe Peyronie's disease (PD) and concomitant erectile dysfunction (ED) may require plaque incision/excision and grafting (PIG) as an adjunct to penile prosthesis implantation (IPP). Currently, there is no available consensus on the best graft material to use. Our aim was to systematically review graft materials used as patches following PIG + IPP. Literature search was performed in March 2021. Only original articles in English with a series of 10 or more patients were included. Overall, a total of 17 studies were included, corresponding to a cohort of 662 patients. The mean age ranged from 45 to 65 years and most patients had curvatures >45°. Average penile lengthening ranged from 1 to 3.5 cm, average residual curvatures from 0 to 20% and decreased glans sensitivity from 0 to 20%. Eighty to 100% of patients were satisfied with cosmetic and functional results. PIG + IPP with the use of various grafts offers promising results for the treatment of patients suffering from severe PD with concomitant ED. Unfortunately, the absence of high quality and comparative studies makes it difficult to establish the optimum graft. Therefore, the level of experience of the surgical team with one or more methods should guide their choice.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Penile Implantation; Penile Induration; Penile Prosthesis; Penis
PubMed: 34718344
DOI: 10.1038/s41443-021-00479-8 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Apr 2020Inadequate treatment of men with erectile dysfunction (ED) subjects them and their partners to lost quality of life, yet little is known about the cause and duration of...
INTRODUCTION
Inadequate treatment of men with erectile dysfunction (ED) subjects them and their partners to lost quality of life, yet little is known about the cause and duration of symptoms that lead to penile prosthesis (PP) placement.
AIM
We performed a systematic review addressing cause and duration of symptoms before implantation.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for articles published between January 1, 1965-July 20, 2016, reporting on PP for ED. Studies were assessed for quality. Body of evidence strength was categorized in accordance to American Urological Association (AUA) categorization: grade A (well-conducted, highly-generalizable randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or exceptionally strong observational studies with consistent findings), grade B (RCTs with some weaknesses of procedure/generalizability or moderately strong observational studies with consistent findings), or grade C (RCTs with serious deficiencies of procedure/generalizability, have small sample sizes, or other problems that potentially confound interpretation). This review was performed as part of the 2018 AUA ED Clinical Guidelines, with the support of the AUA.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Cause and duration of symptoms before PP were assessed.
RESULTS
We reviewed 113 articles constituting 150 study arms. All studies were observational (body of evidence strength grade C). Of these arms, only 19 reported on ED duration. Mean duration was 56 months for men undergoing inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement (38.7 months for those after prostatectomy) and 72 months for those undergoing malleable penile prosthesis placement. Diabetic patients undergoing IPP had mean ED duration of 75 months. Among arms reporting on IPPs, causes of ED were vascular disease (47 arms; range 2.9-62.0%; mean 31.9%), diabetes (61 arms; range 12.8-77.8%; mean 28.3%), and pelvic surgery or trauma (49 arms; range 0.5-49.7%; mean 20.3%).
CONCLUSION
Nearly all men undergoing PP have ED of organic causes, whereas diabetic patients and patients receiving malleable penile prosthesis have the longest ED duration. Factors driving this relative delay require additional investigation. Post-prostatectomy IPP placement is offered relatively late, on average. Bajic P, Mahon J, Faraday M, et al. Etiology of Erectile Dysfunction and Duration of Symptoms in Patients Undergoing Penile Prosthesis: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:333-337.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Penile Prosthesis; Time Factors
PubMed: 31278064
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.05.003 -
Actas Urologicas Espanolas Jun 2020Reduction in penile size is due to numerous conditions including Peyronie's disease, previous penile surgeries, diabetes, trauma, erectile dysfunction, pelvic surgery,...
INTRODUCTION
Reduction in penile size is due to numerous conditions including Peyronie's disease, previous penile surgeries, diabetes, trauma, erectile dysfunction, pelvic surgery, and aging. Elasticity of the tunica albuginea is adversely affected by any of the above. Fibrosis then triggers progressive erectile dysfunction OBJECTIVES: When a penile prosthesis is indicated, it is important to determine whether the penis has already diminished in size prior to insertion of the implant. Because a prosthesis only provides axial rigidity and is not associated with the enlargement of the penis, reflection of strategies to simultaneously enlarge the size of the penis while implanting a device is recommended.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic review of current scientific literature regarding procedures and tactics currently available for penile implants and enlargement was conducted.
RESULTS
The literature demonstrates that the evolution of penile implant surgery, accompanied by consideration of enlargement, has evolved through 5 fundamental techniques: Incision with Grafting; Sliding with Grafting; Modified Sliding without Grafting (MoST); Multiple Slit without Grafting (MUST); and the Egydio Paradigm for Tunica Expansion Procedures (TEP), a further evolution of previous strategies to achieve state of the art penile implantation accompanied by maximum penile enlargement. Evolving technology of tunica expansion procedures has led to diminution of the size of tunica defects and avoidance of grafts to prevent bulging and indentation, while developing solutions to preserve the strength of the tunica albuginea for firm positioning of the cylinders in the interior of the corpora cavernosa.
CONCLUSIONS
The evolution of these techniques is the transformation of larger tunica defects into smaller ones. While grafts are often used to reinforce the penile structure due to large defects, multiple incisions of the tunica albuginea are gaining popularity to promote girth and length enlargement without grafts and without the loss of tunica strength necessary to support the cylinders inside the corpora.
Topics: Humans; Male; Organ Size; Penile Implantation; Penile Prosthesis; Penis; Prosthesis Design; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male
PubMed: 32278614
DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2019.10.015